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"耽美"来源于日本,是以女性读者群为主要受众、描写男性与男性之间浪漫关系或性关系的文学或艺术作品,也被称为BL(Boy's Love)。喜爱耽美的女性爱好者被称为"腐女"。耽美文化自1990 年代后期随着日本流行文化进入中国,至今已在中国网络空间中逐渐发展成为一个主要由女性网民所组成的,包含文本创作、阅读与交流的文化圈。与此同时,耽美文化的流行亦引发了中国当下种种对性与性别问题的思考。 ; 本研究将耽美文化解译为"女性幻想男男之爱"的欲望结构,从精神分析幻想理论与酷儿理论的视角来考察中国网络中的耽美文化现象。论文所围绕的一个问题是,耽美文化与中国社会文化中的性/别话语产生了怎样的关系,以及如何从腐女的耽美幻想中搭建起与现实性/别政治的联系。研究首先分析了两类网络耽美小说文本,分别来看它们与1990年代以后的"男同性恋"身份话语,和2000年代以后对"中国古典文化"想象之间的吸收、挪用与再创造;其次以网络腐女圈的论坛讨论与配对狂欢为对象,研究网络耽美式恶搞对官方媒体、主流男性形象和异性恋规范的权威所潜在的颠覆性;最后以2011年一桩"腐女被抓案"新闻报道为契机,来观察耽美文化与网络淫秽色情审查的纠葛、冲突与可能的出路。 ; 欲望幻想的流动性决定着它边界的模糊与开放,以及它承载、影响乃至侵扰"现实"秩序的功能。因此,作为一种女性的男性同性情欲幻想,本研究视耽美文化最引人注目的地方不在于其本身的出现与流行程度,而在于它与各种性/别话语的相互建构与矛盾冲突。此外,在对幻想文本、网络话语以及腐女群体的调查中,本研究也期待探索某种"酷儿"政治在中国网络文化中生产的可能性。 ; Boy's love (BL in short; danmei in Chinese) is a Japanese term for female-oriented fictional media, which focuses on love, sex and romance between beautiful androgynous boys or young men. Apart from the gay self-representations, BL is a genre of male homoeroticism by and for mostly heterosexual women. In China, the BL fans call themselves "Fu Nu", which means "rotten girl", to describe their enthusiasm for fantasizing male homosexuality. BL originated from Japanese amine, comic and game youth culture, and has since become a transnational phenomenon all over the world with a global fan base. As such, the phenomenon of boy's love had already aroused a lot of discussions in relation to ideologies of gender and sexuality from different cultural and social perspectives. BL fandom in China's culture context with its "Chinese characteristics" also deserves particular attention, when it opens up a fantastic space for Chinese woman to practice their sexuality beyond non-heterosexual norms. ; However there is limited work that considers the queer sexuality of female BL fans in China, in relation to the queer texts and queer discourses they create. There is also little research that explores the capacity of boy's love netizens to resist the on-going internet surveillance by the Chinese government of information deemed 'sexually inappropriate' ...

現代信息技術,以其多元、快速的優勢使人們對中國的民主抱以樂觀的態度。公民參與是一個健康的民主制度的核心要素,如何促進公民的政治參與一直是政治參與研究領域的焦點問題。在互聯網時代,尤其是社交媒體的出現,其廉價、方便、互動性的技術優勢大大增加了政治參與的可行性。大學學生是"互聯網一代"和中國知識分子的代表。因此,了解他們的社會媒體使用行為如何影響其政治知識、政治感知和政治行為、對於認識未來中國的政治變革是重要的。本研究提出"社交媒體使用"及"在線新聞使用"兩個概念,並以此視作政治參與和民主實踐研究範疇下的新討論焦點。 ; 本研究主要探討以下問題:(1)大學生通過何種渠道在線獲取新聞;(2)大學生使用不同的媒體平台獲取新聞的情況如何;(3)在線新聞使用同傳統新聞媒體使用之間的關係如何;(4)計算機能力,互聯網自我效能感,在線和離線新聞使用,社交媒體使用,政治知識,政治效能,政治信任和政治參與等核心變量之間的關係; 以及(5)計算機能力,互聯網自我效能感,在線和離線新聞使用,社交媒體使用之於政治知識、政治感知和政治參與的相對重要性。 ; 本研究採用定量的研究方法。研究的主體是對中國大陸在校大學本科及研究生進行問卷調查;調查前,焦點小組輔助研究結構建立與問卷設計。問卷調查採用多階層整群抽樣的方法,在北京抽取了兩所"elite工程"大學,在長春及杭州各抽取一所非"elite工程"大學的學生參與,樣本數量為624人。研究結果顯示,當中97.4% 的受訪者均使用互聯網獲取新聞。因子分析結果顯示,中國內地大學生主要經由三種信息渠道在線獲取新聞,分別是海外新聞渠道、社交媒體渠道,以及官方新聞渠道。不同信息渠道的使用者其政治常識、政治效能和政治信任亦有所區別。同時,本研究還發現傳統新聞同網絡新聞的使用之間存在互補的關係。 ; 研究結果顯示,人口學變量超越社交媒體和在線新聞使用兩個變量對中國內地大學生的政治認知及政治知識的形成發揮最重要的作用。研究還發現社交媒體和在線新聞在促進線上和線下政治參與方面具有很大潛力。結論部分將詳述本研究的貢獻與實踐意義。 ; Citizen participation is a core element of a healthy democracy, and what facilitates citizens' political activities has long been a central interest in political participation research. In the age of the Internet, especially with the appearance of social media, political participation is greatly facilitated by technology that makes information inexpensive, accessible, and interactive. Modern information technology, with its pluralism and fast speed, has made people optimistic about democracy. University students represent the Net generation and intellectuals in China; therefore, understanding how their social media use affects political knowledge, perception, and participation is valuable, to bring political change to China in the future. ; Expanding the line of previous research, this study aims to address the question of the democratic implications of social media use and online news seeking from the vantage point of how individuals seek news online and how such use may be related to several key indications of individuals' engagement in political life as citizens. Specifically, this study examines (a) the sources through which university students ...

"This book explores from an aesthetic perspective how mobile phone technology, including mobile phone cameras, are used, and the impact this has on individual creativity and innovation, and on culture, sociality and aesthetics. Based on extensive original research including an ethnographic investigation of how specific images were created and distributed, it argues not that a new form of individual creativity is occurring, rather that a more distributed form of creativity now exists"--

Lam Pui Shan, Denise. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 168-177). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.iii ; Acknowledgements --- p.vii ; Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1. --- Individual Level --- p.5 ; Chapter 1.2. --- Organizational Level --- p.5 ; Chapter 1.3. --- Contextual Level --- p.6 ; Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.9 ; Chapter 2.1. --- Coercive Isomorphism --- p.12 ; Chapter 2.2. --- Mimetic Isomorphism --- p.14 ; Chapter 2.3. --- Normative Isomorphism --- p.15 ; Chapter 3. --- Methodology --- p.26 ; Chapter 3.1. --- Methods of Data Collection --- p.27 ; Chapter 3.2. --- Methods Related to Different Levels of Analysis --- p.34 ; Chapter 4. --- Textual Analysis 一 Overall Review --- p.40 ; Chapter 4.1. --- ""Sex Education""" --- p.40 ; Chapter 4.2. --- """Hyper World""" --- p.66 ; Chapter 4.3. --- "Mother's Drawer is at the Bottommost,, --- p.68 ; Chapter 5. --- Individual Level --- p.70 ; Chapter 5.1. --- Personal Backgrounds --- p.70 ; Chapter 5.2. --- Degree of Freedom Experienced --- p.73 ; Chapter 5.3. --- Mechanisms of Isomorphic Forces within the Individual Level --- p.83 ; Chapter 5.4. --- Control and Autonomy Sourced from the Individual Level --- p.86 ; Chapter 6. --- Organizational Level --- p.88 ; Chapter 6.1. --- Organizational Structure --- p.88 ; Chapter 6.2. --- Organizational Missions and Goals --- p.91 ; Chapter 6.3. --- Code of Rules of RTHK --- p.92 ; Chapter 6.4. --- Organizational Culture --- p.95 ; Chapter 6.5. --- Mechanisms of Isomorphic Forces within the Organizational Level --- p.105 ; Chapter 6.6. --- "Comparisons with "Hyper World"" and "Mother's Drawer is at the Bottommost""" --- p.109 ; Chapter 6.7. --- Control and Autonomy Sourced from the Organizational Level --- p.123 ; Chapter 7. --- Contextual Level --- p.126 ; Chapter 7.1. --- Governmental Regulations --- p.126 ; Chapter 7.2. --- Suppliers of Information and Advices --- p.129 ; Chapter 7.3. --- Power Relations ...

瘋狂是人類文明的產物,一直被視為另類、邊緣,與理性對立,因而受到排斥。然而,文學上的「瘋狂」卻有其寶貴的價值,往往是反思與批判固有價值與主流意見的工具,據此發出異議聲音。本文關注這種書寫策略在當代台灣文學場域中的出現方式、文學價值與文化意義,因此以分析小說作品與文學脈絡來說明「瘋狂」的文學脈絡,闡釋當代台灣文學的現象與特色。 ; 解嚴(1987 年)是台灣近三十年來的重大事件,亦是近年來台灣文化與本土論述的焦點所在。其影響不獨改變了政治與社會生態,亦為台灣的藝術文化帶來巨大衝擊。戒嚴成為台灣民眾不能磨滅的歷史記憶,各種異議的思想與言論遭受壓抑,直至解嚴才出現新局面,自九十年代開展多元文化思潮。當時,不少作家藉著「瘋狂」書寫另闢膜徑,重新構想歷史,揭藥文化霸權下的種種不安。台灣文學己藉由不同形式搖動一元論述的霸權,加上西方後現代、後殖民思潮的引入,學院的主動引介和翻譯,民間白發的社會運動等,皆為解嚴後的文化現象埋下種種伏線。從文學史脈絡而言,台灣的文學生產的確迅速回應了政治解禁,並以獨特的方式透露社會文化上的騷動。 ; 為了掌握上述的歷史脈絡,本文以解嚴為時間標竿閱讀當代台灣小說,藉此分析解嚴與文學現象的互動關係,指出文學如何展示解嚴前後的歷史想像。因此,本文以「瘋狂」為切入點,分析以瘋狂為題材的書寫如何與解嚴前後己解放的議題對話,包括性別認同、身分與族群認同,挑戰政治霸權以及後工業經濟環境下的都市文化等,目的在於驗證「瘋狂」對後解嚴文學所起的作用和價值。 ; 本文共分為七章。首章為緒論交代研究動機及方法;第二章為文獻回顧與述評,點出當前的研究成果;第三章旨在交代後解嚴時期小說場域狀況的概述,並界定「瘋狂」的文學意義,藉此論證台灣當代文學與文化的互動關係。第四章題為「國族瘋言與都市病」,借助張大春、李渝與黃凡的作品,切入認同政治與都市化問題對文學書寫的影響。第五章為「虛幻實景與不存在之存在」,旨在察看兩位小說家賀景演與紀大偉,如何藉書寫科幻來展示對未來世界與歷史景觀的想像,以展望當下發展中的文化議題。第六章為「神聖瘋狂與不可能之可能」, 旨在檢視兩位將「瘋狂」書寫演繹得淋漓盡致的作家駱以軍與舞鶴,如何在作品中借助敘述肉體與心靈的瘋狂,探討在多元文化認同觀的氣氛下重思自我主體的問題。末章結論,以總結全文與展望將來的研究方向。 ; 本文認為,後解嚴時期小說每以「瘋狂」的視角重新認知變動的世惰。這些作品透過創造各種怪誕場景與行為,呈現個體與權力之間的角力,反省語言與書寫策略的局限,以及批判自我主體的意識,因而為台灣當代文學場域帶來豐富的收獲。 ; Madness has its own history among civilizations. From time to time, madness is not only simply a kind of pathological disorder, but also takes a significant cultural role to represent the voiceless, the minorities. As in contemporary Taiwan literature,madness gradually becomes a medium to express different opinions to the society. It inquires from margin to centre which is empowered by the political establishment. It is not only a common topic to be discussed, but also an important writing strategy forwriters to proclaim their historical imagination about the past, present and future. ; In 1987, a significant political issue, the Martial Law, was put to an end in Taiwan. After that, due to the liberation of freedom of speech, a booming trend of multiculturalism appeared and brought out great influences to all parts of the society, especially the field ofliterature. Many writers started to change their narration style and inclined their focus on ...

本文希望探討弱勢小學如何在教育市場化趨勢下,因為收生不足而被教統局宣佈殺校,然而經過學校持分者的奮鬥,一年後竟能取錄足夠學生,成功逆轉重生。研究對象學校近年取錄的學生人數一直上升,甚至成為社區上受歡迎的學校。弱勢學校在汰弱留強的市場定律下竟能逆轉重生,這個香港教育界的特殊現象,箇中原因及意義便是本文著意的地方。 ; 本文採用質性研究方法,邀請兩所位於不同貧窮社區的小學接受研究。兩所小學同樣經歷逆轉重生,其中一所小學甚至兩次殺校。在具體田野操作方面,本文採用民族誌研究方法,筆者透過長時間參與觀察、深度訪談、比較閱讀,整理兩所學校由殺校至今的逆轉發展脈絡。 ; 研究結果發現,兩所能夠成功逆轉重生的學校從:宏觀層面、中介層面和微觀層面,均能啟動和累積社會資本,並轉化為不同類型的資本,包括:文化資本,經濟資本等,以支援學校的非常態運作,避過殺校宿命。此外,研究發現兩所學校的教師團隊同樣呈現一條由社會資本轉化為教學專業資本的脈絡,並在校本課程的編訂和教學法的探索得到成效,讓學生學習蒙受其利,這是學校逆轉的背後策劃能量。 ; 本文期望教育領導人士能重新理解類教育市場脈絡的多端力量,並希望教育領導者了解學校在類教育市場的定位。另外,本文希望讓所有學校持分者重新理解社會資本在教育場域的正面能量。當中尤以校長為核心,啟動和轉化學校社會資本,他的信念和力量將是領導學校逆轉重生,以至持續發展的關鍵。 ; 最後,本文無意為弱勢學校逆轉重生的現象下定論,限於資料收集的局限、類教育市場脈絡、社會資本概念的複雜性,本文主要通過現有的材料和論據,為香港弱勢社群教育這個領域作為開拓研究的鋪墊。 ; This thesis attempts to answer the question about how a disadvantaged primary school experienced turnaround in a Quasi-education market. ; This is an ethnographic study, employing qualitative methods. Two primary schools from two low-income districts were invited to participate. They both suffered from "school closure"(殺校). One of them even went through it twice. Ethnographic research was conducted with Participant Observation, In-depth Interview and Comparative Reading throughout the research duration. ; The results of the research showed that two turnaround schools mobilized and accumulated social capital and transformed it into other forms of capital, such as cultural capital and economic capital, in order to support the schools' contingency plans on macro, meso and micro levels. ; Another finding is that the teaching teams of the two turnaround schools also showed a path of transforming social capital into teaching professional capital, including school-based curriculum designs and research into teaching methods. These efforts of the schools succeeded in creating a favorable condition for them not only to survive, but to flourish. ; This thesis hopes to call attention to two important facts: ; 1. Education leaders can benefit greatly from alerting themselves to the Quasi-education market and its related concepts, and also ...

"Nong min gong shi min hua: zhi du chuang xin yu ding ceng zheng ce she ji" zhu yao nei rong jian: nong min gong xiang shi min jue se de zhuan xing, shi yi ge shun ying yi wan nong min gong yi yuan he wo guo xian dai hua jian she yao qiu de zhong da zhuan bian. "Nong min gong shi min hua: zhi du chuang xin yu ding ceng zheng ce she ji" ji yu dui quan guo 20 duo ge cheng zhen 6232 ming nong min gong de wen juan diao cha he dui Chongqing deng 6 ge cheng shi de shi di kao cha, dui nong min gong shi min hua de xiang guan li lun he zheng ce wen ti jin xing le quan mian xi tong de yan jiu. Hai dui xin shi qi nong min gong zong ti zhuang kuang he fa zhan qu shi, nong min gong shi min hua yu tong chou cheng xiang fa zhan de guan xi, nong min gong shi min hua yu he li ren kou bu ju de guan xi, nong min gong she hui rong ru, jian quan cheng xiang ping deng de jiu ye zhi du yi ji nong min gong shi min hua she ji de gong gong fu wu zhi du, she hui bao zhang zhi du, zhu fang zhi du, cai shui zhi du, tu di zhi du ji hu ji zhi du deng zhuan ti jin xing le shen ru yan jiu. Zai dui shi di diao yan he ge zhuan ti yan jiu cheng guo jin xing zong he, gai kuo, ti lian de ji chu shang, cong cheng xiang tong chou fa zhan de jiao du, ti chu le jia kuai tui jin nong min gong shi min hua jin cheng de zheng ti zheng ce si lu he jian yi

在國際評鑑計劃中,東亞地區學生的數理能力往往較西方國家為佳。現有學術文獻已就這個現象作深入探討,並提出東亞學生的文化特徵和模型。然而,鮮有研究以縱向的歷史角度,討論東亞教育制度下對於「學習者」的文化概念如何因應全球化的影響而演變。本文嘗試以香港的數學教育為研究個案,探討本地數學課程在教學重心及組織上的轉變。研究發現,該學科在教學上的轉變緣於現代個人主義的制度化過程 ── 社會整體愈益視學習者作為充權和自省的行動者。本研究致用縱向文本分析的研究方法,綜析四十二本於戰後出版的香港高小數學教科書的教學內容。研究結果顯示,歷年來課本及課程的教學愈加著重參與式教學、興趣啟發以及與扣連學生生活等概念。另外,政府官員、老師、本地壓力團體及學術專家等亦援用「以學生為本」的話語,推動課程改革。綜合而言,本研究認為世界政體理論相比歷史主義式的理論視野更有力地解釋數學課程內容的轉變。 ; East Asian learners usually outperform their Western counterparts in international mathematics assessment programs. Although the cultural traits of East Asian learners are well documented and analyzed, the cultural dynamics of the changing conception of "learner" in East Asia, especially under the influence of globalization, is under-explored. Taking Hong Kong as a case study, this paper explores the changes within the emphasis of instruction and organization of local mathematics curriculum across time. I contend that the shift of instruction within the school subject is due to the institutionalization of modern individualism, the process in which the conception of "learner as an empowered and self-reflexive actor becomes culturally legitimate in the society. I employ a longitudinal content analysis to track the changes of the instructional emphasis within 42 senior primary mathematics textbooks published in Hong Kong since World War II. It is revealed that despite the unique cultural and historical trajectory of educational development in Hong Kong, the curriculum embraces the ideas of participatory pedagogical approach, interest stimulation, and social relevance to students. Furthermore, it is found that governmental officials, teachers, local pressure groups and academic professionals draw scripts and models from the discourse of student centrism to drive curricular reforms. Results suggest that world polity theory is more applicable than the historicist perspective in accounting for the changes of the curriculum content. ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only. ; Yip, Chun Ting Patrick. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese ...

許多學者討論了現代社會之非正規移民;然而,我們對這些移民的主體性知之甚少。世界體系的發展令國家邊界及公民身份政治有所改變,當今世界有超過五千萬非正規移民,理解其生活的志向和追索其現實有一定意義。香港大約有七千名非華裔非正規移民,其中估計75%來自南亞,此研究通過分析香港法外移民的案例,探索非正規移民之理想的建構與達成。儘管香港自從1841年成為英國殖民地後,與這個次大陸關係密切,此現象僅僅追溯到十年前,部分原因來自於後9-11歐美西方的嚴格移民政策之變化。 ; 在香港這個單一民族的社會,貧困的非華裔移民鶴立雞群,收到社會和政治的不公正待遇,為什麼這些移民還要過來?這裡的故事並非人們對非正規移民所想像的人口販賣、恐怖手段和暴力,而是關於移民文化所導致的需要研究出口移民的必要性,以及尋找全球和都市身份的媒體影響,和失足移民假扮成功人士,以掩蓋他們未能實現離家時許下的諾言的羞恥。儘管他們知道被罪化人生的風險和危險,也許還有更重要的未來等待他們的失敗,為什麼南亞人選擇在社會邊緣以非法公民的身份生存,而且繼續複製在海外出人頭地的神話?此研究基於一年的深入訪問和超過三個月的參與觀察,觀察香港非法南亞人的人生軌跡,分析他們如何建構非法的夢想,實現了什麼志願,以及如何延續由始至終以渴望成功打造的幻覺。 ; Many scholars have discussed irregular migration in contemporary societies; however, we know little of the subjectivities of these migrants. With considerable developments in the world system marking changes in the policing of national borders and politics of citizenship, it is of some significance to understand the processes that drive the motivations and trace the realities of over fifty million irregular migrants living in the world today. This research sheds light on the construction and realization of aspirations for irregular migration by examining cases of extralegal migrants in Hong Kong, where estimates suggest that 75 percent of the approximately 7,000 strong irregular non-Chinese migrant population comes from the South Asia. Despite Hong Kong's close connections to the subcontinent since the city's establishment as a British colony in 1841, this particular phenomenon dates back only ten years, stemming partially from strict changes in migration in the post-9/11 Euro-American West. ; In a society that is as ethnically homogenous as Hong Kong where the poorer non-Chinese immigrants clearly stand out and are open to social and political injustice, why do these migrants still come? The stories heard here are not of trafficking, terror and violence as one might expect from cases of irregular migrants, but instead, of cultures of migration creating obligations to engage in out-migration, media influence encouraging the search for global and cosmopolitan ...

近年来,针对就业和就学中遭遇歧视的困境,中国乙肝携带者发起一场要求消除歧视、维护合法权益的抗争运动。为什么乙肝携带者就业歧视问题在中国如此显著?面对国家和市场这两大最具权势的系统,公民社会将何以对抗?本文旨在从社会学的视角对这场"将'乙肝'去除"的运动进行解读。 ; 本文采用个案研究方法,以北京益仁平中心为主要研究对象,围绕 "乙肝"在中国的建构和重构过程,将研究聚焦于三个方面:第一,乙肝污名化过程以及国家、市场中的话语权;第二,反乙肝歧视维权运动的条件和动员机制;第三,"将'乙肝'去除"中的政治和权力话语三角。 ; 本文从社会运动理论中的资源动员、政治机会结构和框架理论出发解读中国乙肝携带者的维权运动;将运动中的微观景象与宏观社会结构结合起来,考察影响乙肝携带者维权运动的主要因素以及运动的动员机制。研究伊始分别从国家和市场两个领域审视乙肝歧视问题在中国的建构过程,阐明乙肝污名化是政府权威以及市场中医药商和医学权威共谋下的合力作用,从而为乙肝携带者反歧视抗争运动的后续研究选择一个合适的立足点。笔者在案例中发现,组织在维权运动中将乙肝携带者群体动员起来,采取有效的策略,充分利用其在资源获得方面的优势、建立乙肝维权组织网络、善于把握时机营造政治机会空间、并能够吸纳律师和媒体的专业力量是维权行动能取得成功的重要因素。 ; 组织在维权行动中的话语框架对运动的发展至关重要。乙肝携带者群体对组织运动框架的认同是动员成功的基础;掌握定义"乙肝"的主动权、运动领袖的可信性、框架话语表达的日常化、与媒体的良好关系等策略有助于框架在动员中与参与者、旁观者产生共鸣;抗争精英通过话语框架为抗争活动提供合法性。 ; 反乙肝歧视维权运动可以看作是一个"将'乙肝'去除"的"去污名化"运动。一方面,中央政府与地方政府有着各自自主性利益;另一方面,乙肝携带者群体内部就抗争形式也难以统一,这两种分裂情况交叉形成了一个围绕"将'乙肝'去除"的,以规则、效益和权利为话语的权力三角,支撑反歧视行动的抗争空间。权力三角的多变性决定去除"乙肝"的行动是有策略的、冒险的,但却相对稳定。 ; Hepatitis B Virus carriers (HBVers) have launched series social movements targeting at eliminating discriminations against HBVers in job market and promoting fair employment in recent decade of years. Why does nowhere match the HBV discrimination in such country like China? How is contentious politics possible when the powerless engage in struggles with power holders, like state and market in China? The thesis attempts to learn the intricacies of body politics with sociological approaches. ; Yirenping, a NGO located in Beijing, is selected as research object in this case study. Concentrating on the political nature of the HBV confrontations, this thesis is comprised of three parts: first, the stigmatization of HBV in China; second, tactics and strategies that employed against the system of discrimination; third, the politics of "Removing HBV" and the power triangle among state, market and civil society. ; The analysis of the HBV movement is informed by three sociological theories of social movements: resource mobilization, political opportunity structure and framing, meanwhile macro structure and micro interaction are combined. It is ...