Suchergebnisse

The Sociological Aspects of Mass Media: Reality Construction SUMMARY Mass media is a powerful society institution that has a power to create stereotypes, that's why some questions arise: is Lithuanian society adequately informed about the events in the country and abroad? Does mass media always properly use its symbolic? Does her action always match the interests of civil society? Lithuanian mass media is not only the most trustful institution in Lithuania but also is one of the most important sources of information. The high level of mass media confidence, controversial and questionable presentation of information and events in Lithuanian society and the intention to look at this social institution from the other point of view – not from the audience but from the agent of mass media, encouraged to take an interest in this social institution and try to reveal its working principles in selecting, processing and presenting information to the society. The purpose of this work is to reveal an inner ideology of the mass media and critically evaluate the mass media as a mean of reality construction on the ground of the experience of mass media agents. There are reviewed the common features and peculiarity of the press and television. The common mass media aspects are analyzed on the ground of various sociological and communicative theories that are assigned to mass media. There are discussed M. McLuhan's, J. Baudrillard's, C. McCullagh's, P. Berger's, T. Luckmann's and some others theoretical ideas. On the ground of the experience of mass media's agents, there are revealed the main principles of information selection, the stylistic and technical means to present the infomation and the strategy and commercial interest of the mass media. Our knowledge of the world is formed by the information that mass media agents present to us. In this selective way the agents of mass media have a power to form and restrict our perception of the reality. The news that we receive, are the versions of events, presented and formed by the agents of mass media, that are depend on their relations and possibilities, experience, expertise and moral values, political attitude and their chance to reach the news-makers. Mass media can service for the purpose of the civil society at the same time be interested in its commercial interests. Everything depends on the inner ideology, i.e. on the principles of information selection, its processing and presenting.

The Sociological Aspects of Mass Media: Reality Construction SUMMARY Mass media is a powerful society institution that has a power to create stereotypes, that's why some questions arise: is Lithuanian society adequately informed about the events in the country and abroad? Does mass media always properly use its symbolic? Does her action always match the interests of civil society? Lithuanian mass media is not only the most trustful institution in Lithuania but also is one of the most important sources of information. The high level of mass media confidence, controversial and questionable presentation of information and events in Lithuanian society and the intention to look at this social institution from the other point of view – not from the audience but from the agent of mass media, encouraged to take an interest in this social institution and try to reveal its working principles in selecting, processing and presenting information to the society. The purpose of this work is to reveal an inner ideology of the mass media and critically evaluate the mass media as a mean of reality construction on the ground of the experience of mass media agents. There are reviewed the common features and peculiarity of the press and television. The common mass media aspects are analyzed on the ground of various sociological and communicative theories that are assigned to mass media. There are discussed M. McLuhan's, J. Baudrillard's, C. McCullagh's, P. Berger's, T. Luckmann's and some others theoretical ideas. On the ground of the experience of mass media's agents, there are revealed the main principles of information selection, the stylistic and technical means to present the infomation and the strategy and commercial interest of the mass media. Our knowledge of the world is formed by the information that mass media agents present to us. In this selective way the agents of mass media have a power to form and restrict our perception of the reality. The news that we receive, are the versions of events, presented and formed by the agents of mass media, that are depend on their relations and possibilities, experience, expertise and moral values, political attitude and their chance to reach the news-makers. Mass media can service for the purpose of the civil society at the same time be interested in its commercial interests. Everything depends on the inner ideology, i.e. on the principles of information selection, its processing and presenting.

As it was foreseen in the BA paper "Paauglystės vaizdavimas Algimanto Zurbos romanuose", this paper continues analysing Algimantas Zurba's (b. 1942), who was popular during soviet times and is still creating nowadays, creation. The sociocultural aspects of Zurba's creation were extended by analysing the place of the writer by comparing the field of soviet times' and today's literature – therefore it is tend not to the artistic analysis of works, which was done in the BA paper, but to political, social, cultural contexts that determined the peculiarity of Zurba's creation. This sociocultural research of Zurba's creative work is based on the most famous French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's literature field theory and Lithuanian literature sociologist Loreta Jakonytė's works, in which the development of Lithuanian literature field is exhaustively described. In accordance with Dr. Valdemaras Klumbys' thesis "Lietuvos kultūrinio elito elgsenos modeliai sovietmečiu" (2009), the relationships of Zurba and soviet government institutions are analysed; the emphasis is put on typical for the writer external adjustment model, which is related to publicly declared, favourable to the government, attitude, but not to ideological worldview support. Contextual analysis of works is based on the representative of French pragmatics Dominique Maingueneau's literature context theory and on the representative of French socio-criticism Pierre Barberr's works. The sources of the research are journalism of Zurba, published in various periodical publications, and autobiography "Gal taip reikėjo" (2012). With comparative point of view it is aimed to evaluate Zurba's capital and estimate the influence of the writer to the field of Lithuanian literature. It is revealed that while evaluating colleagues and the prose of the contest of the young philologists, Zurba aims to emphasise the importance of traditional-realistic literature. The paper highlights not only the official activity of writer-socialist, but also informal relationships with colleagues. Particular attention is paid to the development and the shift of the writer's self-image; it is noticed that while Lithuania was proclaiming independency rehabilitation ideas, Zurba hard maintained nation's leader's position, motivated Lithuanian identity and nurturance of national culture. After having rehabilitated independency, the field of Lithuanian literature changed substantially: the writers lost the interest and the respect of the society; lost financial support from the government. Even though Zurba, as well as the majority of famous writers during soviet times, feels uninteresting, old-fashioned and irrelevant in today's literature field, he is still creating traditional ethnocentric prose of village topics, and in both journalism and autobiography declares the resistance to the popular culture, emphasises the importance of the nurturance of traditional values.

本文主要研究十九世紀末二十世紀初的一種傳統民間藝術--年畫。這短短的幾十年見證了在中國發生的一系列翻天覆地的社會政治變化:清政府的垮臺,外國勢力的入侵,以及西方先進技術與思想的引入;這些變化我們都可以在這一時期的年畫中找到。本文的地點範圍主要集中于天津楊柳青,另外其他中國北方的年畫產地的年畫,如武強、楊家埠,以及江蘇的桃花塢等,也會在文章因行文需要而被提到。總的來說,本文分為三個大部份,也就是年畫的生產、內容和消費。我認為這些新內容之所以在年畫中出現主要有三個原因:首先,西方先進印刷技術和新的繪畫風格的引入讓年畫內容的轉變有了可能性;其次一些維新人士創辦的畫報和報刊也對年畫的發展產生了影響;最後便是民初時期民國政府採取的對年畫的干涉。本文將這些在年畫中出現的新的主題進行了詳細的探討。一方面,我們可以發現反帝和其他愛國的內容被放入年畫,以此激發百姓的愛國情緒。與傳統年畫主要關注家庭這一點不同的是,改良年畫的重心放在了保衛國家這個更高的主題上。另一方面,在這類年畫中,婦女不再被認為是男人的附屬品,它們鼓勵婦女實現經濟和人格上的獨立,並且有必要的話,也可以成為士兵,加入到保家衛國的行列中。最後一方面,西方先進事物的引入,如鐘錶、自行車、火車和飛機等,為大眾引領了一種新的物質文化,也在不知不覺中改變中百姓的日常生活習慣。作為結論,我提出改良年畫是大眾文化和精英文化互動產生的結果。它們大多數都是在民國政府的提倡之下而生產的,但是年畫的商業本質決定了它需要有一定的市場以保證盈利。這樣,傳統年畫的形式被保留了下來,同時改革家和當權者為其填入了新的思想和觀念,用來教育廣大百姓。這種"舊瓶裝新酒的宣傳方式雖然效果在清末民初效果不佳,但是它卻在某種程度上為中國作為一個現代國家的出現奠定了基礎。 ; This research examines nianhua年畫 (New Year pictures), a form of traditional folk art, from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries. This time period witnessed a series of dramatic social and political changes in China: the collapse of Qing Dynasty, invasions of foreign powers, and introduction of Western advanced technologies and ideas, all of which could be found in nianhua prints. The spatial focus is mainly on Yangliuqing楊柳青, a town very close to Tianjin. However, nianhua produced in other places in North China, such as Wuqiang武強 and Yangjiabu楊家埠, and those from Taohuawu桃花塢 in the Yangzi River Delta, will also be mentioned, for some of them are of great use in my writings. Generally, this study has three sections: the production and circulation of nianhua in Yangliuqing, the contents of nianhua with new elements, and how common people reacted to the reformed nianhua. I demonstrate that the import of Western advanced printing technologies and painting styles, pictorials and vernacular newspapers published by social reformers, and the involvement of Republican government were the major reasons for the appearance of new elements in nianhua. Then the new themes in nianhua are discussed in details. First of all, anti-imperialist and other patriotic topics are ...

The forms of decentralization, focusing on the main features and differences of these forms, are analyzed in this article. It is shown that each type of decentralization - political, administrative, fiscal, and market - has different characteristics, policy implications, and conditions for success. There are defined the main goals of decentralization reforms and identified the tools for theirs achievement. Decentralization is considered as a sine qua non not only in the development of local self-government, but with regard to civil society as a whole and the greatest factor of social change. Decentralization can address poverty, gender inequality, environmental concerns, and the improvement of healthcare, education and access to technology. Moreover, decentralization does not only affect government and civil service, but is conditional on the involvement of community organizations, stakeholders in the private sector, international aid organizations and citizens. The measurements of decentralization are analyzed too. Since, the standard measures fail to take into account the different degrees of decentralization and the true decision-making authority of sub-national institutions over revenues and expenditures, there are focusing on the search for more impartial and integrated evaluation indicators. ; Straipsnyje analizuojamos decentralizacijos reformų formos, atkreipiant dėmesį į svarbiausius jų bruožus. Apibrėžiami pagrindiniai reformų tikslai ir instrumentai jiems pasiekti. Nagrinėjamos decentralizacijos vertinimo galimybės, pateikiant vertinimo rodiklius, kuriais remiantis būtų galima atlikti valstybių lyginamąją analizę. Vadovaujantis decentralizacijos reformų tikslais, kurie atitinka decentralizacijos sistemos kriterijus, modeliuojami galimi decentralizacijos reformų rezultatai, išryškinant pagrindinius reformų privalumus ir trūkumus.

The final Master's work topic in Public Sector Economics is relevant since gender mainstreaming in the budget – is one of guarantees of high economic power. Legislation is insufficient to prevent gender inequality, which is deeply rooted in our society and supports the stereotypical approach to men's and women's roles. The main problem in this work: budget – one of the most important tools in implementing the decisions taken by politicians, that is way the opinion that it is and should be gender-neutral is false and, from a state of economic growth and the country's welfare perspective, costs a lot to society. The research subject is gender-sensitive budget, which may improve the gender analysis of the state budget in the context of resource allocation. The integration of gender aspect in the budget is a process when the the state budget is being considered, in order to determine whether it evaluates different social roles of men and women, and modifications are being suggested in order to implement the actual gender equality. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the importance of gender aspect, when the state budget is being formed. Currently, the allotment of budget in Lithuania does not consider gender, hereby inequality between women and men increases. To achieve the higher mentioned aim the tasks are put in: 1. to lay the analysis of foreign countries and Lithuania in the context of gender equality; 2. to justify the necessity of gender-sensitive budget in Lithuania; 3. to investigate the women's impact on gross domestic product (GDP) in Lithuania; 4. when the anlysis of the state and munivipal budgets is done, to compare their expense in the context of gender aspect; 5. to explore the tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets in the context of gender aspect; 6. to compare the tax burden, that goes to men and women; 7. to analyse the role of gender in large and small and medium business; 8. to investigate the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status. Hypotheses in this work: 1. Lithuanian GDP structure does not reflect this important economic sector, as the so-called reproductive economy, which is "responsible" for the reproduction of human potential and for quality of human resources, and in wich value-added is being generated as well. And that brings marked contribution to the country's GDP. Human resource and labor costs remain invisible in the economy, reproductive work remains outside of the country's GDP, it can't be measured and paid; 2. State budget is not gender neutral. The allocation of expenditure affects differently upon women's and men's social and economical status. Herewith, the revenue and expenditure of budget is under the negative influence of gender asymmetry; 3. State and municipal budgets in Lithuania are actually formed in gender philosophy. Gender asymmetry could be seen when the expenditure of national budget is being allocated . In this way, gender inequalities are being kind of encouraged; 4. The existing tax system in Lithuania have unequal impact on women's and men's social-economic situation. Higher tax burden goes to women than men. Methods used in this work: 1. the analysis of data and graphs of the Department of Statistics and the Ministry of Finance; 2. the analysis of the expense and tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets; 3. regression analysis (statistical program Eviews); 4. graphic analysis (Excel). The combination of econometric and economic research parts, has shown that the meat prices, excluding value added tax (supplier prices), does not affect the cash flow of household consumption expenditure for meat. Therefore the benefit of the concession does not reach the end user (a woman), and so it devolves upon on supplier (a man). All of the above hypotheses have been adopted, when the data analysis and research was done. The principal conclusions were that there is obvious gender inequality in the state budget, women pay more taxes and receive lower part of allocations, also the tx concession that is devoted to consumers (women) doesn't "reach" them and sinks in the suppliers (men) profit. The first part is devoted to analyse the theoretical aspects and to describe the gender equality programs that were put in practice in Lithuania and other foreign countries. The second part is devoted to the structural and dynamic analysis in gender aspect of expense of state and municipal budgets in Lithuania. There was also studied women's contribution to GDP in Lithuania. In the third paragraph there was analyzed tax revenue of the national budget and the tax burden on the public and private sectors in gender aspect. In this part with the aid of statistical program Eviews and Excel there has been also analyzed the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status.

The final Master's work topic in Public Sector Economics is relevant since gender mainstreaming in the budget – is one of guarantees of high economic power. Legislation is insufficient to prevent gender inequality, which is deeply rooted in our society and supports the stereotypical approach to men's and women's roles. The main problem in this work: budget – one of the most important tools in implementing the decisions taken by politicians, that is way the opinion that it is and should be gender-neutral is false and, from a state of economic growth and the country's welfare perspective, costs a lot to society. The research subject is gender-sensitive budget, which may improve the gender analysis of the state budget in the context of resource allocation. The integration of gender aspect in the budget is a process when the the state budget is being considered, in order to determine whether it evaluates different social roles of men and women, and modifications are being suggested in order to implement the actual gender equality. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the importance of gender aspect, when the state budget is being formed. Currently, the allotment of budget in Lithuania does not consider gender, hereby inequality between women and men increases. To achieve the higher mentioned aim the tasks are put in: 1. to lay the analysis of foreign countries and Lithuania in the context of gender equality; 2. to justify the necessity of gender-sensitive budget in Lithuania; 3. to investigate the women's impact on gross domestic product (GDP) in Lithuania; 4. when the anlysis of the state and munivipal budgets is done, to compare their expense in the context of gender aspect; 5. to explore the tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets in the context of gender aspect; 6. to compare the tax burden, that goes to men and women; 7. to analyse the role of gender in large and small and medium business; 8. to investigate the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status. Hypotheses in this work: 1. Lithuanian GDP structure does not reflect this important economic sector, as the so-called reproductive economy, which is "responsible" for the reproduction of human potential and for quality of human resources, and in wich value-added is being generated as well. And that brings marked contribution to the country's GDP. Human resource and labor costs remain invisible in the economy, reproductive work remains outside of the country's GDP, it can't be measured and paid; 2. State budget is not gender neutral. The allocation of expenditure affects differently upon women's and men's social and economical status. Herewith, the revenue and expenditure of budget is under the negative influence of gender asymmetry; 3. State and municipal budgets in Lithuania are actually formed in gender philosophy. Gender asymmetry could be seen when the expenditure of national budget is being allocated . In this way, gender inequalities are being kind of encouraged; 4. The existing tax system in Lithuania have unequal impact on women's and men's social-economic situation. Higher tax burden goes to women than men. Methods used in this work: 1. the analysis of data and graphs of the Department of Statistics and the Ministry of Finance; 2. the analysis of the expense and tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets; 3. regression analysis (statistical program Eviews); 4. graphic analysis (Excel). The combination of econometric and economic research parts, has shown that the meat prices, excluding value added tax (supplier prices), does not affect the cash flow of household consumption expenditure for meat. Therefore the benefit of the concession does not reach the end user (a woman), and so it devolves upon on supplier (a man). All of the above hypotheses have been adopted, when the data analysis and research was done. The principal conclusions were that there is obvious gender inequality in the state budget, women pay more taxes and receive lower part of allocations, also the tx concession that is devoted to consumers (women) doesn't "reach" them and sinks in the suppliers (men) profit. The first part is devoted to analyse the theoretical aspects and to describe the gender equality programs that were put in practice in Lithuania and other foreign countries. The second part is devoted to the structural and dynamic analysis in gender aspect of expense of state and municipal budgets in Lithuania. There was also studied women's contribution to GDP in Lithuania. In the third paragraph there was analyzed tax revenue of the national budget and the tax burden on the public and private sectors in gender aspect. In this part with the aid of statistical program Eviews and Excel there has been also analyzed the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status.

Lee Chun Wing John. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-181). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.1 ; Acknowledgements --- p.3 ; Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.6 ; Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review and Methodology --- p.13 ; Theories in Social Movements --- p.13 ; High-risk Activism --- p.20 ; Collective Identity and Personal/Individual Identity --- p.22 ; Frame Analysis and Identity --- p.29 ; Sources of Data --- p.31 ; Chapter Chapter 3: --- Who are They? --- p.36 ; The Emergence of the Hong Kong Identity --- p.37 ; Phase One --- p.42 ; Phase Two --- p.46 ; Phase Three --- p.51 ; Phase Four --- p.57 ; Phase Five --- p.62 ; Phase Six --- p.66 ; Summary --- p.69 ; Chapter Chapter 4: --- Who are We? --- p.71 ; What is Collective Identity? --- p.72 ; A Common Objective --- p.75 ; Negotiation --- p.80 ; Consciousness: Rule of Law? --- p.84 ; Consciousness: Rights --- p.86 ; Affection Developed through Interaction --- p.92 ; Lack of Unity --- p.98 ; ´بSaiWan´ة --- p.100 ; Summary --- p.103 ; Chapter Chapter 5: --- Who am I? (I) --- p.107 ; Social Identity Theory and Social Movements --- p.108 ; Relative Deprivation --- p.114 ; Illegitimate Inequality --- p.120 ; Views on Outgroups --- p.120 ; Movement Not the Best Option --- p.123 ; Fighting for Individual Status Improvement? --- p.127 ; Chapter Chapter 6: --- Who am I? (II) --- p.131 ; Identity Theory --- p.132 ; A 'Child' Identity --- p.136 ; Psychological Centrality --- p.139 ; Commitments --- p.142 ; Changes after Participation --- p.145 ; Summary --- p.147 ; Chapter Chapter 7: --- Conclusion --- p.150 ; Why They Participated? --- p.150 ; Why Some of Them are so Committed? Why Some of them Want to Quit? --- p.153 ; Politics and the Right of Abode Movement --- p.156 ; Implications --- p.159 ; Identity Politics? --- p.163 ; Appendix --- p.167 ; Bibliography --- p.169

Hunting legal regulation. Theoretical and practical aspects. Wildlife is public and all humanity distinctive natural inheritance, aesthetical, scientific, cultural and even economical worth. Hunting as the humans preserve and the social institute is miscellaneous expression which includes management of wildlife population (regulation and control), spare – time and work activities. The government has constitutional obligation to guarantee protection of animals living in the wild, protection of their resource and their rational practice. Wherefore the government creates rules in order to ordain the exclusive regulation of using some sort of wild animals which guarantee protection and rational their use. Every year the number of breach of hunting regulation increases. The increasing number of breach of hunting the regulation determinates the relevance of this theme. On the other side the shortage of legal literature about environmental law and administrative responsibility determinates the relevance of this theme too. For the breach of hunting rules in Lithuanian Republic the responsibility is regulated in several legal acts and the man, the breaker, responsible for the breach of hunting rules can be brought to criminal, civil or administrative responsibility. There is the study of administrative responsibility for the breach of hunting rules and the consideration of singularity of such responsibility by theoretical aspects, analysis of practical problems connected to put in practice administrative responsibility. In this theme the attention is laid on the breaches and on the separation of several responsibilities of the breaches of hunting rules. The attention is directed to the purpose of the responsibility and its importance. This study composes of two parts, which are brought into several smaller formations. In the first pat of this study the main point was to traverse legal documents which are important in regulating the hunting, discussing such actual questions as the property right on wild animals, the question of creating hunting areas and other questions of the hunting procedure. In the second part of the study the main theme was analyzed the legal composition of the breach of hunting rules, the problems solving such breaches and the juridical practice on the breakers. In that part there is discussed about perspectives solving the breaches of hunting rules and the juridical practice on the breakers.

Hunting legal regulation. Theoretical and practical aspects. Wildlife is public and all humanity distinctive natural inheritance, aesthetical, scientific, cultural and even economical worth. Hunting as the humans preserve and the social institute is miscellaneous expression which includes management of wildlife population (regulation and control), spare – time and work activities. The government has constitutional obligation to guarantee protection of animals living in the wild, protection of their resource and their rational practice. Wherefore the government creates rules in order to ordain the exclusive regulation of using some sort of wild animals which guarantee protection and rational their use. Every year the number of breach of hunting regulation increases. The increasing number of breach of hunting the regulation determinates the relevance of this theme. On the other side the shortage of legal literature about environmental law and administrative responsibility determinates the relevance of this theme too. For the breach of hunting rules in Lithuanian Republic the responsibility is regulated in several legal acts and the man, the breaker, responsible for the breach of hunting rules can be brought to criminal, civil or administrative responsibility. There is the study of administrative responsibility for the breach of hunting rules and the consideration of singularity of such responsibility by theoretical aspects, analysis of practical problems connected to put in practice administrative responsibility. In this theme the attention is laid on the breaches and on the separation of several responsibilities of the breaches of hunting rules. The attention is directed to the purpose of the responsibility and its importance. This study composes of two parts, which are brought into several smaller formations. In the first pat of this study the main point was to traverse legal documents which are important in regulating the hunting, discussing such actual questions as the property right on wild animals, the question of creating hunting areas and other questions of the hunting procedure. In the second part of the study the main theme was analyzed the legal composition of the breach of hunting rules, the problems solving such breaches and the juridical practice on the breakers. In that part there is discussed about perspectives solving the breaches of hunting rules and the juridical practice on the breakers.