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Dykan O.V., Mashchenko M.А. SOCIAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETYPurpose. The aim of the article is the determination of the social variant of environmental safety and analysis of the indicators of the overall mechanism for evaluating social threats in the prolonged study to ensure the environmental safety of the state.Methodology of research. The methods of analysis and synthesis, graphical and analytical method of research are used in the article for determining the indicators of the criterion assessment of social security, social component, an assessment of social threats.Findings. It is established that the formation of new social and economic relations in Ukraine on the basis of reforming the social and economic model requires an understanding of approaches and the development of the concept of national security, and within the framework of the general concept, the substantiation of the main provisions of Ukraine's environmental security.The importance of the social variant of environmental safety has been determined and the necessity of implementation of the complex results of social and ecological and economic research in the general state strategy for reforming the social and economic model and the further implementation of the Concept of Sustainable Development have been substantiated.It is proved that one of the most important approaches to achieve invariant safety is the introduction of a developed general mechanism for assessing social threats based on selected indicators and criterion assessments.Originality. It is substantiated that one of the most important approaches to achieve invariant safety is defined in the article and the author has developed a general mechanism for assessing social threats based on selected indicators and criterion assessments.Practical value. The obtained results of the research are aimed at supporting a sufficient standard of living of the population; provision of social and political security of society; maintaining the foundations of the constitutional system; formation of a stable system of national values and interests.Key words: environmental safety; social security; social and ecological economic approach; state.

The interdisciplinary field of neurorobotics looks to neuroscience to overcome the limitations of modern robotics technology, to robotics to advance our understanding of the neural system's inner workings, and to information technology to develop tools that support those complementary endeavours. The development of these technologies is still at an early stage, which makes them an ideal candidate for proactive and anticipatory ethical reflection. This article explains the current state of neurorobotics development within the Human Brain Project, originating from a close collaboration between the scientific and technical experts who drive neurorobotics innovation, and the humanities and social sciences scholars who provide contextualising and reflective capabilities. This article discusses some of the ethical issues which can reasonably be expected. On this basis, the article explores possible gaps identified within this collaborative, ethical reflection that calls for attention to ensure that the development of neurorobotics is ethically sound and socially acceptable and desirable. ; European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Framework Programme 720270 785907 945539

Presented at Competing interests in water resources - searching for consensus: proceedings from the USCID water management conference held on December 5-7, 1996 in Las Vegas, Nevada. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Carbon emissions from the use of fossil fuels are increasing. Global warming continues resulting in more violent and destructive storms. The world population is increasing by nearly 90 million annually. Forests are rapidly being destroyed in the developing countries. Irrigated area per capita and food grain production are declining. The competition from the cities for water is increasing. Many aquifers are being polluted and/or over pumped. However, deforestation, soil erosion, population growth, and flooding decrease with water resources and other economic developments. Large new areas can be brought into agricultural production through the construction of irrigation and drainage facilities. There are many good sites for large dams in the developing countries. These dams can be used for hydropower, flood storage, irrigation supplies, and domestic water. Hydropower is clean energy and should be substituted for a large portion of the present use of fossil fuels. Benefits from fertilizers increase with increasing availability of water. Governments and politicians are poor managers of water resources. Many large development possibilities are international in scope. Electrical grids should be more interconnected and possibly continental in scope. Few if any developing countries have an institutional capacity for coordinated water resources developments. The international lending agencies should give priority to the financing of national and international water resources development authorities that at least partially privatize water resource management. Also priority should be given to those projects and activities that improve the environment.

The article presents features of social formation and development of youth in Ukraine, namely in the context of youth policy. The concepts of «youth policy», «youth, young citizens», «youth social formation», «socialization», «the basic components of the process of youth social formation and development» are defined. The definitions of « youth social formation» and «socialization of personality» are compared.The scientists' works who paid attention to youth policy in general and some aspects of social formation and development of youth are analysed. There are scientists who analysed the problems of modern youth socialization in their works. The article highlights the scientists who study the basic principles, directions and mechanisms of implementation of state youth policy, the evolution of state youth policy and prospects for its further development, organizational and legal mechanisms of implementation of state youth policy in Ukraine at the regional level, features of formation and implementation of state youth policy, etc. The legal principles of youth policy have been characterized and, under the current legislation of Ukraine, the basic conditions for social formation and development of youth in Ukraine have been outlined. The analysed literature identified the components of the process of youth social formation and development in Ukraine. The article identifies the main purpose and objectives of youth policy in Ukraine. The periods in the human life, the main social tasks facing the person and the priority directions of the state policy for the given period are distinguished. The directions of the state policy in the youth social formation and development according to certain periods of life of a young person are made. The main tasks, principles and directions of the state policy of promoting the youth integration into society are outlined. The main directions of state policy in the field of youth social formation and development in Ukraine are outlined. ; У статті представлено особливості соціального становлення та розвитку молоді в Україні, зокрема в контексті молодіжної політики. Визначено поняття «молодіжна політика», «молодь, молоді громадяни», «соціальне становлення молоді», «соціалізація»; розкрито основні складові процесу соціального становлення та розвитку молоді. Здійснено порівняння визначень «соціальне становлення молоді» та «соціалізація особистості».Охарактеризовано правові засади молодіжної політики та основні умови для соціального становлення та розвитку молоді за чинним законодавством в Україні.

The article presents features of social formation and development of youth in Ukraine, namely in the context of youth policy. The concepts of «youth policy», «youth, young citizens», «youth social formation», «socialization», «the basic components of the process of youth social formation and development» are defined. The definitions of « youth social formation» and «socialization of personality» are compared.The scientists' works who paid attention to youth policy in general and some aspects of social formation and development of youth are analysed. There are scientists who analysed the problems of modern youth socialization in their works. The article highlights the scientists who study the basic principles, directions and mechanisms of implementation of state youth policy, the evolution of state youth policy and prospects for its further development, organizational and legal mechanisms of implementation of state youth policy in Ukraine at the regional level, features of formation and implementation of state youth policy, etc. The legal principles of youth policy have been characterized and, under the current legislation of Ukraine, the basic conditions for social formation and development of youth in Ukraine have been outlined. The analysed literature identified the components of the process of youth social formation and development in Ukraine. The article identifies the main purpose and objectives of youth policy in Ukraine. The periods in the human life, the main social tasks facing the person and the priority directions of the state policy for the given period are distinguished. The directions of the state policy in the youth social formation and development according to certain periods of life of a young person are made. The main tasks, principles and directions of the state policy of promoting the youth integration into society are outlined. The main directions of state policy in the field of youth social formation and development in Ukraine are outlined. ; У статті представлено особливості соціального становлення та розвитку молоді в Україні, зокрема в контексті молодіжної політики. Визначено поняття «молодіжна політика», «молодь, молоді громадяни», «соціальне становлення молоді», «соціалізація»; розкрито основні складові процесу соціального становлення та розвитку молоді. Здійснено порівняння визначень «соціальне становлення молоді» та «соціалізація особистості».Охарактеризовано правові засади молодіжної політики та основні умови для соціального становлення та розвитку молоді за чинним законодавством в Україні.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Part 1: Cultural Encounters, Pluralism and Health Care -- Chapter 1: 'Colonial Care': Health and Healing for Indentured Migrants during the Journey from India to the Sugar Colonies 1830-1920 -- Chapter 2: Conversion of Maroons to Christianity, an Important Tool towards Allopathic Health Care on the Upper Suriname River (1760-1960) -- Chapter 3: Revisiting F.A. Kuhn's 'Reflection on the Situation of the Surinamese Plantation Slaves: An Economic-medical Contribution to its Improvement (1828)' -- Part 2: Pluralism and Ethno-Health Practices -- Chapter 4: Seeking Health in Multiple Ways: Self-Medication and Medical Pluralism among Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, and Saramacca and Aucan Maroons in Suriname -- Chapter 5: The Use of Medicinal Plants in Suriname: The Ethnopharmacological Legacy of Slavery and Indentured Labour -- Chapter 6: Health Knowledge of Former Days in a New Era -- Part 3: Leprosy in Plural Contexts -- Chapter 7: Leprosy and Forced labour: Fears and Responses of the Colonial Regime in Suriname -- Chapter 8: Disability, Leprosy, and Plantation Health among Indian Indentured Labourers in Fiji, 1879-1911 -- Chapter 9: Leprosy, a Multidimensional Approach: Colonialism, Slavery, Indentured Labour and Animal Mythology in Suriname -- Note on Contributors -- Index.

AbstractDecision making on the suitability of public investment projects has traditionally been based on the study of their economic feasibility. Since the end of the 1970s, this has been complemented by a more holistic vision of reality in which social and environmental aspects are explicitly considered alongside economic factors. This paper proposes a new evaluation methodology that allows for the valuation of social and environmental factors in economic terms. The methodology is based on use values (direct, indirect, and potential) and nonuse values (bequest and existence) that are usually studied for an environmental evaluation. The resulting economic value is obtained by the utilization of (a) input–output models to calculate the direct use value in monetary terms and (b) multicriteria techniques (especially the analytic hierarchy process) and comparative models to estimate the remaining use (indirect and potential) and nonuse values (bequest and existence). The methodology is applied to a real‐life problem in Aragon.

This paper evaluates the legal status of the Russian federal government as a corporate governance participant using the example of large sectorial companies. The state commonly regulates economic processes and focuses on pursuing the public interest. It also acts as a guarantor of social responsibility, and this affects decision-making processes in state-owned corporations. In Russia, the federal government has always played an essential role in the business activities of enterprises. Many companies are known to be state-owned or have close links to the state authorities and policymakers. This raises an academic debate concerning the development of market competition, state participation, and business environment. We propose approaches to understanding the participation of the state and unitary enterprises in corporate governance in Russia. By employing secondary data analysis as well as examining the Russian legislation in corporate law, we attempt to determine the legal and social status of the federal government in managing large corporations. This study addresses the issues of the duality of the legal status of the government in corporate governance and its impact on managerial decision-making. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2020. ; The authors express special gratitude to the administration of School of Public Management and Entrepreneurship of the Ural Federal University named after the first Russian President Boris Yeltsin for the support and participation. The work was supported by Government Act 211 of the Russian Federation, contract 02.A03.21.0006.

Intensive groundwater development is a common circumstance in semiarid and arid areas. Often abstraction exceeds recharge, thus continuously depleting reserves. There is groundwater mining when the recovery of aquifer reserves needs more than 50 years. The MASE project has been carried out to compile what is known about Spain and specifically about the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands. The objective was the synthetic analysis of available data on the hydrological, economic, managerial, social, and ethical aspects of groundwater mining. Since the mid-20th century, intensive use of groundwater in south-eastern Spain allowed extending and securing the areas with traditional surface water irrigation of cash crops and their extension to former dry lands, taking advantage of good soils and climate. This fostered a huge economic and social development. Intensive agriculture is a main activity, although tourism plays currently an increasing economic role in the coasts. Many aquifers are relatively high yielding small carbonate units where the total groundwater level drawdown may currently exceed 300 m. Groundwater storage depletion is estimated about 15 km3. This volume is close to the total contribution of the Tagus-Segura water transfer, but without large investments paid for with public funds. Seawater desalination complements urban supply and part of cash crop cultivation. Reclaimed urban waste water is used for irrigation. Groundwater mining produces benefits but associated to sometimes serious economic, administrative, legal and environmental problems. The use of an exhaustible vital resource raises ethical concerns. It cannot continue under the current legal conditions. A progressive change of water use paradigm is the way out, but this is not in the mind of most water managers and politicians. The positive and negative results observed in south-eastern Spain may help to analyse other areas under similar hydrogeological conditions in a less advanced stage of water use evolution. ...

The Covid-19 pandemic hit another grim milestone on as worldwide deaths from the disease exceeded 100,000. Many countries have enforced social distancing rules and even lockdowns in an effort to contain the spread of the virus. Malaysian Government, in almost daily bases proposed initiatives and efforts to uphold Malaysia social, economic and national stability. This article deliberates an analysis on social media sentiment index by topics mentions in Malaysian government. The Malaysian government Covid19 major initiative discuss within this article is the proposition to reopening selected business sectors during Movement Control Order (MCO). This analysis was conducted using Social Media Engagement Growth components such as likes, comments and shares. The social media platform mentions in this study include all mentions or discussion of the initiatives across all public social media, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Forums and blogs.

Background: Although depression is one of the most studied mental illness phenomena, the studies attempt to understand depression as different phases, turning points and transitions, but depression has an existential and social resonance. There is progress to be made in seeking to understand how people experience, cope and process, living with depression. There is a need of supplementary and alternative approaches that goes beyond medicine and traditional treatment of psychiatric disabilities. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore perceptions and challenging issues related to living with depression, allowing the researchers to get a deeper understanding of existential and social aspects. Method: A phenomenological–hermeneutic study design was applied, based on the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur's theory of interpretation. Data were collected through observations and semi-structured interviews. Findings: Several of the interviewees were lonely at home as well as at the hospital. This caused experiences of sheer isolation with feelings of sadness enhancing desperation concerning what to do with themselves. This could even cause physical feelings of pain. In different ways, the interviewees expressed how being with other people filled their lives with relationships and closeness. Health care professionals were focused on applying structure into the users' everyday life, shadowing the person's individuality, strengths and resources. The prioritizations between users and healthcare professionals were not always in concordance. The interviewees experienced recurrent situations where their authority and individuality were ignored or felt non-existent. Conclusion: Existential and social aspects are vital in regard to understanding people living with depression. However, personal recovery can be diminished by controlling structures and lack of a caring guidance, creating feelings of stigmatization missing out on autonomy, causing inner doubts. A recommendation is that we challenge institutional structures and accelerate education developing the healthcare professionals' empathic competences and ability to make wise judgments, empowering the users' autonomy.

The focus of the article1 is to look at diaries kept by women before WWII who were wives of popular and/or important men of the time. The two authors and their diaries I use for a case study have in common the fact that the husbands were in some way ideological leaders of their time while the diaries show differences in structure, regularity, and message. Marija Eglīte (1878–1926) was the wife and a muse of the poet Viktors Eglītis, who in the early 20th century aggressively introduced modernist and decadent poetics to Latvia. Lidija Gulbe (1899–?), the wife of the poet Fridrihs Gulbis, was also a modernist but part of a later sort of modernism that formed in the 1920s and 1930s, when a group of young artists and writers established a society and a journal entitled "Green Crow" (Zaļā Vārna). The time period which is essential because of great social and political changes (modernization, Europeanization, WWI, the establishment of an independent state, etc.) is mostly reflected through the eyes and autobiographical narratives written by males but most of the women's diaries as testimonies are not yet transcribed and published, although there are some important initiatives and situation changes coming about in Latvia. ; Straipsnyje susitelkiama į moterų – to meto žymių vyrų žmonų – dienoraščius, rašytus prieš Antrąjį pasaulinį karą. Atliekama dviejų autorių, tuometės Latvijos visuomeninių lyderių žmonų, dienoraščių analizė, nes tiek jų struktūra, tiek rašymo reguliarumas ir turinys skiriasi. Marija Eglīte (1878–1926) buvo poeto Viktoro Eglīčio, žinomo modernizmo ir dekadentinės poetikos pradininko Latvijoje, žmona bei mūza. Lidija Gulbe (1899–?) – poeto Fridriho Gulbio, kiek vėlyvesnio modernisto, žmona. XX amžiaus trečiame dešimtmetyje grupė jaunų menininkų ir rašytojų įkūrė bendriją ir žurnalą, pavadintą "Žalia varna" (lat. Zaļā Vārna). Jų gyventas laikas buvo svarbus dėl socialinių ir politinių permainų (modernizacija, europeizacija, Pirmasis pasaulinis karas, nepriklausomos valstybės įkūrimas ir kt.), tai atsispindi autobiografiniuose vyrų pasakojimuose, bet moterų dienoraščiai iki šiol nėra publikuoti. Tačiau paminėtina, kad šiuo metu jau atsiranda iniciatyvų ir padėtis Latvijoje keičiasi.