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Compares attitudes toward Caribbean cannibalism & African American slave religions to explore how stereotypical images of culturally legitimate violence continue to influence attitudes toward Caribbean cultural concepts. An overview of the history of Caribbean cannibalism indicates that these acts were considered legitimate because they almost always fulfilled a social function for the community. Concepts of Caribbean cannibalism in colonial discourse led to the negative stereotyping of a culture in which cannibalistic acts were an important facet of religion & a core aspect of the symbolic universe. Colonial stereotypes affected European behavior/attitudes toward African slaves, who were considered dangerous/savage because of their religions, especially Jamaican Obeah & Haitian Vodou, which incorporated violent practices & violent images, respectively. It is argued that European notions of cannibalism not only became a key factor in the encounter between different cultural systems, & a symbol in perceptions of "Others," but generated an atmosphere of violence in colonial discourse that suggested all non-Christian ideas/practices were nonhuman & should be eliminated. 34 References. J. Lindroth

An examination of the judicial treatment of migrant criminality focuses on the complex interaction between immigrants & the receiving society. Formal & informal procedures related to migrant crime are described, along with the cognitive & moral dimensions that impact both court life & the social construction of migrant crime. Empirical findings regarding petty crimes & drug-dealing cases in Italy are presented to illustrate the structural weakness of the legal position of migrants, ways in which the judicial system uses its discretionary power to contribute to definitions of what is criminal, & how migrant criminality as a social fact helps to explain various social, legal, psychological, cultural, & political aspects of migrant criminality. Special attention is given to the role played by law enforcement & prosecution practices in defining the boundaries between informal & criminal, as well as how institutional & political decisions involved in the social construction of immigrants' criminality lead to perceptions of immigrant crime as a cause for social insecurity. 4 Tables, 40 References. J. Lindroth

The chapter proposes a constructivist approach to understanding not only rampant corruption in the Americas but also why Inter-American anticorruption programs have been ineffectual. The rule-oriented constructivism outlined here examines normative & behavioral aspects of corruption; it compares rule structures based on political culture scholarship; & it considers & compares corrupt actions via rational choice theory. The theoretical framework provided is comprehensive & integrative, accounting for a range of agency, structural, & material features. 4 Tables, 46 References. K. Coddon

Migration has become a major issue in most European countries. The influx of ethnic migrants has created considerable controversy among local populations, some 33% of whom were found to be racists in a 1997 Eurobarometer survey of 13,000 respondents in 15 European countries. These & other data were drawn on to examine one particular aspect of ethnic exclusionism -- the opposition of a country's citizens to granting civil rights to legal migrants. Perceived ethnic threat & ethnic competition were found to be major factors in ethnic exclusionism. The citizens most concerned about losing jobs & social resources to migrants held the most exclusionist attitudes. To ensure their own rights & position, they pushed their governments to restrict further immigration & to deny civil rights to immigrants already there. Tables, Figures.

Argues that by employing a method consisting of a microfocus on discourse & microanalysis of frames, cultural analysis of social movements can become more conceptually specific & systematic. This method of frame analysis is described as the attempt to connect the close examination of texts with specific cognitive frames. Texts are thus approached as a central unit of analysis, connected to specific speech situations & social roles, & convey particular pragmatic intents & discursive cues. The way in which these principles work in practice is illustrated in an analysis of a transcribed interview concerning the Spanish opposition movements in the 1970s. Specific textual aspects of the interview are connected to various levels of the collective frames of these movements. It is asserted that this analysis both brings the notion of social role back into the study of movements & has the effect of bringing grievances back into the analysis. 1 Table, 3 Figures. D. M. Smith

Ernest Gellner discusses some of the major themes raised by the authors of the articles in this special collection (see abstracts of related articles). He argues that those critics who find his account of nationalism too instrumental miss his palpable regard for the emotive aspects of this phenomenon. Gellner defends, on empirical grounds, his use of the theory of segmentation in his ethnographic work on the Berbers. The religious & political organization of Islam is discussed. Gellner defends his macrosociology of the modern world & the theory of historical stages on which it is predicated. Gellner asserts his commitment to scientific method & the open society, while maintaining his criticism of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Karl Marx, & Karl Popper. 13 References. H. von Rautenfeld

"The last decade saw major advances in computer-assisted coding-and-retrieval methods for non-formatted textual data. These methods are especially helpful in interpretive social research where the researcher has to cope with sometimes huge amounts of unstructured textual data. Presently, qualitative researchers can choose between various coding and retrieval techniques by drawing on a variety of different software packages. The purpose of the paper is to give an overview of computer-aided techniques for the management and analysis of textual data in qualitative research and of the current debate about the methodological impact of these techniques on the research process. The initial sections contain a brief historical overview of the development of computer-aided qualitative data analysis whereby some epistemological aspects of the relationship between qualitative methodology and computer-use will also be discussed. Following that the paper also outlines basic elements of 'computer-aided qualitative data analysis', namely the use of textual database management systems for the automatization of manual indexing and operations. Since the advent of the first coding-and-retrieve programs great hopes have been expressed that such coding techniques could revolutionize qualitative research by making the research process more transparent and by improving the reliability and validity of its results. In the last part of the paper these questions will be discussed thereby focussing on aspects of validity." (author's abstract)

Argues that microanalytic & macroanalytic migration theories both tend to ignore the political dimension of international migrations. A political perspective approach to migration issues is offered that incorporates some of the most useful aspects of micro- & macro- theories by emphasizing the transfer of jurisdiction as the constitutive element of international migrations. International migration is viewed as a "deviance from the prevailing norm of social organization at the world level." It is suggested that international migration can best be understood as a social phenomenon that includes tension between the preferences of individuals & the interests of societies. Any thorough evaluation of the costs & benefits of migration requires an examination of both individual & collective accounts. The analytical ramifications of the political perspective are pointed out, noting that it is also an effective framework for analyzing the behavior of societies. The implications of the conflict between the freedom to leave deprived regions of the world & the freedom of more fortunate countries to preserve their favorable endowment by restricting entry are discussed. J. Lindroth

Based on his interpretation of G. W. F. Hegel (1931), Louis Althusser produced a powerful critique of essentialist epistemologies stemming from empiricism, positivism, & rationalism. However, it is argued that Althusser made positive steps toward constructing an alternative to essentialist modes of thought in his reformulation of Hegel's notion of overdetermination. This notion is described as the claim that every aspect of history is constituted by all other aspects of the social totality of which it is a part. It is suggested that this position recasts, rather than excludes, essentialist arguments. Rather than providing singular & objective explanations of reality, essentialist moments in argument are reflexively construed as particular kinds of story-telling that are always contradictory & evolving, & thus in need of constant justification. Thus, explanation from the antiessentialist position is not rendered impossible; rather, it recognizes, engages, & justifies its own contradiction. 17 References. D. M. Smith

This article is dealing with the analysis of main stages and tendencies of social transformations that have been taken place in Ukraine since the well-known Perestroika in the ex-USSR. Transformational processes are studied in very important ways for Ukrainian society aspects, such as: institutional, socio-structural, and socio-psychological. The authors gave special attention on the role of classes — elites and the broad masses in the different stages of this period have been analyzed.

Draws on women's narratives compiled as part of ethnographic work on development & fertility in India, & an analysis of the 1994 International Conference on population & development in Cairo, Egypt, to examine the hidden discourse of whiteness in international programs of population control. The deconstruction, or "provincializing," of whiteness involves challenging the purposes of schemes of progress created by nonnative interests & contextualizing discourses of emancipation/progress in colonialist/neocolonialist ideology. The political, social, & business aspects of the development industry are shown to focus on economic advantages for the West, as exemplified by the enormous financial benefits of family planning enjoyed by the contraceptive industry. The Cairo conference drew increased international attention to female fertility by reviving alarm over expanding populations & finite resources, while ignoring destructive overconsumption in First World nations. Feminist language was incorporated into the patriarchal discourse to present an illusion of the male leadership's cultural sensitivity. These discourses exemplify the maintenance of white power through an agenda of dominance over international media, development, & politics. 35 References. J. Lindroth

This article discusses aspects of future research in communication sciences related to a popular and omnipresent artefact of algorithmic machines, social robots. Social robots are defined in this article as physical entities or machines, which may resemble a human being or animal and are able to replicate certain human or life-like movements and functions. Experts predict that robots, just like AI, will replace a significant number of jobs in the near future, including non-industrial jobs such as robots working in offices or the service industry alongside human 'co-workers' (Brookfield Institute, 2016; Ford, 2015; Gunkel, 2018). Likewise, we may find more robots in our private lives, for example, replacing human care workers (Ishiguro, 2018; McGinn et al., 2020). Overall, the field of robotics, and particularly social robots, offers a broad range of research opportunities and exigencies for communication scientists. The aim of this conceptual paper is to provide a framework for the discussion of algorithms, social robots and communication sciences.

"Occupational life courses are forcefully shaped by a variety of social institutions: by educational systems, firms, intermediate organisations, labour-management relations, and social policy. Our analysis will focus on three of these contextual features: social security programmes, general education, and vocational training, comparing Great Britain, Germany, and Sweden. In doing so we ask whether there are homologies between these three aspects of institutional structure in each country that make for distinct national occupational regimes. Similarly, we ask if different social security, education and training regimes give rise to typical patterns of labour force participation and occupational Mobility (job mobility and class mobility ). We build on Esping-Andersen's work (1990) but we emphasise the time dimension of labour force participation and related institutions. Germany serves as a model for a conservative regime; Sweden has a socialdemocratic welfare state. Among West European countries, Great Britain features a liberal welfare state." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

"Occupational life courses are forcefully shaped by a variety of social institutions: by educational systems, firms, intermediate organisations, labour-management relations, and social policy. Our analysis will focus on three of these contextual features: social security programmes, general education, and vocational training, comparing Great Britain, Germany, and Sweden. In doing so we ask whether there are homologies between these three aspects of institutional structure in each country that make for distinct national occupational regimes. Similarly, we ask if different social security, education and training regimes give rise to typical patterns of labour force participation and occupational Mobility (job mobility and class mobility ). We build on Esping-Andersen's work (1990) but we emphasise the time dimension of labour force participation and related institutions. Germany serves as a model for a conservative regime; Sweden has a socialdemocratic welfare state. Among West European countries, Great Britain features a liberal welfare state." (author's abstract)

Ernest Gellner's theory of the development of modern industrial society is criticized as too monocular & thus unable to accommodate the distinctiveness of Japan. It is argued that Gellner's account of the development of modernity as a single unique event in world history, occurring in Europe first, fails to account for the independent development of the characteristically modern features of Japanese society such as mobility, openness, & dynamics. As a result of the development of a characteristically modern structural differentiation in Japanese society prior to European influence, industrial society in Japan has developed in a radically different way from other industrial societies. The unique aspects of Japanese society are the conception of service to the community & the lack of any transcendentally oriented concept of either individuality or institutional legitimation. 42 References. H. von Rautenfeld