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Using a change in the rules of EU food aid policy in 1996, I investigate how donor countries react to EU's food aid allocation.On average if the EU stops allocating food aid to a small country, this reduces by 1.4 the average number of other donors. Donors reactions are heterogeneous. Next, I develop a simple framework in which donors react to EU's action either indirectly because it changes the recipient's needs or directly because they are motivated by comparing their allocation with the one of EU. I derive a donor typology from this framework. Large donors and Nordic countries are motivated by direct comparison with the EU allocation while the WFP is driven by recipient-related motives.

Using a change in the rules of EU food aid policy in 1996, I investigate how donor countries react to EU's food aid allocation.On average if the EU stops allocating food aid to a small country, this reduces by 1.4 the average number of other donors. Donors reactions are heterogeneous. Next, I develop a simple framework in which donors react to EU's action either indirectly because it changes the recipient's needs or directly because they are motivated by comparing their allocation with the one of EU. I derive a donor typology from this framework. Large donors and Nordic countries are motivated by direct comparison with the EU allocation while the WFP is driven by recipient-related motives.

Using a change in the rules of EU food aid policy in 1996, I investigate how donor countries react to EU's food aid allocation.On average if the EU stops allocating food aid to a small country, this reduces by 1.4 the average number of other donors. Donors reactions are heterogeneous. Next, I develop a simple framework in which donors react to EU's action either indirectly because it changes the recipient's needs or directly because they are motivated by comparing their allocation with the one of EU. I derive a donor typology from this framework. Large donors and Nordic countries are motivated by direct comparison with the EU allocation while the WFP is driven by recipient-related motives.

Using a change in the rules of EU food aid policy in 1996, I investigate how donor countries react to EU's food aid allocation.On average if the EU stops allocating food aid to a small country, this reduces by 1.4 the average number of other donors. Donors reactions are heterogeneous. Next, I develop a simple framework in which donors react to EU's action either indirectly because it changes the recipient's needs or directly because they are motivated by comparing their allocation with the one of EU. I derive a donor typology from this framework. Large donors and Nordic countries are motivated by direct comparison with the EU allocation while the WFP is driven by recipient-related motives.

Using a change in the rules of EU food aid policy in 1996, I investigate how donor countries react to EU's food aid allocation.On average if the EU stops allocating food aid to a small country, this reduces by 1.4 the average number of other donors. Donors reactions are heterogeneous. Next, I develop a simple framework in which donors react to EU's action either indirectly because it changes the recipient's needs or directly because they are motivated by comparing their allocation with the one of EU. I derive a donor typology from this framework. Large donors and Nordic countries are motivated by direct comparison with the EU allocation while the WFP is driven by recipient-related motives.

This report aims at identifying the particular needs and constraints faced by the poorest women and men when accessing the judicial system. Similarly to the Judicial Functional Review,6 the scope of this report focuses primarily on the courts because they are the main vehicle for justice service delivery and the primary institutions of justice in Serbia. The scope includes all types of services and covers litigious and non-litigious aspects of civil, commercial, administrative, and criminal justice. The focus is on the actual implementation and day-to-day functioning of the sector institutions that deliver justice to people, rather than the law on the books . The scope includes other institutions in the sector to the extent that they enable or impede service delivery by the courts, including: the Ministry of Justice (MOJ), the High Judicial Council (HJC), the State Prosecutorial Council (SPC), the courts, the Public Prosecutor Offices (PPOs), the Judicial Academy, the Ombudsperson s Office, the police, prisons, and justice sector professional organizations (such as the Bar, notaries, bailiffs, and mediators). The focus of this report is on access to justice services, including relevant financial, informational, and geographic barriers to such access.

This book investigates the less-explored dimensions of how industries in different Indian subnational spaces or states have responded to the growing phenomenon of internationalization. What factors have influenced firms participating in global business? Have state (both central and provincial) policies acted as catalyst for local firms? Not only does this study delve into these issues; it also painstakingly develops a comprehensive database that remains unique in the absence of reliable official statistics on this subject to date. Efforts have been made to establish a reasonably consistent dataset for the period 1990-2008 derived from the CMIE-PROWESS database. Care has been taken to condense the data and classify it by sector, location, size and ownership. The study delineates export patterns by firm and state and explores factors influencing export decisions according to sector, size and location. A further interesting aspect is the book's critical examination of industrial and trade promotion policies at the state/regional level that might have contributed to or hindered exporting by firms. The states considered for detailed policy discussions are highly diverse and include Gujarat, Odisha and Karnataka. To address the glaring absence of literature on the role of subnational factors in enterprises' export performance, a preliminary state-by-state analysis of the spatial determinants of firms' export activities is also provided. Jaya Prakash Pradhanis an associate professor at the Centre for Studies in Economics Planning, School of Social Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, India. He has earlier served on the faculties of the Central University of Karnataka (Gulbarga), Sardar Patel Institute of Economic Social Research (Ahmedabad), the Institute for Studies in Industrial Development (New Delhi), the Gujarat Institute of Development Research (Ahmadabad), and has worked as a consultant to the Research and Information System for Developing Countries (New Delhi). He obtained his M.Phil. and Ph.D. degrees from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He is a recipient of UGC Research Award (2014-16) and at present undertaking a study on the linkages between quality of inward FDI and development.He has been involved in research studies for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Geneva; Department of Scientific and Industrial Research under the Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India); and Indian Council for Social Science Research under the Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India).He is the author of Indian Multinationals in the World Economy: Implications for Development(Bookwell Publisher, New Delhi, 2008); co-editor of The Rise of Indian Multinationals: Perspectives on Indian Outward Foreign Direct Investment(Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2010) and Industrialization, Economic Reforms and Regional Development: Essays in Honour of Professor Ashok Mathur(Shipra Publication, New Delhi, 2005); and co-author of Transnationalization of Indian Pharmaceutical SMEs(Bookwell Publisher, New Delhi, 2008).Keshab Dasis a professor at the Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Ahmedabad, India. He holds M.Phil. (Applied Economics) and Ph.D. (Economics) degrees from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi through the Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum. He is a recipient of the VKRV Rao Prize in Social Sciences (Economics). He holds a bachelor's degree in Journalism and Mass Communications from the Berhampur University, Orissa.He has been a visiting researcher or faculty at the University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), The Hague, Netherlands; University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Institute of Developing Economies, Chiba, Japan; CNRS-REGARDS, Bordeaux, France; Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (MSH), Paris, France; and Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. He has undertaken CNRS Research Missions to the Netherlands and Italy and CNRS-British Academy Research Mission to the United Kingdom concerning issues on SME competitiveness and regional development in Asian developing countries.He has undertaken research studies sponsored by various Indian Government Ministries (Industry; Science and Technology; Rural Development; Human Resource Development; and Environment and Forests); Planning Commission; Government of Gujarat; International Commission of Jurists; UNICEF; UNIDO; ILO; Ford Foundation; University of Sussex; French Ministry of Research; IWMI-Tata Water Policy Program; Centre for Environment Education; Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation; Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA), Bangkok; International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada; National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS), Paris, France; Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), UK and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.He has authored/co-authored/edited the following books: Globalization and Standards: Issues and Challenges in Indian Business (Springer, New Delhi, 2014); Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Competitiveness: Issues and Initiatives(Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation, Gandhinagar, 2011); Micro and Small Enterprises in India: The Era of Reforms(Routledge, New Delhi, 2011); Policy and Status Paper on Cluster Development in India(Foundation for MSME Clusters, New Delhi, 2007); Indian Industrial Clusters(Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 2005); The Growth and Transformation of Small Firms in India(Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2001); and Peasant Economy and the Sugar Cooperative: A Study of the Aska Region in Orissa(CDS, Trivandrum, 1993).Published extensively, his research concerns issues in regional development, industrialization, small firm development, industrial clusters, informal sector, labor and basic infrastructure in both rural and urban areas.

This report provides a summary of the topics discussed and the results of the CARISMAND Second Stakeholder Assembly conducted in Rome, Italy on 27-28 February 2017. In order to promote cross-sectional knowledge transfer, as in the CARISMAND First Stakeholder Assembly held in Romania in the previous year, the audience consisted of a wide range of practitioners that are typically involved in disaster management, e.g., civil protection, the emergency services, paramedics, nurses, environmental protection, Red Cross, fire-fighters, military, the police, and other non-governmental organisations. Further, these practitioners were from several regions in Italy, e.g., Rome and Lazio, Toscana, Emilia-Romagna, and Valle D'Aosta. The participants, who varied between 40 and 60, were recruited via invitations sent to various Italian organisations and institutions (at the national, regional and local levels), and via direct contacts of the Protezione Civile Comune di Firenze who are one of the Italian partners in the CARISMAND Consortium. The event consisted of a mix of presentations, working groups, and panel discussions for these participating practitioners, in order to combine dissemination with information gathering (for the detailed schedule/programme please see Appendix 1). After an initial general assembly where the CARISMAND project and its main goals were presented, the participants of the Stakeholder Assembly were split into small groups in separate breakout rooms, where over the course of the two days they discussed the following topics: 1) Working Group 1. "Culture & Risk": Practical Experience of Cultural Aspects Disaster Communication between Practitioners and Citizens; 2) Working Group 2. "Media Culture & Disasters": The Use of Social Media and Mobile Phone Applications in Disasters; 3) Working Groups 3. "Social Cohesion & Social Corrosion": Cultures, Communities, and Trust. After each working group session, panel discussions allowed the participants to present the results of their working group to the rest of the audience. After each panel discussion, keynote speakers gave presentations related to the respective working group's topic. This time schedule was designed to ensure that participants are provided with detailed information about recent developments in disaster management, e.g. related to the use of mobile phone apps and social media, but without influencing their attitudes and perceptions expressed in the working groups. The main focus of the working groups was the relationships between culture and risk/disaster communication, the role of social media and smartphone apps, and trust between citizens and disaster managers and/or authorities. These topics, and the questions discussed within each working group, were chosen:  following the findings of the CARISMAND First Stakeholder Assembly held in Bucharest, in particular regarding the disconnection between citizens' risk perception and cultural factors in disasters; 1) the results of the CARISMAND First and Second Citizen Summits held in Bucharest and Malta respectively, specifically taking up the participants' suggestions regarding vulnerable groups and groups that are seen to be potentially helpful in disaster situations; 2) the results of Work Package 3 'Cultural Factors and Technologies', in particular regarding the increasing interest in mobile phone apps compared to social media usage; 3) the literature review provided in Work Package 4 'Risk Perception and Risk Cultures', particularly regarding the ambivalent of role of trust in disaster preparedness, response and recovery; 4) the preliminary findings of Work Package 7 'Citizens Empowerment', in respect to community cohesion and specific opportunities for citizen empowerment; and 5) topics highlighted in Work Package 8 'Risk Communication and the Role of the Media in Risk Communication' regarding disaster communication practices (particularly in connection with social media/apps usage as identified in Work Package 3 'Cultural Factors and Technologies'). These topics were also chosen in order to provide a sound basis for the next round of CARISMAND events (Third and Fourth CARISMAND Citizen Summits held, later, in Rome and Frankfurt in June 2017), i.e. exploring issues of risk perception and culture in the context of disasters at the very point, where practitioners and citizens interact. The location of the Second Stakeholder Assembly was selected to make use of the extensive local professional network of the Protezione Civile, but also due to Italy being a location where various "types" of hazards are prevalent, and disasters were occurred in the very recent past. All documents related to the Working Groups, i.e. discussion guidelines and consent forms, were translated into Italian. Accordingly, all presentations as well as the group discussions were held in Italian, aiming to avoid any language/education-related access restrictions, and allowing participating practitioners to respond intuitively and discuss freely in their native language. For this purpose, researchers from the Laboratory of Sciences Citizenship in Rome, one of the CARISMAND Consortium members, were used as Working Group moderators, alongside simultaneous interpreters and professional local moderators contracted via a local market research agency (RFR International), who also provided the transcripts and translations into English for all Working Group discussions. It is important to note that the discussions within these working groups reflect the participants' perceptions and may or may not reflect the realities of how communication actually occurs in disaster situations. ; The project was co-funded by the European Commission within the Horizon2020 Programme (2014-2020). ; peer-reviewed

Santiago is the 7th largest major city of Latin America with almost 8 million inhabitants and is situated in a fairly closed watershed, surrounded on the eastern side by the high Andean mountain chain with altitudes of 5,000 m. From the Andean mountains, the Mapocho River and a set of large and small streams transport -often torrentially- water and sediment. In thirty years, Santiago has increased its size two fold, replacing previous agricultural lands, native forests and shrubs with urban land uses, and occupying rivers beds and streams. These land use and cover changes have had dramatic environmental consequences. The mentioned urban dynamic has produced a city in constant collision with the natural system. This structural disarticulation produces many environmental problems such as an increase in city's surface and air temperatures, an accelerated disappearance of vegetation, a major interruption in wind, sediment and water flows, and finally, increasing people's exposure to environmental hazards. Since streams, canals and rivers are structural components of Santiago's landscape, they can function as key links between the urban-social and natural system and provide multiple ecosystem services, helping to reduce environmental problems and ensure long-term urban sustainability. Traditionally, the analysis of river and streamsides has been focused on rural and natural landscapes as well as on environmental protection and nature conservation. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest and necessity to understand the environmental status, functions and possibilities of riparian zones in urban environments in order to delineate and plan greenways, which provide social and ecological benefits. Green infrastructure such as urban greenways is a key component of sustainable cities. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the socio-ecological status of urban riparian zones and even fewer to assess these areas in terms of their potential as multifunctional greenways. New efforts should be conducted to develop analytical application-oriented frameworks in the green infrastructure field. This research elaborates and proposes a transferable conceptual-methodological framework for evaluating the potential for multifunctional riparian greenway development. An analytical application-oriented framework to assess the potential for multifunctional green infrastructure development is proposed by articulating and improving three analyses hitherto used separately: multicriteria, least cost path and opportunities-challenges. The Mapocho River was selected for the application and testing of the proposed conceptual-methodological framework to contribute to multifunctional green infrastructure planning in Santiago as a city representative of the structure and processes of megacities in Latin America. First, the main ecological and social characteristics of the Mapocho's riparian zone are analyzed, making a synthesis of the socio-ecological status. Second, the suitability to provide multiple ecosystem services of the riparian zone is spatially explicitly modelled, first separately, as mono-functional suitability, and then, integrated into a multifunctional suitability evaluation. Third, the opportunities and challenges perceived by government actors are identified and analyzed as well as those derived from an institutional and regulatory analysis. Finally, the assessment phase concludes with a discussion on the main potential for the development of a greenway, resulting from the synthesis and integration of the most relevant findings of the suitability and opportunities analysis The socio-ecological status of the riparian zones is characterized by being highly altered in ecological terms, diverse in social terms, and highly used by the metropolitan transport infrastructure with a concentration of green areas in a few municipalities. This means that the riparian zone provides limited physical support for important social and ecological functions characteristic of these zones in urban environments: habitat, aesthetic, cooling, transport route and flood mitigation. The results reveal a significant east-west gradient in the socio-ecological status of riparian zone, which gradually decreases from east to west. The riparian zone of the Mapocho River in Santiago has good suitability as a wind corridor, providing a cooling effect and to mitigate flood hazards. The main challenges for the development of a multifunctional urban greenway in the Mapocho River corresponds to low levels of inter-jurisdictional and inter-sectoral coordination and cooperation, maintenance costs and the existence of urban highways in the zone. On the contrary, the main opportunities are the existence of important sectors of vacant land, increased political and social importance of urban green areas and the existence of a set of consolidated riparian parks. In synthesis, the assessment developed in the Mapocho River identifies the most important aspects to be considered and the greatest potentialities to capitalize in planning a multifunctional greenway along the Mapocho River. This is key when thinking about a possible master plan for the Mapocho River that returns the river to the city and values it as an axis for urban integration. The development of a multifunctional greenway in Santiago can considerably contribute to the social and ecological connectivity and thereby mitigate the socio-ecological segregation and disconnection characteristic of cities in the region. It may also contribute significantly to reconcile urban growth with ecological health and people's quality of life, maintaining functions and key ecosystem services and mitigating the negative effects of urbanization.

The Maasai/Kikuyu agro-pastoral borderlands of Maiella and Enoosupukia, located in the hinterlands of Lake Naivasha's agro-industrial hub, are particularly notorious in the history of ethnicised violence in the Kenya's Rift Valley. In October 1993, an organised assault perpetrated by hundreds of Maasai vigilantes, with the assistance of game wardens and administration police, killed more than 20 farmers of Kikuyu descent. Consequently, thousands of migrant farmers were violently evicted from Enoosupukia at the instigation of leading local politicians. Nowadays, however, intercommunity relations are surprisingly peaceful and the cooperative use of natural resources is the rule rather than the exception. There seems to be a form of reorganization. Violence seems to be contained and the local economy has since recovered. This does not mean that there is no conflict, but people seem to have the facility to solve them peacefully. How did formerly violent conflicts develop into peaceful relations? How did competition turn into cooperation, facilitating changing land use? This dissertation explores the value of cross-cutting ties and local institutions in peaceful relationships and the non-violent resolution of conflicts across previously violently contested community boundaries. It mainly relies on ethnographic data collected between 2014 and 2015. The discussion therefore builds on several theoretical approaches in anthropology and the social sciences – that is, violent conflicts, cross-cutting ties and conflicting loyalties, joking relationships, peace and nonviolence, and institutions, in order to understand shared spaces that are experiencing fairly rapid social and economic changes, and characterised by conflict and coexistence. In the researched communities, cross-cutting ties and the split allegiances associated with them result from intermarriages, land transactions, trade, and friendship. By institutions, I refer to local peace committees, an attempt to standardise an aspect of customary law, and Nyumba Kumi, a strategy of anchoring community policing at the household level. In 2010, the state "implanted" these grassroots-level institutions and conferred on them the rights to handle specific conflicts and to prevent crime. I argue that the studied groups utilise diverse networks of relationships as adaptive responses to landlessness, poverty, and socio-political dynamics at the local level. Material and non-material exchanges and transfers accompany these social and economic ties and networks. In addition to being instrumental in nurturing a cohesive social fabric, I argue that such alliances could be thought of as strategies of appropriation of resources in the frontiers – areas that are considered to have immense agricultural potential and to be conducive to economic enterprise. Consequently, these areas are continuously changed and shaped through immigration, population growth, and agricultural intensification. However, cross-cutting ties and intergroup alliances may not necessarily prevent the occurrence or escalation of conflicts. Nevertheless, disputes and conflicts, which form part of the social order in the studied area, create the opportunities for locally contextualised systems of peace and non-violence that inculcate the values of cooperation, coexistence, and restraint from violence. Although the neo-traditional institutions (local peace committees and Nyumba Kumi) face massive complexities and lack the capacity to handle serious conflicts, their application of informal constraints in dispute resolution provides room for some optimism. Notably, the formation of ties and alliances between the studied groups, and the use of local norms and values to resolve disputes, are not new phenomena – they are reminiscent of historical patterns. Their persistence, particularly in the context of Kenya, indicates a form of historical continuity, which remains rather "undisturbed" despite the prevalence of ethnicised political economies. Indeed, the formation of alliances, which are driven by mutual pursuit of commodities (livestock, rental land, and agricultural produce), markets, and diversification, tends to override other identities. While the major thrust of social science literature in East Africa has focused on the search for root causes of violence, very little has been said about the conditions and practices of cooperation and non-violent conflict resolution. In addition, situations where prior violence turned into peaceful interaction have attracted little attention, though the analysis of such transitional phases holds the promise of contributing to applicable knowledge on conflict resolution. This study is part of a larger multidisciplinary project, "Resilience in East African Landscapes" (REAL), which is a Marie Curie Actions Innovative Training Networks (ITN) project. The principal focus of this multidisciplinary project is to study past, present, and future thresholds and sustainable trajectories in human-landscape interactions in East Africa over the last millennia. While other individual projects focus on long-term ecosystem dynamics and societal interactions, my project examines human-landscape interactions in the present and the very recent past (i.e. the period in which events and processes were witnessed or can still be recalled by today's population). The transition from conflict to coexistence and from competition to cooperative use of previously violently contested land resources is understood here as enhancing adaptation in the face of social-political, economic, environmental, and climatic changes. This dissertation is therefore a contribution to new modes of resilience in human-landscape interactions after a collapse situation.

"The question of when or if a nation should intervene in another country's affairs is one of the most important concerns in today's volatile world. Taking John Stuart Mill's famous 1859 essay 'A Few Words on Non-Intervention' as his starting point, international relations scholar Michael W. Doyle addresses the thorny issue of when a state's sovereignty should be respected and when it should be overridden or disregarded by other states in the name of humanitarian protection, national self-determination, or national security. In this time of complex social and political interplay and increasingly sophisticated and deadly weaponry, Doyle reinvigorates Mill's principles for a new era while assessing the new United Nations doctrine of responsibility to protect. In the twenty-first century, intervention can take many forms: military and economic, unilateral and multilateral. Doyle's thought-provoking argument examines essential moral and legal questions underlying significant American foreign policy dilemmas of recent years, including Libya, Iraq, and Afghanistan"--

Citizenship as agency within communities of shared fate / Melissa S. Williams -- Autonomy, democracy, and legitimacy : the problem of normative foundations / Ian Cooper -- Cosmopolis or empire? : metaphors of globalization and the description of legitimate political communities / Nisha Shah -- Government rationalities and indigenous co-governance : James Bay Cree coexistence, from mercantilist partnerships to neoliberal mechanisms / Harvey A. Feit -- Protecting our resources : (re)negotiating the balance of governance and local autonomy in cooperative natural resource management in Belize / Tara C. Goetze -- Globalization, European integration, and the nationalities question / Michael Keating, John McGarry, and Margaret Moore -- Sovereignty redux? : autonomy and protection in military interventions / Peter Nyers -- From ethnic civil war to global war : (de)legitimizing narratives of global warfare and the longing for civility in Sri Lankan fiction / Heike Härting -- An airborne disease : globalization through African eyes / Rhoda E. Howard Hassmann -- The World Trade Organization : system under stress / Sylvia Ostry -- Governing the electronic commons : globalization, legitimacy, autonomy, and the Internet / Leslie A. Pal -- Contested globalizations : social movements and the struggle for global democracy / Jackie Smith

In the 1960s, two great social and cultural changes of the western world began. The first was the rapid decline of Christian religious practice and identity and the rise of the people of 'no religion'. The second was the transformation in women's lives that spawned a demographic revolution in sex, family and work. Both phenomena were sudden though not uniform in their impact. The argument of this book is that the two were intimately connected, triggered by an historic confluence of factors in the 1960s. Canada, Ireland, UK and USA represent different stages of secularisation for the book's study. The religious collapse in mainland Britain and most of Canada was sharp and spectacular but contrasted with the more resilient religious cultures of the United States, the Canadian Maritimes, Ireland and Northern Ireland. Using statistical evidence from government censuses, the book demonstrates how secularisation was deeply linked to demographic change. Starting with the distinctive features of the 1960s, the book quantifies secularisation's scale, timing and character in each nation. Then, the intense links of women's sexual revolution to religious decline are explored. From there, women's changing patterns of marriage, coupling and birthing are correlated with diminishing religiosity. The final exploration is into the secularising consequences of economic change, higher education and women's expanding work roles. This book transforms the way in which secularisation is imagined. Religion matters more than mere belief, practice and the churches; it shapes how populations construct their sexual practices, families and life-course. In nations where religion has been dissolving since 1960 into apathy and atheism, the process has been part of a demographic revolution built on new moral codes. Connecting religious history with the history of population, this volume unveils how the historian and sociologist need to engage with the demographic enormity of the decline of Christendom. CALLUM G. BROWN is Professor of Religious and Cultural History at the University of Dundee.

Has the world responded to the coronavirus pandemic in an intergenerationally just manner? Three aspects are relevant to intergenerational justice: the number of dead and ill (medical dimension), the economic downturn (economic dimension), and the additional national debt (financial dimension). The goal must be to protect future societies from the cumulative damage that pandemics may cause. Against this background, a new vaccination strategy for humanity - and this includes the individual national states - turns out to be the most important element. Such a strategy would help to ease the diseases we can ease and eradicate the diseases we can eradicate. Herd immunity should not only be the goal for the rich countries but for humanity as a whole. This is not only necessary for social and/or developmental reasons, but also serves the self-protection of the richer countries in an inter-connected world. We need more government funding for prophylactic vaccine research. This would lead to the typical development time of a vaccine - 10-12 years on average - being shortened. The rapid development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 shows that a reduction to 1-2 years is possible if the necessary resources are made available. The testing of vaccine candidates for each infectious disease, however, comes with the cost of at least in the high three-digit million euro range. Profit-oriented companies cannot reasonably be expected to produce vaccines in advance that may never be needed at their own expense. In the future, vaccines must therefore be treated as "global public goods", whose development and production are primarily the responsibility of states. The record amounts pledged by governments at the donor conferences for vaccines in 2020/2021 show the beginning of a paradigm shift. However, this approach will come to nothing if the willingness of individuals to be vaccinated does not increase at the same time, as well. Here, every single member of the current generation has a duty of solidarity towards future generations. This should be made aware of and weighed against self-interest. Responsible epidemiological individual behavior includes regular (repeated) vaccinations for the purpose of prevention. This applies in the context of parental responsibility concerning to child vaccinations, but also for adults, e.g. in the context of an annual influenza vaccination. In doing so, thousands of deaths can be avoided, which for the most part have been tolerated by our society up until now. Two changes of the framework conditions are central to this: 1) Vaccinations should be generally free of charge for the entire population. 2) Vaccinations should be easily accessible, with only few exceptions. This means that vaccinations should be available not only from doctors but also from pharmacies.