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The final paper of master's studies is composed of 59 pages, 28 figures, 16 tables, list of literature resources, the paper is written in the Lithuanian language. Key words: labor market, labor force, emigration, immigration, migration of labor force, Lithuanian labor market, unemployment, extent of unemployment in Lithuania. The objective of the final paper is to reveal the impact of international labor migration on Lithuanian labor market. Seeking to achieve the determined goal, the following goals were set in the paper: 1. To reveal the theoretical aspects of labor force and labor market. 2. To reveal the causes, significance and outcomes of migration of the labor force. 3. To establish the extent of mobility of the citizens of the Republic of Lithuania within Lithuania based on the data from the Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania and Lithuanian Free Market Institute. 4. To perform a questionnaire survey of the heads of the respondent Lithuanian companies, to provide a comprehensive analysis of the received data. The object of the research is Lithuanian labor market and international migration of labor force, which has influence upon Lithuanian labor market. Period of research is from 2001 to 2006. When preparing this final paper the following methods of investigation of economic phenomena were used: analysis, synthesis, comparison and summarizing of scientific literature, investigating migration of labor market, the causes and outcomes thereof; survey of Lithuanian companies, qualitative and quantitative analysis, graphical visualization and other methods of investigation of economic and social phenomena. When analyzing the collected material it was established, that the international migration of labor force has both positive and negative influence upon Lithuanian labor market. Due to the increase of emigration, the unemployment rate in the country decreased and in some spheres a lack of labor force was even felt. Such situation in labor market promoted immigration of labor force to the country, which in the nearest future can have negative influence upon the average level of wages.

This work investigates regulation of legislation and problemic area of legislation in the Republic of Lithuania. The creation of legal regulation from the perspective of content is essentialy a result of a political process. However, the impact of the process of legislation comes not only from the social, economic and political factors, but also from inner structure of the law. The procedures of legislation and their establishment in particular legal regulations of law are essential as an object for studying law. For the purpose of clarity, analysing the reasons of problems the conception of legislation and it's limits are discussed, including subjects of legislation, and historical aspects. The theme of this work is discussed in the boundaries of the positive law: formal standard law act creation process, process and main problems arising from formulation of the idea of law till acceptance of law acts and declaration the law and legitimate acts. The decisions of constitutional court are also very important for regulation. The preparation order of craeting the rule of law is regulated by constitution, Seym statute, president order, and Republic of Lithuania law and other legal regulation preparation order law, et cetera. The power to create rules of law belongs only to the highest government institutions. There are the Seym and nation. The first one uses his power only in special situations, the latter uses it only certain areas and certain boundaries. The direct nations legislation is established by the Republic of Lithuania referendum and petition law. However, this is not a widespread occurence. The main issues of quality, efficiency and stability are discussed in this work. There is not yeat a suitable working legislation mechanism and it's uniform governing system established in the Republic of Lithuania. Such mechanism should conform to democractic socialy oriented market economy nation needs and development strategy. The more increasing legislation processes makes law system less coherent, and it's harmonic functioning becomes a difficult task. It is very expensive to change often rules of law, and it makes a precondition for illegal lobism.

This work investigates regulation of legislation and problemic area of legislation in the Republic of Lithuania. The creation of legal regulation from the perspective of content is essentialy a result of a political process. However, the impact of the process of legislation comes not only from the social, economic and political factors, but also from inner structure of the law. The procedures of legislation and their establishment in particular legal regulations of law are essential as an object for studying law. For the purpose of clarity, analysing the reasons of problems the conception of legislation and it's limits are discussed, including subjects of legislation, and historical aspects. The theme of this work is discussed in the boundaries of the positive law: formal standard law act creation process, process and main problems arising from formulation of the idea of law till acceptance of law acts and declaration the law and legitimate acts. The decisions of constitutional court are also very important for regulation. The preparation order of craeting the rule of law is regulated by constitution, Seym statute, president order, and Republic of Lithuania law and other legal regulation preparation order law, et cetera. The power to create rules of law belongs only to the highest government institutions. There are the Seym and nation. The first one uses his power only in special situations, the latter uses it only certain areas and certain boundaries. The direct nations legislation is established by the Republic of Lithuania referendum and petition law. However, this is not a widespread occurence. The main issues of quality, efficiency and stability are discussed in this work. There is not yeat a suitable working legislation mechanism and it's uniform governing system established in the Republic of Lithuania. Such mechanism should conform to democractic socialy oriented market economy nation needs and development strategy. The more increasing legislation processes makes law system less coherent, and it's harmonic functioning becomes a difficult task. It is very expensive to change often rules of law, and it makes a precondition for illegal lobism.

Implementation of labour rights and duties is defined as implementation of legal rules under actual legal relationship. Establishing the code of conduct (labour rights and duties) for the entities engaged in labour legal relationship with the help of legal rules alone does not mean implementation of legal rule. Legal rule starts functioning after the appearance of legal fact, in other words, legal rule is implemented as soon as the foreseen situations and circumstances appear therein. Thus, implementation of labour rights and duties is achieved through the following stages of implementation of labour rights and duties: firstly, the very legal rules formulating labour rights and duties should be established; secondly, legal fact should emerge, and natural as well as legal entities should have labour legal capacity, and in this way it comes to legal relationship existing as the result of legal rule implementation. In order labour rights and duties were not only declarative, but also really implemented, it is necessary to guarantee the possibility for labour entities to make use of legal methods for protection of labour rights, where the most important are self-protection of labour rights and protection of labour rights by using competent public or independent institutions. In direct implementation of legal rule various problems are faced in practice: quite often cases are when legal rules are understood differently and subjectively, different legal regulation is established for the same situation, and due to change in life and social behaviour, which is to be influenced, failure in describing all relevant situations in legal aspect, it may happen that some specific situations are not regulated by any legal rule. Specifically for such cases and many other cases, certain rules for implementation of legal rules are foreseen, which ensure an appropriate legal impact on labour relations in forming real behaviour of subjects corresponding to intentions of the legislator. The main groups of the rules for implementation of legal rules, the aim of which is an adequate adjustment of the legislator's will to specific situation, are explanation, specification, solution of collisions and analogy.

Implementation of labour rights and duties is defined as implementation of legal rules under actual legal relationship. Establishing the code of conduct (labour rights and duties) for the entities engaged in labour legal relationship with the help of legal rules alone does not mean implementation of legal rule. Legal rule starts functioning after the appearance of legal fact, in other words, legal rule is implemented as soon as the foreseen situations and circumstances appear therein. Thus, implementation of labour rights and duties is achieved through the following stages of implementation of labour rights and duties: firstly, the very legal rules formulating labour rights and duties should be established; secondly, legal fact should emerge, and natural as well as legal entities should have labour legal capacity, and in this way it comes to legal relationship existing as the result of legal rule implementation. In order labour rights and duties were not only declarative, but also really implemented, it is necessary to guarantee the possibility for labour entities to make use of legal methods for protection of labour rights, where the most important are self-protection of labour rights and protection of labour rights by using competent public or independent institutions. In direct implementation of legal rule various problems are faced in practice: quite often cases are when legal rules are understood differently and subjectively, different legal regulation is established for the same situation, and due to change in life and social behaviour, which is to be influenced, failure in describing all relevant situations in legal aspect, it may happen that some specific situations are not regulated by any legal rule. Specifically for such cases and many other cases, certain rules for implementation of legal rules are foreseen, which ensure an appropriate legal impact on labour relations in forming real behaviour of subjects corresponding to intentions of the legislator. The main groups of the rules for implementation of legal rules, the aim of which is an adequate adjustment of the legislator's will to specific situation, are explanation, specification, solution of collisions and analogy.

'Sing at the Moon: the contextual narrative of isolation and grief in Australia women's writing' comprises two complementary elements of a single thesis: a novel and a critical essay. My novel takes as its starting point the impact of unsolved murders on small regional communities and uses this to explore the effects of isolation and grief on subjectivities, particularly women's. The novel represents an original contribution to that strand of contemporary Australian fiction, especially as written by women, which deals with the Australian bush myth and the effects on women of the masculinism of Australian national identity. The critical component of my thesis examines Thea Astley's Drylands and Dorothy Hewett's Neap Tide in terms of how each novel engages with Australian literary traditions and offers an explicit critique of Australian masculinist culture. I focus on the ways the novels represent violence against women and show how this violence works to underpin the masculinist myth of mateship - to reveal a more sinister underbelly of Australian culture. Their critique of Australian masculinist culture also works at the level of form where both writers subvert a traditional 'realist' form for political as well as aesthetic purposes. I see myself primarily as a writer and feminist who uses theory and criticism as a way of reflecting on my own creative practice in the light of writing as social responsibility. My approach both to my own novel and to Drylands and Neap Tide is shaped by Susan Lever's proposal that 'writing and reading lie at the heart of feminism; they are the means by which women can explore and communicate the deepest aspects of their condition' (2000,132). In my essay I am interested in providing a critical context for the novel by exploring feminist theories of subjectivity and the ways these can be represented in fiction. As a result I will analyse some of the narrative conventions employed in Hewett's and Astley's novels. I will show that the work of both writers operates in the context of an ...

The paper discusses the initial field surveys to understand the conditions of tourism development and its perspectives of contribution towards regional development in developing countries. The case studies of Salt and Karak cities in Jordan are focused, where some international aid projects are under implementation. It is believed some clues for sustainable tourism development for the regional development, which may be referred to other regions, can be extracted. The reasons of focusing on Jordanian cases are the increasing potential and demand of tourism development in Middle East and an accessibility of information of existing master plan and ongoing projects supported through the ODA by Japanese government. The interview survey of party concerned and field survey carried out in 2005. Both cities were established and perished in 19th century that they inherited the historical resources such as Ottoman architecture and religious ruins. However, as same as many other local cities in the world, contemporary changes in social system such as governance, transportation, economic activities, and demography forced them into decline. Therefore, they are straggling to keep their sustainability through tourism development. Yet, their tourism resources are neither popular nor equipped to attract mass tourism from all over the world such as Petra, Madaba, and Dead Sea. As the intention of the study is to focus on the impacts of tourism development in the regional development that those less advantaged and in need of revitalization areas are picked up for case studies. The study will preliminary applies the Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat (SWOT) analysis for assessing the cities. Based on the results of analysis, some positive factors of tourism development in the regional development will be discussed. The findings may includes some aspects of tourism development measures such as utilization of available tourism resources, application of renovation and re-routing of existing tourism resources in order to make use of available resources and creation of network among them, provision of technical assistance from the outside including international aid agencies and NGOs, participation and ownership building of local residents in tourism development activities, and involvement of existing training institutions in the area.

Europe and Mediterranean areas have political and symbolic importance even if they have not definite limits. From a geographical point of view Europe and Mediterranean are the southern and western part of the "Eurasia", while politically speaking they represent two areas with a strong instability. However they have tourist resources that succeed in attracting the international tourism; these elements give originality and unicity to the territory of the Mediterranean area. This has an important role in the tourist field, also helped by lots of tourist activities and by the typical climate. All these aspects contribute to the creation of the "Mediterranean circular" of the coast countries. As they have not the same distribution of the tourist flows, the have the problem of unbalance in the relation between resources and utilization, especially in the north sea-side. Although these problems, tourism becomes for the mediterranean States a common activity, giving them a new economic dimension. The most important feature of the Mediterranean tourism is the diffused sea-side installation; it can cause a strong impact on the sea ecosystem and by the time it can generate a dangerous ecological situation of the mediterranean area. If we consider that 120.000.000 people live in this area with 200.000.000 tourists that during the summer period are in the sea-side countries, this means a considerable antropic presence. It is important that tourism and economic activities take into consideration the balance of the sea ecosystem because its protection is linked to the quality of sea-side people's life and to the continuation of the tourist importance of the area. The central problem of Mediterranean tourism is that the growth must be compatible with the environmental quality and with local way of life. In this way "the hotel-countries" and other ways of hospitality can contribute to give life to the countries and territories and to diversify and to enrich the tourist offer. Our work's aim is to analyse and verify social and economic impact of tourist flows in the mediterranean countries, considering general differences and effects.

The prenatal screening technologies are there and will be refined and used. However, prospective parents should be given a broad picture, including information from families with similarly impaired children and from disabled adults, and then be supported in their own choice. Different parents will then make different choices. Dóra S. Bjarnason, in "Is life worth living if you have a disability?" "The best way to have talented children is still to choose a talented spouse. Parents usually only wish that their children are healthy. And if they are not, they accept them anyway." Outi Hovatta, in "The new reproductive biology ­ medical and technical possibilities vs. ethical and legal concerns" "In the future, stem cell lines may be created from an HLA-identical embryo as identified by PGD. This would be an alternative for parents with a sick child without taking any risks associated with the creative of a potential donor child, and it may work much faster and thus increase the chance of benefit to the sick child" Gisela Dahlquist, in "The child's perspective and the parents' ­ who should decide?" "There seems to be a common perception about which foetal or embryo condition could justify selection. The regulation will point at severe disorders, however, without indicating specifically which disorders could be considered sufficiently severe." Mette Hartlev, in "Legislation and regulations in the Nordic countries. Is there a Nordic dimension?" "Personally I hold the view that well-founded doubt about the rightness of our moral deliberations, practices and visions is always better than unjustified confidence and conviction, even when we strive to decipher the moral status of unborn babies and supernumerary fertilised eggs. Consequently, I feel it is justified to remain in doubt about the exact nature of their moral status." Jan Helge Solbakk, in "On the moral status of unborn babies and supernumerary fertilised eggs" "In developing countries, particularly in an Islamic context where there is a high premium placed on couples having at least one male offspring, the availability of pgd for non-medical reasons does have a positive effect." Zaid Kilani, in "Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis for Elective Sex Selection: Individual Needs in Developing Countries, Financial, Social, Cultural and Religious Aspects"

PurposeThis paper sets out to describe the experiences of the Hungarian Trade Unions as they adapted to the political and economic changes of the post‐communist period. The paper lucidly explains how and why the trade union movement in Hungary made the transition from being a major player in every aspect of political, economic and social life in the old regime, to being a mere shadow of its former self in the early.Design/methodology/approachThe author paints a vivid picture of "how" and "why" the trade unions were perceived in the "golden age of Socialism". He then explains why dissatisfaction and disillusionment of the workers grew as living standards and real income declined and Western Capitalism became more attractive. After the initial aphorism following the overthrow of communism, the Author analyses why many Hungarian workers by the late 90s yearned for a return to the securities and paternalism of the Kádár era.FindingsThis Paper systematically traces the steps from Socialism to Capitalism in Hungary and the impact this had on organized labour. The author notes the paradox that at exactly the time that trade unions were rationalizing and merging into mega trade unions in the West, the newly freed trade union movement in Hungary and elsewhere in the CEE countries fragmentized and formed a multitude of small unions many of which would fold in months rather than years. The point is made that the transition to a neo‐liberal economic and political system led almost immediately in Hungary to falling standard of living and rising job insecurity.Research limitations/implicationsThe account given in this paper of the changing nature of employee relations in Hungary spanning the communist and post‐communist periods provides researchers with a sound base to explore further the paradoxes to which the author has referred.Originality/valueThis paper provides a welcome, human account of what the changes and their consequences were for ordinary working people and their families and – most important – what they meant for organized labour in terms of its ability to enhance working peoples quality of life in Hungary.

This paper studies the spatial impact of two main aspects of European transport policy, namely infrastructure investments and pricing. In its "White Paper: European Transport Policy for 2010: Time to Decide" the European Commission has laid down a comprehensive programme of transport policy within the EU, aiming at increasing the efficiency of the transport industry, developing the so-called trans-European infrastructure network and bringing the prices of transport services closer to the true marginal social cost. It is an important political issue whether the policy will enhance spatial cohesion in Europe or run counter the objective of a balanced economic development in the entire area of the EU. For one thing this is because spatial development objectives are themselves prominent goals among the catalogue of objectives to be attained by transport policy. Particularly infrastructure investments which are co-financed by the structural funds, are regarded a means of regional policy supporting less favoured regions. Furthermore, transport policies motivated by efficiency or environmental reasons may have undesired regional side effects, that could generate political backlash, unless one offers some compensation. The spatial impact of the two named policies is studied with the help of a spatial computable general equilibrium model, called CGEurope. It is a static model with a large number of regions covering the whole area of the EU including the new member states, plus neighbouring countries, some of them also subdivided by regions. Regions interact by trade flows. Interregional trade is costly, with trade costs depending inter alia on the state of infrastructure and on gasoline prices and infrastructure charges. Transport policies are simulated by varying the costs of transport and quantifying the impact on the welfare of households brought about by changes in goods and factor prices. We develop a series of policy scenarios and evaluate their impact an spatial equality or inequality using a whole bundle of indicators of spatial inequality. The paper documents theses scenarios, explains the modelling framework in brief, discusses the inequality indicators to be used and maps and tabulates the main results.

ABSTRACT  Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become an important tool to promote a variety of public goals and policies. In the past years much attention has been given to the expected social benefits from deploying ICTs in different urban fields (transportation, education, public participation in planning, etc.) and to its potential to mitigate various current or emerging urban problems. The growing importance of ICTs in daily life, business activities, and governance prompts the need to consider ICTs more explicitly in urban policies. Alongside the expectation that the private sector will play a major role in the ICT field, the expected benefits from ICTs also encourage urban authorities to formulate proper public ICT policies.Against this background, various intriguing research questions arise. What are the urban policy‐makers' expectations about ICTs? And how do they assess the future implications of ICTs for their city? A thorough analysis of these questions will provide a better understanding of the extent to which urban authorities are willing to invest in and to adopt a dedicated ICT policy.This study is focusing on the way urban decision‐makers perceive the opportunities of ICT policy. After a sketch of recent development and policy issues, a conceptual model is developed to map out the driving forces of urban ICT policies in cities in Europe. Next, by highlighting the importance of understanding the decision‐maker's "black box," three crucial variables are identified within this box. In the remaining part of the paper these three variables will be operationalized by using a large survey comprising more than 200 European cities. By means of statistical multivariate methods (i.e., factor and cluster analysis), the decision‐makers were able to be characterized according to the way they perceive their city (the concept of "imaginable city"), their opinion about ICT, and the way they assess the relevance of ICT policies to their city. Next, a solid explanatory framework will be offered by using a log‐linear logit analysis to test the relationships between these three aspects.

During the uncertain situation of politics social economic and culture in Indonesia recently there is a new phenomenon that is the existence of thousands ads of A-Mild cigarette which brings various questions. The ads of this cigarette do not show a relationship between the underlying messages with the products. It is indeed a strange mode in the advertisement world. The performance of A-Mild ads in this article is analyzed by the linguistic approach namely semiotic theory; a theory which comes from the language theory. The message of this ads (both text and images) can be read as a sign or group of signs. Between signifier and the signified of A-Mild ads there is no ideologic and stable relationship but in fact they look ironic and represent "what I please idea". The performance of A-Mild ads show the growing aspects of life at that time so the text (the postmodern work) does not only produce a single meaning but also a multidimensional space in which various problems interact and get mixed with each other. The ads also indicate the use of one of postmodern aesthetic language namely parody. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Didalam situasi politik ekonomi sosial dan budaya yang tidak menentu di Indonesia saat ini hadir fenomena baru yakni munculnya ribuan iklan rokok A-Mild; yang dalam penampilannya mengundang beragam pertanyaan. Sajian iklan yang dihadirkan tidak memperlihatkan adanya hubungan antara pesan-pesan yang disampaikan dengan produk yang dipasarkan sesuatu yang terlihat janggal dalam dunia iklan pada umumnya. Tampilan iklan A-Mild dalam kertas kerja ini dikaji dengan pendekatan linguistik yaitu teori semiotik suatu teori yang berasal dari teori kebahasaan. Pesan dalam iklan (baik teks maupun gambar) dapat dibaca sebagai tanda atau sekumpulan tanda. Antara penanda (bentuk) dan petanda (makna) dalam tampilan iklan A-Mild terlihat tidak terlihat hubungan yang ideologis dan mapan namun justru ironis dan terlihat semaunya. Tampilan iklan A-Mild tampak memadukan pula aspek-aspek kehidupan yang berkembang di ...

The economy of Bangladesh has experienced significant shifts in trade, fiscal, industrial, agricultural and financial policies over last two decades. Bangladesh is significantly dependent on external resources and at the behest of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, Bangladesh adopted a set of structural adjustment policies that impacted on all sectors of the economy and every aspect of the short- and medium-term economic management. The key sectors embodying the pace of reforms are agriculture industry, external trade, finance and banking and foreign exchange. The reform process has been discussed in detail in the literature (see for example, Jahan, 1998; Hossain and Alauddin, 2005; Sobhan, 1996). This paper does not repeat their arguments. Suffice it to say that reforms under the structural adjustment programme were activated through a set of comprehensive economic policies through which the government (a) acted directly to restructure taxation and the provision of social services, and (b) intervened in the market to change pricing behaviour to create a favourable environment for investment and growth. On the whole, therefore, the reform process represents significant changes in policy direction in almost all spheres of economic activity in Bangladesh. The policy base has shifted primarily from one of state interventionism to one of greater reliance on the operation of the market forces. This paper provides a broad overview of the recent developments in the Bangladesh economy paying particular attention to the trade liberalization phase. Section 2 examines the performance of the Bangladesh economy in terms of broad economic indicators including growth rates in GDP its composition and stability. Section 3 discusses the performance of the external sector and implications of the changes that it has experienced. It argues that despite significant changes, the Bangladesh economy lacks diversification and rests on a narrow base. Section 4 overviews the environmental implications of growth and change in the Bangladesh economy. Section 5 presents some further observations on the process of development. Section 6 concludes the paper.

"The ongoing restructuring of today's labour markets and the swift changes in occupational structures and skill requirements generate a risk for unbalanced growth in the supply and demand for qualifications. This paper concentrates on the instruments employed in Scandinavia to identify labour market mismatches, understood as shortages of qualifications related to a certain occupation or education group. There are various actors engaged in the forecasting of labour market developments in the individual countries. The public employment services (PES) stand out as the main actor concerning the identification of short-term needs and the characteristics of current mismatches. The PES efforts are primarily carried out on the regional and/ or local levels, and the central tools are comprehensive company surveys and ongoing regular contacts with the surrounding society. The information obtained is essential to adjust the focus of labour market training, which has the primary objective to support the employment offices in their efforts to smooth the matching process on the labour market. In all three countries, models have also been developed to project medium and long-term supply of labour by education groups and demand for labour by branch. A common feature of these models is that they offer thought-provoking mismatch scenarios rather than genuine prognoses of the most probable labour market outcome. To some extent the projections are employed to regulate the education and training dimensions, primarily within higher education. However, the central political strategy in the Scandinavian countries is to provide all individuals with an adequate education offer. Thus, the medium- and long-term projections appear primarily useful for individuals deciding on their career paths, and to highlight situations where there is an obvious conflict between the individuals' demand for education and training and the labour market needs for certain types of skills. Other central aspects of the Scandinavian system include decentralisation, management by objectives, and representation of the social partners in important advisory as well as decision-making bodies at national and regional level." (author's abstract)