India is a land of sacred cows. They are abundant in the fields, are present with gods in every temple, figure prominently in Parliament and Assemblies, are the deciding factor in elections, and are the subject of judgement in the highest court of India. The sacredness has attained such heights that social scientists from allover the world have made attempts;to find an approach to the study of sacred cows. Cultural ecologists (Harris 1966) and economists (Raj 1969, Heston 1971) have argued intensely in favour of the appropriateness of their respective approach to the problem. I attempt here to add yet another approach, which I call a sociological approach. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the cultural meaning of cow, which is held in great reverence , by Hindus, and to show t):lat these values of sacredness are more heavily influenced by the socio-political system than by the economic system.
This paper is concerned with public finance and social welfare in Australia. Its purpose first of all, is to explore the background of public finance issues, giving the overall context of social welfare finance in our federal system. Second it examines the methods used by the Commonwealth Grants Commission and the implications of these methods in determining relativities among the States in the distribution process of federal funds. Third it examines methods of assessing social welfare need and social welfare expenditures in the States. Fourth it shows how the structure and pattern of federal grants has changed over the past decade. (1973 – 1983) The data reported here allow comparison between the States on a reasonably standard basis, and show some interesting results in the levels of distribution of social service and social welfare expenditures. Social services (broadly defined) involve a major cash flow in Australian society. Annual social welfare expenditure, (a small part only of the States' social services expenditures, but a large proportion of Commonwealth expenditures) for 1982-83 alone, would buy BHP, CRA, MIM, Westpac, CSR, Comalco and the ANZ Banking Group, and there would still be some change. In this paper we are certainly not dealing with trifling matters. We have attempted to look at broad issues of public finance, and relate these to social welfare. Chapter 1 outlines the roles and responsibilities of the Commonwealth and State governments in providing and funding social welfare. Chapter 2 deals with the role and methods of the Commonwealth Grants Commission review of tax sharing and its analysis of relative needs and costs in social welfare. Chapter 3 uses the standard budgets worked out by the Commonwealth Grants Commission to shed light on the relative levels and structures of social welfare expenditure in the States. Chapter 4 examines how financial arrangements have changed in the past decade, and how the taxation structure has had an impact on State finances and services.
The meaning of population pressure is discussed and, with the help of a formula, its five main components (people, rate of increase of people, food-producing acreage, protein nutrition and industrialization) are analyzed.
Sir Dugald Baird sketches the history of abortion legislation in Great Britain from the beginning of the century. In his views the 1967 Abortion Act has been one of the most important and beneficial pieces of social legislation enacted in Britain in the last 100 years. It has, however, brought problems both of administration in the hospitals and to individual doctors and nurses, particularly when the patients are young single women and even schoolgirls. One of the consequences of the Abortion Act has been a fall in maternal mortality and perinatal mortality rates. Abortion does not seem to be followed by serious emotional sequelae. Nevertheless recent changes in sexual mores have introduced new and serious social problems which are discussed in relation to the role of the doctor in his relationship with patients seeking abortion.
Law is of an essentially social character. The set of legal norms enacted by the legislator for the orderly regulation of social relationship between the several members of the community, serves to co-ordinate human activity. Therefore law should in no way be regarded as a static set of legal rules, but as a continuous socio-legal process. The study of law in this sense: as a continuous evolution, as found interpreted, applied created and evolved to the point when it acquires legally binding validity, ought to be encouraged. Such a study may perhaps lead us to a systematic knowledge of the impact of law on social conduct and may possibly show us how society, through its various manifestations, helps to fashion the legal norms which, in tum, come to be enforced by organized society. ; peer-reviewed
The M. H. Ross Papers contain information pertaining to labor, politics, social issues of the twentieth century, coal mining and its resulting lifestyle, as well as photographs and audio materials. The collection is made up of five different accessions; L2001-05, which is contained in boxes one through 104, L2002-09 in boxes 106 through 120, L2006-16 in boxes 105 and 120, L2001-01 in boxes 120-121, and L2012-20 in boxes 122-125. The campaign materials consist of items from the 1940 and 1948 political campaigns in which Ross participated. These items include campaign cards, posters, speech transcripts, news clippings, rally materials, letters to voters, and fliers. Organizing and arbitration materials covers labor organizing events from "Operation Dixie" in Georgia, the furniture workers in North Carolina, and the Mine-Mill workers in the Western United States. Organizing materials include fliers, correspondence, news articles, radio transcripts, and some related photos. Arbitration files consist of agreements, decisions, and agreement booklets. The social and political research files cover a wide time period (1930's to the late 1970's/early 1980's). The topics include mainly the Ku Klux Klan, racism, Communism, Red Scare, red baiting, United States history, and literature. These files consist mostly of news and journal articles. Ross interacted with coal miners while doing work for the United Mine Workers Association (UMWA) and while working at the Fairmont Clinic in West Virginia. Included in these related files are books, news articles, journals, UMWA reports, and coal miner oral histories conducted by Ross. Tying in to all of the activities Ross participated in during his life were his research and manuscript files. He wrote numerous newspaper and journal articles on history and labor. Later, as he worked for the UMWA and at the Fairmont Clinic, he wrote more in-depth articles about coal miners, their lifestyle, and medical problems they faced (while the Southern Labor Archives has many of Ross's coal mining and lifestyle articles, it does not have any of his medical articles). Along with these articles are the research files Ross collected to write them, which consist of notes, books, and newspaper and journal articles. In additional to his professional career, Ross was adamant about documenting his and his wife's family history in the oral history format. Of particular interest are the recordings of his interviews with his wife's family - they were workers, musicians, and singers of labor and folk songs. Finally, in this collection are a number of photographs and slides, which include images of organizing, coal mining (from the late 19th through 20th centuries), and Appalachia. Of note is a small photo album from the 1930s which contains images from the Summer School for Workers, and more labor organizing. A few audio items are available as well, such as Ross political speeches and an oral history in which Ross was interviewed by his daughter, Jane Ross Davis in 1986. All photographic and audio-visual materials are at the end of their respective series. ; Myron Howard "Mike" Ross was born November 9, 1919 in New York City. He dropped out of school when he was seventeen and moved to Texas, where he worked on a farm. From 1936 until 1939, Ross worked in a bakery in North Carolina. In the summer of 1938, he attended the Southern School for Workers in Asheville, North Carolina. During the fall of 1938, Ross would attend the first Southern Conference on Human Welfare in Birmingham, Alabama. He would attend this conference again in 1940 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. From 1939 to 1940, Ross worked for the United Mine Workers Non-Partisan League in North Carolina, working under John L. Lewis. He was hired as a union organizer by the United Mine Workers of America, and sent to Saltville, Virginia and Rockwood, Tennessee. In 1940, Ross ran for a seat on city council on the People's Platform in Charlotte, North Carolina. During this time, he also married Anne "Buddie" West of Kennesaw, Georgia. From 1941 until 1945, Ross served as an infantryman for the United States Army. He sustained injuries near the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944. From 1945 until 1949, Ross worked for the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, then part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), as a union organizer. He was sent to Macon, Georgia, Savannah, Georgia and to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where he worked with the United Furniture Workers Union. He began handling arbitration for the unions. In 1948, Ross ran for United States Congress on the Progressive Party ticket in North Carolina. He also served as the secretary for the North Carolina Progressive Party. Ross attended the University of North Carolina law school from 1949 to 1952. He graduated with honors but was denied the bar on the grounds of "character." From 1952 until 1955, he worked for the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers as a union organizer, first in New Mexico (potash mines) and then in Arizona (copper mines). From 1955 to 1957, Ross attended the Columbia University School of Public Health. He worked for the United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund from 1957 to 1958, where he represented the union in expenditure of health care for mining workers. By 1958, Ross began plans for what would become the Fairmont Clinic, a prepaid group practice in Fairmont, West Virginia, which had the mission of providing high quality medical care for miners and their families. From 1958 until 1978, Ross served as administrator of the Fairmont Clinic. As a result of this work, Ross began researching coal mining, especially coal mining lifestyle, heritage and history of coal mining and disasters. He would interview over one hundred miners (coal miners). Eventually, Ross began writing a manuscript about the history of coal mining. Working for the Rural Practice Program of the University of North Carolina from 1980 until 1987, Ross taught in the medical school. M. H. Ross died on January 31, 1987 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. ; Digitization of the M. H. Ross Papers was funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.
The purpose of this thesis is to attempt to survey and analyse incomes policies in Western countries which have instituted them and to try to explain the economic problems that confront economies which apply them with the prime object of checking inflation. It is, moreover, important to consider whether the disappointing results flowed from policies which were basically inappropriate for the economies for which they were designed, or whether they were due to a lack of determination by the authorities to carry them out, in view of public hostility towards this kind of government intervention. Incomes policies can, of course, be taken to include many types of direct and indirect government controls and methods of distributing the national product. It is intended, however, to limit the survey to a consideration of their specific objective of controlling inflation, as distinct from their objectives such as reducing the disparity in incomes within a community or the social welfare aspects of pensions and unemployment. We shall, therefore be dealing in the main with incomes policies in the narrower sense "of the relationship between changes in real income and changes in the aggregate of money incomes taking place in the economy at the same".
The quest for security has been an integral part of human want ever since the dawn of civilization. Various methods have been developed to meet the need. Among them insurance is a dominant one at the present time. The origin of Chinese insurance is dated back to three to four thousand years before Christ. In the recent ten years, Chinese insurance business attracts mo re and more investors into the market. It is the purpose of this study to investigate the facts of the past Chinese insurance industry reaching to the present, and to attempt to express opinions based on these sound factual evidences, as to the possible Chinese insurance trend from the present into the future unknown. In the past decade, Chinese insurance business has experienced a favorable development in the history of the industry. Alongside this development come such problems as are incidental to the business. More complete governmental supervision over the industry and the further development of social consciousness on the part of the insurers and the establishment of a sound educational program are possible approaches to solve these problems.
Business enterprises have been an integral part of human society ever since the dawn of civilization. Various forms of business organizations have been developed in response to the growth of the economy. The corporation is, "the dominant type of business enterprise at the present time. The corporate economic system has evoked extensive admiration as well as wide criticism. It is the purpose of this study to make a review of how a corporation should function, and what a corporation should be. Part of the study is an attempt to locate the merits and demerits of the corporate form of enterprise. A survey was made of the literature available on this subject in the Forsyth Library and in the library of the Division of the Economics And Business of Fort Hays Kansas State College. Attention was devoted to the historical background as well as the current position of business corporations. The business corporations are especially adapted for our modern economic system, which is featured by mass production and mass distribution. However, the business corporation is capable of both great use and great abuse. Alongside the corporations which are formed for genuine business purposes are "those abused as shelters for committing business torts and crimes, or as vehicles for concentrating personal economic power. More complete governmental supervision over business corporations and the further development of social consciousness on the part of corporate management are two possible approaches to correcting such demerits as are incidental to the corporate form of business enterprise.
In this essay in attempt is made to relate some aspects of Maltese social life to the policies implemented by the British Colonial Administration. The emphasis is on economic, political and religious institutions. The aim is to provide a sociological interpretation of certain processes and patterns of behaviour as these may relate to certain historical events. The evidence for these events is drawn from published secondary sources. Therefore in these respects, at least, there is no claim for originality. Nor does this account present a comprehensive assessment of the extent of British colonial impact on Malta's soda-economic life. Important areas which were deeply influenced by the exercise of colonial power structure, like education, health and sanitation are barely touched upon Or simply mentioned in passing. Certain concepts like that of "elites" or "culture" which are widely used in this essay are intended as usually understood by sociologists. Thus the former refers to a political, economic or status minority which may be entrenched at the top of a society, group, or other social category whether this is openly democratic or not. The latter refers to the ideas, values and norms influencing social behaviour, and defining inter-relations rather than simply to any artistic or literary heritage. ; N/A
Published anonymously. Dated January, 1861. ; Has also been attributed to Joseph C.G. Kennedy. ; Attributed to Stephen Colwell. Cf. Sabin and NUC pre-1956 imprints. ; Sabin ; Mode of access: Internet.
"Book department": p. 179-220. ; An interpretation of China / L.Y. Ho -- The Chinese revolution / Tai-Chi Quo -- Certain aspects of Chinese reconstruction / A.H. Smith -- Republican government in China / C.L. Jones -- The one solution of the Manchurian problem / P. Weale -- The open door / F. McCormick -- The life of a girl in china / Miss Li Yi Yieni Tsao -- A wedding in south China / Miss Ying-Mei Chan -- Causes of Chinese emigration / Pyau Ling -- China's method of revising her educational system / F.L.H. Pott -- Extraterritoriality in China / F.E. Hinckley -- The Chinese Young men's Christian association / D.W. Edwards -- Medicine as practiced by the Chinese / W.W. Cadbury -- China : Geography and resources / G.B. Roorbach -- American commercial interests in Manchuria / D.G. Munro -- Notes on the mammals of economic value in China / M.P. Anderson. ; Mode of access: Internet.
