Suchergebnisse

Nikos Potamianos, The Radical Right and the Agrarian Question in the Early 20th Century. The Case of Christovassilis and the "Hellenism Asosociation"The subject of this article is an aspect of the history of the radical right in Greece, namely its intellectual and political response to the agrarian question which emerged in Greece at the end of the 19th century after the incorporation of new provinces where large landownership was predominant. In particular, the arguments and theses of a cadre of the biggest nationalist league of Athens in 1907 are examined, in contrast to its earlier views on the agrarian question and in contrast to the discourse of the radical supporters of the sharecroppers as well as the landowners. Christovassilis adopts a pro-peasant stand, attacking capitalist landowners and indirectly proposing the purchase of the land by its cultivators with the assistance of the state. However, his main aim was to prove that parliamentary democracy was incapable of improving the sharecroppers' situation, a task which only an authoritarian state could accomplish. Crucial in Christovassilis' arguments was the use of nationalist discourse in order to legalize sharecroppers' demands: he linked the peasants' struggle for land in the past with the national conflict with the Ottoman conquerors, equating land with fatherland and, therefore, the ownership of land of Thessaly with the peasants' participation in the nation. Christovassilis' earlier views which put emphasis on the social aspects of the agrarian question gave way to the pre-ponderance of the nationalist argument, which was in turn related to other aspects of the ideology of the radical right. "Hellenism" followed a strategy of appealing to the mobilized subordinate classes — but without totally adopting their point of view. It was always clear that the viewpoint of the association was that of paternalism, not of emancipation. One of the points of its criticism against the democratic state was that the latter was not powerful enough torepress the impending peasant revolt. The restoration of law and orderwas for the radical right more important than the improvement of the living conditions of the lower strata. And the adoption of popular demands, in general, proved to be merely rhetoric: when the class struggle became more intense, especially in the case of the agrarian movementof 1910, "Hellenism" remained aloof. ; Nikos Potamianos, The Radical Right and the Agrarian Question in the Early 20th Century. The Case of Christovassilis and the "Hellenism Asosociation"The subject of this article is an aspect of the history of the radical right in Greece, namely its intellectual and political response to the agrarian question which emerged in Greece at the end of the 19th century after the incorporation of new provinces where large landownership was predominant. In particular, the arguments and theses of a cadre of the biggest nationalist league of Athens in 1907 are examined, in contrast to its earlier views on the agrarian question and in contrast to the discourse of the radical supporters of the sharecroppers as well as the landowners. Christovassilis adopts a pro-peasant stand, attacking capitalist landowners and indirectly proposing the purchase of the land by its cultivators with the assistance of the state. However, his main aim was to prove that parliamentary democracy was incapable of improving the sharecroppers' situation, a task which only an authoritarian state could accomplish. Crucial in Christovassilis' arguments was the use of nationalist discourse in order to legalize sharecroppers' demands: he linked the peasants' struggle for land in the past with the national conflict with the Ottoman conquerors, equating land with fatherland and, therefore, the ownership of land of Thessaly with the peasants' participation in the nation. Christovassilis' earlier views which put emphasis on the social aspects of the agrarian question gave way to the pre-ponderance of the nationalist argument, which was in turn related to other aspects of the ideology of the radical right. "Hellenism" followed a strategy of appealing to the mobilized subordinate classes — but without totally adopting their point of view. It was always clear that the viewpoint of the association was that of paternalism, not of emancipation. One of the points of its criticism against the democratic state was that the latter was not powerful enough torepress the impending peasant revolt. The restoration of law and orderwas for the radical right more important than the improvement of the living conditions of the lower strata. And the adoption of popular demands, in general, proved to be merely rhetoric: when the class struggle became more intense, especially in the case of the agrarian movementof 1910, "Hellenism" remained aloof.

Δεν παρατίθεται περίληψη στα ελληνικά. ; Understanding monetary phenomena does not only require a pure economical research but an examination of money through it's various social, ideological and political aspects. Literature may provide a framework for a fruitful investigation of these aspects of past and present life. This article tries to find monetary traces in the 19th and early 20th century Greek literature. The circulation of foreign and domestic metallic currencies, as it emerge from the texts of various writers of the time (Palaiologos, Calligas, Vikelas, Carcavitsas, Theotokis, Papadiamantis, Mirivilis, etc.), the role of Turkish currencies, the social evaluation of the drachma, the apparition of token currencies and the penetration of paper money in daily transactions, are few of the issues that this investigation involves.

El desenvolupament sostenible s'ha d'orientar a buscar una avaluació qualitativa per l'ésser humà i el seu grup social i assegurar que les generacions futures disposin d'una base natural sostenidora. D'aquesta manera, ha de permetre involucrar i posar en primera línia les dimensions ètica, ambiental i social, fins ara deixades en segon pla, i col·locar les dimensions tecnològica i econòmica en una posició subordinada a les anteriors, a través d'un procés de transformació qualitatiu lent i gradual de canvis en el temps, dirigits a procurar la plena realització de les potencialitats humanes com a persones, grups i organitzacions. La sostenibilitat té com a requisit, a més, la necessitat d'una perspectiva sociopolítica que pensi en una democràcia més enllà de l'Estat-Nació, un sistema jurídic que garanteixi els drets civil i la justícia social, i que valori els drets intrínsecs de la natura. Des d'aquest punt, llavors, es podria pensar realment en la possibilitat de garantir a les generacions futures un mínim de benestar. ; El desarrollo sostenible debe orientarse a buscar una evaluación cualitativa para el ser humano y su grupo social y asegurar que las generaciones futuras dispongan de una base natural sustentadora. De tal manera, debe permitir involucrar y jerarquizar en primera línea, las dimensiones ética, ambiental y social, hasta ahora dejadas en un segundo plano, y colocar las dimensiones tecnológica y económica en una posición subordinada a las anteriores, a través de un proceso de transformación cualitativa lenta y gradual de cambios en el tiempo dirigidos a procurar la plena realización de las potencialidades humanas como personas, grupos y organizaciones. La sustentabilidad tiene como requisito, además, la necesidad de un enfoque sociopolítico que piense una democracia más allá del estado–nación, un sistema jurídico que garantice los derechos civiles y la justicia social, que valore los derechos intrínsecos de la naturaleza. Desde allí, entonces, se podrá pensar verdaderamente en la posibilidad de asegurar a las generaciones futuras un mínimo de bienestar.

El desenvolupament sostenible s'ha d'orientar a buscar una avaluació qualitativa per l'ésser humà i el seu grup social i assegurar que les generacions futures disposin d'una base natural sostenidora. D'aquesta manera, ha de permetre involucrar i posar en primera línia les dimensions ètica, ambiental i social, fins ara deixades en segon pla, i col·locar les dimensions tecnològica i econòmica en una posició subordinada a les anteriors, a través d'un procés de transformació qualitatiu lent i gradual de canvis en el temps, dirigits a procurar la plena realització de les potencialitats humanes com a persones, grups i organitzacions. La sostenibilitat té com a requisit, a més, la necessitat d'una perspectiva sociopolítica que pensi en una democràcia més enllà de l'Estat-Nació, un sistema jurídic que garanteixi els drets civil i la justícia social, i que valori els drets intrínsecs de la natura. Des d'aquest punt, llavors, es podria pensar realment en la possibilitat de garantir a les generacions futures un mínim de benestar. ; El desarrollo sostenible debe orientarse a buscar una evaluación cualitativa para el ser humano y su grupo social y asegurar que las generaciones futuras dispongan de una base natural sustentadora. De tal manera, debe permitir involucrar y jerarquizar en primera línea, las dimensiones ética, ambiental y social, hasta ahora dejadas en un segundo plano, y colocar las dimensiones tecnológica y económica en una posición subordinada a las anteriores, a través de un proceso de transformación cualitativa lenta y gradual de cambios en el tiempo dirigidos a procurar la plena realización de las potencialidades humanas como personas, grupos y organizaciones. La sustentabilidad tiene como requisito, además, la necesidad de un enfoque sociopolítico que piense una democracia más allá del estado–nación, un sistema jurídico que garantice los derechos civiles y la justicia social, que valore los derechos intrínsecos de la naturaleza. Desde allí, entonces, se podrá pensar verdaderamente en la posibilidad de asegurar a las generaciones futuras un mínimo de bienestar.

Δεν παρατίθεται περίληψη στα ελληνικά. ; Vasso Théodorou, Approches interprétatives de la philanthropie. Du contrôle social à la réciprocité Cet article s'intéresse à suivre les déplacements théoriques de l'histoire sociale des trente dernières années en ce qui concerne l'interprétation du mouvement philanthropique. Dans une perspective comparative, on essaie de mettre en évidence les catégories analytiques utilisées au sein des traditions britannique, française et grecque, afin d'approcher les divers aspects de la pratique, les differentiations et les nuances qui s'inscrivent dans le contexte de l'évolution de chaque tradition intellectuelle. Puisque le phénomène de la philanthropie a été considéré comme un champ privilégié pour l'étude des relations sociales au cours du 19ème siècle, et surtout celle du processus d'insertion des couches inférieures aux valeurs bourgeoises pendant la période de l'industrialisation, la notion du contrôle social a présidé dans la plupart des travaux publiés dans les années '70 et '80. L'influence de M. Foucault a été évidente sur la tentative de compréhension du geste généreux dans le contexte de la normalisation des comportements des indigents jugés dangereux, tandis que la consolidation du capital social par le biais de la donation a trouvé un excellent champ d'investigation en sociologie. Dans ce cadre, on a tenté de faire le lien entre la participation philanthropique des milieux bourgeois et leur ascention au pouvoir politique, les rythmes d'accroissement des villes et la genèse des inquiétudes provenant des groupes marginaux, enfin les initiatives des femmes et leur émancipation. Or, l'enrichissement de la bibliographie tant française que britannique des années '90, et raffinement des outils analytiques empruntés aux autres sciences sociales, ont amené au réfléchissement sur les significations, la durée et le contenu de la pratique. D'ailleurs, la problématique des acteurs sociaux, militant pour la diminution du phénomène de l'exclusion sociale et l'émergence du mouvement volontariste actuel, ont sans doute influencé les tentatives interprétatives de l'action philanthropique du 19ème siècle, changeant leur orientation vers un contexte plus humanitaire. La contestation du contrôle social en tant que cadre d'interprétation exclusive de la philanthropie, a donné sa place à des approches qui prennent en considération le sens propre du mot: l'altruisme et la réciprocité. L'ouverture du dialogue à des outils théoriques des disciplines voisines, surtout ceux de la sociologie et de l'anthropologie, ont amené à la redéfinition du domaine de la philanthropie en tant que système de rapports matériels et culturels tenant en compte tant les structures intellectuelles de la période étudiée que les stratégies des acteurs sociaux.

Michalis P. Liberatos, Historical Time and the interpretations of the history of the Greek Civil War: the methodological problemsThe idea of historical time is crucial from a methodological point of view as far as the study of political and social history are concerned. Especially about the history of the Greek Civil War, a period that convulsed public opinion and caused scientific interpretations overwhelmed by ideological and epistemological «burdens». The most important of them is the idea of a time constant, continual, without turnovers and breaks, that is time in the «common sense». This «time», according to its origins, self-determines its evolution, its «determination» explains all of the aspects and the historical stages and facts. This is the traditional assumption that change has always to be explained in terms of something fixed and unchangeable. As for the policy of the Greek Communist Party this notion of time provokes some historians to an explanation that associates this policy with the origins of its philosophical program and not with the «real history». This approach avoids to enquiry into the adaptation of this program to the demands of political relations in time, to counter policies and as a specification of social representations. It is mainly an unaltered policy that arises as the outcome of an assemblage of antecedent events that compose a passage of identities. Because of this domination of this notion of the «continuity» of time, the study of Greek Civil War reproduced the ideological configurations of the past. Therefore it has degraded very important aspects of historical reality, without giving adequate answers about them. These are the question of the deepest tasks of KKE and its strategy, the causes of the unscheduled creation of Democratic Army (ΔΣΕ) in the mountains, the role of the rival political powers, the extent of the possibilities of a negotiation, the relation between Greeks and the Great Powers. As the recent historical enquiries has showed —the edition of a book of Ph. Iliou signalled a new era in the interpretation of this period— a different methodological attitude is perhaps primarily useful on account of the errors it enables one to avoid, in particular in constructing the historical object. This article presents the implication between the dominant notion of «time», the difficulties in explanations and with the ability to overcome the epistemological «burdens» if is to be called into question the idea of historical time. This is important in order to break away from some presuppositions that are tacitly accepted by some historians. This new notion of time sweeps away the naively idealistic view of continuity, that traditional approaches have raised. Because it is history and the internal dynamic which carries evolution and not the historical unchanged «purposes». ; Michalis P. Liberatos, Historical Time and the interpretations of the history of the Greek Civil War: the methodological problemsThe idea of historical time is crucial from a methodological point of view as far as the study of political and social history are concerned. Especially about the history of the Greek Civil War, a period that convulsed public opinion and caused scientific interpretations overwhelmed by ideological and epistemological «burdens». The most important of them is the idea of a time constant, continual, without turnovers and breaks, that is time in the «common sense». This «time», according to its origins, self-determines its evolution, its «determination» explains all of the aspects and the historical stages and facts. This is the traditional assumption that change has always to be explained in terms of something fixed and unchangeable. As for the policy of the Greek Communist Party this notion of time provokes some historians to an explanation that associates this policy with the origins of its philosophical program and not with the «real history». This approach avoids to enquiry into the adaptation of this program to the demands of political relations in time, to counter policies and as a specification of social representations. It is mainly an unaltered policy that arises as the outcome of an assemblage of antecedent events that compose a passage of identities. Because of this domination of this notion of the «continuity» of time, the study of Greek Civil War reproduced the ideological configurations of the past. Therefore it has degraded very important aspects of historical reality, without giving adequate answers about them. These are the question of the deepest tasks of KKE and its strategy, the causes of the unscheduled creation of Democratic Army (ΔΣΕ) in the mountains, the role of the rival political powers, the extent of the possibilities of a negotiation, the relation between Greeks and the Great Powers. As the recent historical enquiries has showed —the edition of a book of Ph. Iliou signalled a new era in the interpretation of this period— a different methodological attitude is perhaps primarily useful on account of the errors it enables one to avoid, in particular in constructing the historical object. This article presents the implication between the dominant notion of «time», the difficulties in explanations and with the ability to overcome the epistemological «burdens» if is to be called into question the idea of historical time. This is important in order to break away from some presuppositions that are tacitly accepted by some historians. This new notion of time sweeps away the naively idealistic view of continuity, that traditional approaches have raised. Because it is history and the internal dynamic which carries evolution and not the historical unchanged «purposes».

Δεν παρατίθεται περίληψη στα ελληνικά. ; Maria Damilakou, The image of the gaucho in the argentine society (1830- 1940): ideological uses and historiographie approaches This article attempts to show the different images of the gaucho, symbol of the argentine pampa, that predominated the local society as long as to associate them to the different interpretations of the historical past and the process of construction of the argentine national identity. This process required contacts, confrontations and interchanges among different social groups and sectors, such as the lower classes, the intellectual and political elites, the marginal rural element and the new coming immigrants. The construction of the gaucho's image was a long process, extended from the first half of the 19th century until the peronist years. From the «heroic son of the earth» who stood up the Spanish conquerors during the Revolution of 1810, he became the «barbarian of the desert» through the discourse of the illuminated elite that, during the second half of the 19th century, undertook the national organization of the country, its fast modernization and the creation of «obedient citizens». During the same period, the popular culture provided a different aspect of the gaucho, especially through the figures of Martin Fierro and Juan Moreira: the gaucho now became the center of a large cultural phenomenon that was picturing the rural way of life, codified common experience and expectations and became a form of resistance to the process of modernization. Later, in the 1910s, the image of the «obedient» Martin Fierro was adopted by the cultural nationalism of the period and used as the symbol of the argentine national identity and as the incarnation of the argentine essence and soul. At last, the leftwing forces adopted the gaucho as the symbol of the oppressed social groups, whereas the nationalist movements of the 1930s used his image in order to support their revisioned interpretations about the national historical past.

Son grans els reptes que afronta el sistema d'educació a Eslovènia, Europa i en general el món per a introduir els aspectes ambientals i de salut en els programes d'estudi per a que els estudiants coneguin i comprenguin el Desenvolupament Sostenible. Els camins per a incorporar aquests temes en els programes universitaris depenen en gran part de factors com la grandària de la població i el sistema econòmic i polític de la zona. Diferents països a Europa estan estudiant diverses formes per a donar una solució a aquests fets. En el cas específic d'Eslovènia s'identificà una necessitat específica de formar professionals amb coneixements ambientals, d'epidemiologia, ecològics i de higiene. La creixent importància de l'enginyeria en les àrees abans esmentades i el potenciar la interdisciplinarietat, foren factors claus per a desenvolupar des del 1993 un programa d'Enginyeria Sanitària amb una duració de 4 anys. El ràpid desenvolupament del programa i la seva multidisciplinarietat han estat les raons principals per les que es va decidir que el programa s'impartís amb professores de dos universitats, així com amb experts de institucions i empreses. En relació amb altres sistemes universitaris similars a l'Europa de l'Est la experiència d'aquests 10 anys de treball a Eslovènia pot servir de model e fins i tot a través de la col·laboració ser adoptat en alguna altra universitat de la regió. ; Son grandes los retos que enfrenta el sistema educacional de Eslovenia, Europa y en general el mundo para lograr introducir los aspectos ambientales y de salud en los programas de estudio de tal forma que los estudiantes conozcan y comprendan el Desarrollo Sostenible. Los caminos para incorporar estos temas en los programas universitarios dependen en gran parte de factores como el tamaño de la población y el sistema económico y político de la zona. Diferentes países en Europa están tratando de formas diversas de dar solución a estos retos. En el caso específico de Eslovenia se identificó una necesidad específica de formar profesionales con conocimientos ambientales, epidemiológicos, ecológicos y de higiene. La creciente importancia de la ingeniería en las áreas antes mencionadas y el potenciar la interdisciplinariedad fueron factores claves para desarrollar desde 1993 un programa de Ingeniería Sanitaria con una duración de 4 años. El rápido desarrollo del programa y su multidisciplinariedad han sido las razones principales por las que se decidió que el programa se impartiera por profesores de dos universidades, así como expertos de instituciones y empresas. En relación con sistemas universitarios similares en Europa del Este la experiencia de estos 10 años de trabajo en Eslovenia puede servir de modelo e incluso a través de la colaboración ser adoptado en alguna otra universidad de la región. ; Great challenges are facing Slovene, European and world's educational systems in the introduction of environmental and health aspects into the curricula in such a way to empower the students with an adequate understanding and knowledge of sustainable development. Ways of incorporating these issues into the educational programme depends on broad range of factors such as number of inhabitants in the state as well as political and economic system. Different European states are trying to solve these challenges in a different manner. Due to the specificity of the Slovenia the need was recognised to educate professionals with the broad environmental, epidemiological, ecological and hygienic knowledge. The increased awareness about the importance of the engineering in the above mentioned areas and the interdisciplinary approach lead towards establishing a four year sanitary engineering programme in 1993. Its distinctive multidisciplinarity and rapid development in the field are the main reasons for the decision that selected course units are thought by professors and experts from two universities in Slovenia and other institutions as well as enterprises. Due to similar educational system in the South Eastern Europe in the past, ten years of experiences in Slovenia should be used as a model which could be, through the collaboration, adopted elsewhere in the region.

Son grans els reptes que afronta el sistema d'educació a Eslovènia, Europa i en general el món per a introduir els aspectes ambientals i de salut en els programes d'estudi per a que els estudiants coneguin i comprenguin el Desenvolupament Sostenible. Els camins per a incorporar aquests temes en els programes universitaris depenen en gran part de factors com la grandària de la població i el sistema econòmic i polític de la zona. Diferents països a Europa estan estudiant diverses formes per a donar una solució a aquests fets. En el cas específic d'Eslovènia s'identificà una necessitat específica de formar professionals amb coneixements ambientals, d'epidemiologia, ecològics i de higiene. La creixent importància de l'enginyeria en les àrees abans esmentades i el potenciar la interdisciplinarietat, foren factors claus per a desenvolupar des del 1993 un programa d'Enginyeria Sanitària amb una duració de 4 anys. El ràpid desenvolupament del programa i la seva multidisciplinarietat han estat les raons principals per les que es va decidir que el programa s'impartís amb professores de dos universitats, així com amb experts de institucions i empreses. En relació amb altres sistemes universitaris similars a l'Europa de l'Est la experiència d'aquests 10 anys de treball a Eslovènia pot servir de model e fins i tot a través de la col·laboració ser adoptat en alguna altra universitat de la regió. ; Son grandes los retos que enfrenta el sistema educacional de Eslovenia, Europa y en general el mundo para lograr introducir los aspectos ambientales y de salud en los programas de estudio de tal forma que los estudiantes conozcan y comprendan el Desarrollo Sostenible. Los caminos para incorporar estos temas en los programas universitarios dependen en gran parte de factores como el tamaño de la población y el sistema económico y político de la zona. Diferentes países en Europa están tratando de formas diversas de dar solución a estos retos. En el caso específico de Eslovenia se identificó una necesidad específica de formar profesionales con conocimientos ambientales, epidemiológicos, ecológicos y de higiene. La creciente importancia de la ingeniería en las áreas antes mencionadas y el potenciar la interdisciplinariedad fueron factores claves para desarrollar desde 1993 un programa de Ingeniería Sanitaria con una duración de 4 años. El rápido desarrollo del programa y su multidisciplinariedad han sido las razones principales por las que se decidió que el programa se impartiera por profesores de dos universidades, así como expertos de instituciones y empresas. En relación con sistemas universitarios similares en Europa del Este la experiencia de estos 10 años de trabajo en Eslovenia puede servir de modelo e incluso a través de la colaboración ser adoptado en alguna otra universidad de la región. ; Great challenges are facing Slovene, European and world's educational systems in the introduction of environmental and health aspects into the curricula in such a way to empower the students with an adequate understanding and knowledge of sustainable development. Ways of incorporating these issues into the educational programme depends on broad range of factors such as number of inhabitants in the state as well as political and economic system. Different European states are trying to solve these challenges in a different manner. Due to the specificity of the Slovenia the need was recognised to educate professionals with the broad environmental, epidemiological, ecological and hygienic knowledge. The increased awareness about the importance of the engineering in the above mentioned areas and the interdisciplinary approach lead towards establishing a four year sanitary engineering programme in 1993. Its distinctive multidisciplinarity and rapid development in the field are the main reasons for the decision that selected course units are thought by professors and experts from two universities in Slovenia and other institutions as well as enterprises. Due to similar educational system in the South Eastern Europe in the past, ten years of experiences in Slovenia should be used as a model which could be, through the collaboration, adopted elsewhere in the region.