"The case known in the public discourse as the Roma murders was a series of attacks on Roma committed with a distinctly anti-Gypsy, racist motive by Árpád Kiss, István Kiss, Zsolt Pető, and István Csontos – the latter having joined them later – between July 2008 and August 2009. The perpetrators had previously committed a gun robbery in Besenyszög and then carried out firearm and Molotov cocktail attacks on Gypsies in a total of nine settlements across five counties, killing a total of six people. The investigation revealed that several of the offenders were related to the skinhead community in Debrecen, and their motive was retaliation for crimes related to gypsies and incitement of anti-Gypsy sentiments among the population. They were arrested on 21 August 2009, in a nightclub in Debrecen, where two of the perpetrators worked as bouncers. Their criminal proceedings began on 25 March 2011, and the verdict was pronounced on 6 August 2013. The first-, second-, and third-degree defendants were sentenced to actual life imprisonment, while the fourth-order defendant was sentenced to 13 years in prison, of which he could not be released on parole, so he is expected to be released at the end of August 2022. The publication presents the events, the process of the investigation, the arrest, and the perpetrators. The author seeks to find motivation for the events and broader social aspects."
The Trianon Peace Treaty had a profound effect on the social and governmental structure of Hungary. These changes, of course, also influenced the field of corrections and actually altered some of its key aspects as well. The author will recall several key penological concepts and ideas from the era to provide an introduction to the philosophical foundations of the establishment of correctional legislation and the resulting substantive changes that occurred. Moreover, a detailed analysis will be provided on the system of enhanced severity workhouses, an emblematic punitive measure that addressed the unfavourable criminological tendencies of the 1920s, which emerged as consequences to the Trianon Peace Treaty. The essay will conclude with deducing the generalized historical, legal, and moral lessons and conclusions pertaining to this peculiar period of Hungary.
Intentional and Unintentional Injuries;Healthy ApproachReferences Haddon WJr, Suchman E, Klein D. Accident Research: Methods and Approaches. Harper & Row Publishers, Chicago, IL, USA. 1964.Global Burden of Diseases, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/topics/global_burden_of_disease/en/ Date of access, Sept. 2012.Iranian Census Center. http://www.amar.org.ir/, Date of Access August 2012.Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, www: lmo.ir/ Date of access, Sept. 2012.Hargarten, J.W.R.a.S.W. (2002). Principles of the Disease of Injury. Rosen's Emergency Medicine. J.A. Marx. St. Louis, Missouri, Mosby Inc. 1:821-828.Jones BH, Canham-Chervak M, Sleet DA .An evidence-based public health approach to injury priorities and prevention recommendations for the U.S Military. Am J Prev Med. 2010 Jan; 38(1 Suppl):S1-10.Khorasani-Zavareh D. System versus traditional approach in road traffic injury prevention: a call for action. J Inj Violence Res. 2011 J; 3(2): 61.Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D, Hyder A, Jarawan E, MathersC: World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.H. Soori, S.J. Hussain and J.A. Razzak.Road safety in the Eastern Mediterranean Region – findings from the Global Road Safety Status Report. EMHJ 2011; 17 (10): 770-76.World Health Organization. Data systems- A road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners. World Health Organization. Geneva 2010.Margie Peden, Richard Scurfield, David Sleet, Dinesh Mohan, Adnan A. Hyder, Eva Jarawan Colin Mathers. World report on road traffic injury prevention: summary .World Health Organization Geneva 2004. Economic Commission for Europe. Glossary of transport statistics, 3rd Ed. New York, NY, United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2003 (TRANS/WP.6/2003/6) (http:// www.unece.org/trans/main/wp6/pdfdocs/glossen3.pdf, accessed 16 September 2012. 2008). World Health Statistics 2008. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008 (http://www.who.int/whosis/ whostat/2008/en/index.htm, accessed 16 September 2012.Mathers C, Loncar D. Updated projections of global mortality and burden of disease, 2002–2030: data sources, methods and results. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2005.Kopits E, Cropper M. Traffic fatalities and income growth. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2005, 37:169–178.Vincenten J, Michalsen A. Priorities for child safety in the European Union: agenda for action. Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2003, 9:1–8.WHO mortality database: tables. Geneva, World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/morttables/en/index.html, accessed 21 September 2012).Rahman A. Bangladesh health and injury survey: report on children. Dhaka, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, ICMH, UNICEF and TASC, 2005.Sitthi-amorn C. Child injury in Thailand: a report on the national injury survey. Bangkok, Institute of Health Research, TASC and UNICEF, 2006 (http://www.tasc- gcipf.org/downloads/Thai%20child%20report.pdf,accessed 22 August 2012).Bener A. The neglected epidemic: road traffic accidents in a developing country. State of Qatar. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2005, 12:45–47.Pedem M, Oyegbite K,Ozanne-Smit J, Hyder AA, Branche c, Rahman AKMF and et al. Mortality due to injuries in Maputo city, Mozambique. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2006, 13:1–6.Hyder AA, Labinjo M, Muzaff ar SSF. A new challenge to child and adolescent survival in urban Africa: an increasing burden of road traffic injuries. Traffic Injury Prevention 2006, 7:381–388.World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety: time for action. Geneva. 2009.World Health Organization. TEACH-VIP curriculum [electronic resource]. Users' manual. 2005.David R. Meddings, MHSc, FRCP(C), Lyndee M. Knox, Matilde Maddaleno, Alberto Concha-Eastman, Joan Serra Hoffman. World Health Organization's TEACH-VIP Contributing to Capacity Building for Youth Violence Prevention. Am J Prev Med 2005; 29(5S2):259–265.Akbari M, Naghavi M, Soori H. Epidemiology of Deaths from injuries in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Eastern Medietr Health J 2006; 12(3/4): 50-58.Falls. Geneva, World Health Organization, Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability Department (http:// www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/other_injury/falls/en/index.html, accessed Sept 2012.Christoffel KK, Scheidt PC, Agran PF, Kraus JF, McLoughlin E, Paulson JA. Standard definitions for childhood injury research: excerpts of a conference report. Pediatrics, 1992, 89:1027–1034.Khambalia A, Josh P, Brussoni M, Raina factors for unintentional injuries due to falls in children aged 0–6 years: a systematic review. Injury Prevention, 2006, 12:378–385.Bartlett SN. The problem of children's injuries in low income countries: a review. Health Policy and Planning, 2002, 17:1–13.Morrison A, Stone DH. Unintentional childhood injury mortality in Europe 1984–93: a report from the EURORISC Working Group. Injury Prevention, 1999, 5:171–176.A league table of child deaths by injury in rich countries (Innocenti Report Card No. 2). Florence, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2001 (http://www.unicef-icdc. org/publications/pdf/repcard2e.pdf, accessed Sept 2012.Hyder AA, Sugerman D, Ameratunga S, Callaghan J A, Falls among children in the developing world: a gap in child health burden estimations? Acta Paediatrica, 2007, 96:1394–1398.Bangdiwala SI, Anzola-Pérez E, Romer CC, Schmidt B, Valdez-Lazo F, Toro J, D'Suze C. The incidence of injuries in young people: I. Methodology and results of a collaborative study in Brazil, Chile, Cuba and Venezuela. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1990, 19:115–124.Del Ciampo LA, Ricco RG, De Almeida CA, Mucillo G. Incidence of childhood accidents determined in a study of home surveys. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 2001, 21:239–243.Savitsky B, Aharonson-Daniel L, Giveon A. Variability in pediatric injury patterns by age and ethnic groups in Israel. Ethnicity and Health, 2007, 12:129–139. Bener A, Hyder AA, Schenk E. Trends in childhood injury mortality in a developing country: United Arab Emirates.Accident and Emergency Nursing, 2007, 15:228–233.Facts about injuries: burns. Geneva, World Health Organization and International Society for Burn Injuries, 2006 (http://www.who.int/entity/violence_injury_prevention/publications/other_injury/en/burns_factsheet.pdf, accessed Sept 2012.Davies JW. Toxic chemicals versus lung tissue: an aspect of inhalation injury revisited. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 1986, 7:213–222.Saffle JR, Davis B, Williams P. Recent outcomes in the treatment of burn injury in the United States: a report from the American Burn Association patient registry. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 1995, 16:219–232.Moritz AR, Henriques FC. Studies of thermal injury II: the relative importance of time and surface temperature in the causation of cutaneous burns. American Journal of Pathology, 1947, 23:695–720. Lund C, Browder N. The estimation of areas of burns. Surgical Gynecology and Obstetrics, 1944, 79:352–358.MacLennan N, Heimbach D, Cullen FB. Anesthesia for major thermal injury. Anesthesiology, 1998, 89:749–770. Walton J, Mandara AR. Burns and smoke inhalation. Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, 2005, 6:317–321. WHO mortality database: tables. Geneva, World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/ morttables/en/index.html, accessed 21 April 2012). Barrow RE, Spies M, Barrow L N, Herndon D N. Influence of demographics and inhalation injury on burn mortality in children. Burns, 2004, 30:72–77. Achebe UJ, Akpuaka FC. Chemical burns in Enugu. West African Journal of Medicine, 1989, 8:205–208. Chuang SS, Yang JY, Tsai FC. Electric water heaters: a new hazard for pediatric burns. Burns, 2003, 29:589–591. Nursal, T Z, Yildirim S, Tarim A, Caliskan K, Ezer A, Noyan T. Burns in southern Turkey: electrical burns remain a major problem. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 2003, 24:309–314.