Suchergebnisse

ÖZETBu çalışmada Türkiye'nin gündeminde ekonomik, politik, sosyal ve kültürel boyutlarıyla önemli bir yer tutan AB ile olan ilişkiler tarihsel gelişimi kapsamında incelenerek, Türkiye'nin AB'ne üyeliğinin, Avrupa Parlamentosu kararları örnek olaylarıyla irdelenmesi ve Atatürk Türkiye'si idari yöntemler açısından analizi yapılmıştır. Atatürk'ün dış politika uygulamalarının, kültür ve çağdaşlık anlayışı temelindeki yaklaşımlarının belirli bir sistem, hedef ve prensipler çerçevesinde oluşturulduğunu tespit ettikten sonra, bunların günümüz koşullarıyla ne ölçüde uygulanabileceğini analiz edebilmemiz için, Avrupa'da bir birlik oluşturma fikrinin ve bugünkü AB'nin tarihi, felsefi ve siyasi temelleri çerçevesinde Avrupalılarla Türklerin ilişkileri analiz edildi. Bu değerlendirmelerin ışığında AB'nin kurumsal yapılanmasında son yıllarda önemi gittikçe artan AP'nin rolü ve Türkiye'ye yönelik politikaları ve kararları irdelendi. AB ve Atatürkçülük, çağdaşlaşma ve emperyalizm kavramları ekseninde değerlendirildi.Bugün yaşanan tartışmalardan da anlaşılacağı üzere, Atatürk'ün Türk milleti ve vatanı için çağdaşlaşma bağlamında hala tam olarak neyi amaçladığı, kullandığı yöntemler, hedefleri, ilkeleri anlaşılamadığından veya maskelenerek yorumlanmak istendiğinden Türkiye-AB ilişkileri de farklı boyutlarda ve zeminlerde dolaşmaktadır. Çalışma beş ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Konumuz açısından, Osmanlı modernleşmesi analiz edildikten sonra birinci bölümde Atatürk Dönemi Dış Politika ve çağdaşlaşma ana hatlarıyla kavramlar zemininde değerlendirildi. İkinci bölümde Türkiye-AB ilişkileri; Avrupa kavramının sınırları, AB fikrinin tarihi, siyasi, kültürel ve felsefi temellerine ilaveten resmi söylemde doğuşu ve gelişimi irdelendikten sonra tarihi perspektif içinde değerlendirildi. Üçüncü bölümde AB'nin kurumsal yapılanması ve bunun içinde son yıllarda öne çıkan ve Türkiye için, yaygın olarak iddia edilenin aksine, artık kararlarının tavsiye niteliğinden öte anlamları olan Avrupa Parlamentosu'nun artan yetkileri, federalizm ve demokrasi açığı kavramlarıyla incelendi. Dördüncü bölümde AP'nin Türkiye'nin ulusal çıkarları ve milli bütünlüğüne yönelik aldığı kararlar, belgeler üzerinden analiz edildikten sonra, AB taraftarlığı ve Atatürkçülük ana başlığıyla beşinci bölümde emperyalizm, çağdaşlaşma kavramları çerçevesinde Türkiye-AB ilişkilerine Atatürkçü bakış açısıyla ele alınıp, Atatürk'ün idari yöntemlerinden sapmalar analiz edidi. Son olarak, bazı sonuçlar ve gelecek için öneriler verildi. Bu tez hazırlanırken kullanılan başlıca yöntemler ise; betimleyici yöntem, karşılaştırmalı method, söylem analizi ve örnek çalışmasıdır.ABSTRACTIn this study, the relations with the European Union (EU), which take an important "place on Turkey's agenda with their political, social and cultural aspects, have been examined with respect to the historical progress. Turkey's candidacy for the EU membership has been investigated in light of the cases with European Parliament resolutions, and analyzed in terms of Ataturk Turkey's state administration methods. Having determined the fact that Ataturk's foreign policy practices and his civilization- and modernity-based approaches have been developed within a framework of particular system, objective and principles, in order to be able to examine to what degree those particular elements can be practiced in current circumstances, the Europeans-Turks relations have been analyzed with regard to the idea of forming a union in Europe, and historical, philosophical and political foundations of the present EU. In light of these evaluations, the role of the European Parliament which has recently been becoming increasingly important on the EU's institutional structuring, and its (i.e., EP) policies and decisions towards Turkey have been considered. The EU and Ataturk's Political Doctrine have been evaluated in the context of modernization and imperialism concepts. As it can be understood from the present discussions that what exactly Ataturk meant by the modernization of the Turkish nation and homeland, the methods he used, his objectives and his principles are still not clearly understood or wanted to be interpreted through the way of masking, the Turkey-EU relationships are, therefore, floating around in different dimensions and arenas.This work is mainly compesed of five parts. After analysed Ottoman modernization process, in first part of this study, the Ataturk's Term Foreign Policy and modernization have been considered in essence and on conceptual basis. In the second part, after having analyzed the birth and the development of the EU in political arena in addition to having analyzed the boundaries of the concept of Europe and the history and the political, cultural and philosophical foundations of the idea of EU, the Turkey-EU relations have been evaluated from historical perspective. In the third part, the institutional structure of the EU, and as involved in this structure, the increasing jurisdictions of the EP, the decisions of whom for Turkey now mean, as recently become prominent in contrast to the common claims, beyond the meaning of 'recommendation', have been analyzed with the concepts of federalism and democratic deficit. After the EP resolutions that are made towards Turkey's national interests and integrity have been analyzed with documents in the forth part, in the fifth part under the main topic of "EU Advocacy and Ataturk's Political Doctrine" the deviations from Ataturk's state administration methods have been analyzed within the framework of the concepts of imperialism and modernization, with addressing the Turkey-EU relations from the Ataturkist point of view. Lastly, I give some future perspectives and conclusions within the context of the thesis. Discourse analysis, case study, descriptive and comparative methods are utilized throughout this thesis.

Tarihsel süreç içinde yaşanan sosyo-ekonomik, teknolojik ve siyasal değişimlere bağlı olarak devletin üstlendiği görev tanımları yenilenmiştir. Dönemsel açıdan devlet güvenlik ve adalet gibi temel kamu hizmetlerini üstlenmiştir. Nüfus artışına bağlı olarak toplumsal kesimlerin çeşitlenmesi farklı talep ve beklentiler devletin özellikle mali açıdan yükünü arttırmıştır. Bu durum devletin kamu hizmetlerinin sunumu noktasında konumunu tartışmalı hale getirmiş ve minimal devlet olgusu ortaya çıkmıştır. Yeni sistem kamu hizmetlerinin sunumunda merkezi yetkileri yerel unsurlar, özel sektör ve sivil toplum kuruluşları arasında paylaştıran bir modeli ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu modelde devletin doğrudan üreten değil düzenleyen ve denetleyen bir pozisyona geçmesi öngörülmüştür. Devletin yeni konumu ise yönetim süreçlerinde demokratik ve katılımcı anlayışı gerektirmiştir. Devlete biçilen yeni pozisyon sosyo-ekonomik kalkınma ve toplumsal refahın geliştirilmesi hedefini ertelemiş değildir. Küreselleşme süreci kalkınma hedefinin sağlanmasında devletin sivil toplum ve özel sektör vb. aktörler ile ortaklık kurmasına yol açmıştır. Küreselleşme süreci yönetsel kademe olan yerel yönetimleri iki başlıkta öne çıkarmıştır. Birincisi; katılım ve demokrasinin birincil uygulama alanı olarak yerel yönetimler ön plana çıkmıştır. İkincisi; yerel yönetimler sahip olduğu imkan ve potansiyel itibariyle kalkınma açısından merkez(ler) olarak kabul edilmiştir. Türkiye planlı kalkınma olgusu ile Cumhuriyetin ilanı ile tanışmıştır. Türkiye açısından 1923 İktisat Kongresi, Devlet Planlama Teşkilatının kurulması ve 1963 tarihli ilk Kalkınma Planı temel hamleler olmuştur. Kalkınma hamleleri içinde yerel unsurlar ve yerel yönetimler çeşitli dönemlerde öne çıkmışlardır. Bu açıdan kalkınma planları ülkemizin sosyo-ekonomik hedeflerinin belirlenmesinde yerel yönetimleri de bir aktör olarak görmüştür denilebilir. Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında köy kalkınması öne çıkarılırken sayısının ve nüfusunun artması ile kent sorunları kalkınma planlarında ele alınmaya başlanmıştır. Kalkınma planlarında kent daha çok yetki, görev ve mali yapıları ile ele alınmış bu konularda kısmi iyileştirmelere gidilmiştir. Dünya toplumlarının yaşadığı siyasal değişimler yerel yönetimlerin demokratik ve katılımcı yönünü ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bunun yansıması olarak ülkemizde de yerel yönetimlerin demokratik ve katılımcı bir modele evrilmesine yönelik temel hedefler kalkınma planlarına yansımıştır. Kent yönetimleri demokratik ve katılımcı yapılar olarak tanımlanmaya başlanmıştır. Ayrıca kalkınma planları yerel yönetimlerin asıl sorumluluk alanı olan kent hizmetlerinin nitelikleri ve türleri açısından vizyon ve hedef belirleme aracı olmuştur. Bu çerçevede Kalkınma planlarında kent odaklı; ulaşım, alt yapı, barınma, sosyo-kültürel, sosyo-ekonomik vb. pek çok alanda hedefler konulmuştur. Türkiye'de 1963'den bu yana 10 kalkınma planı hazırlanmıştır. Son olarak 23 Temmuz 2019'da 11. Kalkınma Planı uygulamaya girmiştir. Kalkınma planları sosyo-ekonomik açıdan öne çıksa da aslında tüm kurumsal yapılara yönelik hedef ve politikalar belirler. Türkiye'de hazırlanan kalkınma planları da yerel yönetim alanında da değişim ve dönüşüm odaklı olmuştur. Yayınlanan 11. Kalkınma planının içeriğinde geçmiş dönem planlarına ait atıflar bulunmaktadır. En önemli nokta ise; yerel yönetimlere ilişkin yeniden reform yapılacağı belirtilmesidir. Ayrıca insan odaklı şehir; yeşil şehir; akıllı şehir; kaliteli hizmet sunumu; katılımcılık; şeffaflık; hesap verilebilirlik; optimum coğrafi alan vb. kavramlara yer verilmektedir. Tüm bunlar 11. Plan döneminde yerel yönetimlere ilişkin değişimin devam edeceğini göstermektedir. ; Depending on the socio-economic, technological and political changes in the historical process, the responsibility of the state has been renewed. As far as the era is concerned, it undertook basic public services such as state security and justice. Diversification of social segments due to population increase, different demands and expectations have increased especially the financial burden of the state. This situation rendered the status of the state controversial in terms of offering public services and introduced the phenomenon of a minimal state. The new system introduced a model that distributes central powers among local elements, the private sector, and non-governmental organizations in the offering of public services. The model provides that the state should adopt a regulating and supervising position instead of directly producing one. And the new position of the state required democratic and participatory understanding in the governing processes. This new position seen fit to the state has not delayed the goal of socio-economic development and social welfare. The process of globalization enabled the state to form a partnership with actors such as the civil society and the private sector in fulfilling the aims of development. The globalization process called for local administrative governments, in two ways. First; local governments were at play as the means of primary application of participation and democracy. Second; local governments were accepted as the center(s) concerning development thanks to their capabilities and potential. Turkey was introduced with the concept of planned development with the proclamation of the Republic. For Turkey, the Economic Congress of 1923, the establishment of the State Planning Organization and the first Development Plan of 1963 have constituted the main steps. In the development steps, local elements and local administrations came to the fore in different periods. In this respect, it is safe to say that development plans also regarded the local governments as actors in determining the socio-economic goals of our country. While rural development was emphasized in the first years of the republic, increasing urban population and urban problems necessitated these problems to be addressed in development plans. In the development plans, a city was mostly treated keeping in mind the authorities, duties and financial structure; and partial improvements were made on these issues. Political changes experienced by the world's societies revealed the democratic and participatory aspects of local governments. As a repercussion of this, the main aims for the evolution of local governments into a democratic and participatory model in our country are reflected in the development plans. City administrations started to be defined as democratic and participatory structures. Besides, development plans have been a vision and goal setting tool in terms of characteristics and types of urban services, which are the main areas of responsibility of local governments. In this framework, in city development plans, cityfocused aims have been defined in various fields such as transportation, infrastructure, shelter, socio-economics, etc. Since 1963, 10 development plans have been issued in Turkey. Finally, on July 23 2019, the 11th Development Plan was issued. Although development plans come to the forefront from a socio-economic point of view in general, they actually set goals and policies for all institutional structures. In Turkey, the development plans prepared has been focused on the changes and transformations in the local government area. The 11th Development Plan contains references to these previous plans. The most important point seems to be the strong emphasis on the re-reform of local governments. Also; people oriented cities, green cities, smart cities, quality service delivery, participation, transparency, accountability, optimum geographical area and etc. concepts take part in the plan. All this shows that change in local administrations will continue in the 11th plan period.

Many critics consider Richard Serra the leading sculptor of the 20th century. He is famous not only for inventing something new in sculpture (abstract sculpture compositions existed before him, having been opened by constructivist vanguard of the beginning of the 20th century). Material selections by Vladimir Tatlin and sculptures by Osip Tsadkin, as well as compositions by Henry Moor appeared before Serra. Serra is famous for transferring his works' accent from the works as they are, which could be installed in any place, to their environment. That is he saw in the sculpture a key to understanding the urban space. His crude metal sheets and profiles, rectangular and curvilinear, exceeding regular scale of sculpture, come closer to architecture. Richard Serra places them near architectural constructions as checkpoints of intermediate scale category of space located between so-called «street furniture» – lamp posts, stalls, fountains and benches – and buildings, especially huge modern ones.But the matter is not only in the scale. Serra's sculptures are not only abstract compositions that harmoniously add to the space with their spacious scale. They have some mystery, some implicit sense appearing before a pedestrian as an enigma. Their mystique opposes both street furniture and architecture. But first of all it opposes the historical sculpture with its enigma always overshadowed by historical or biographical topic. Krylov's sculpture in the Summer Garden or Minin and Pozharsky's monument on the Red Square do not strike us, because we know that those monuments are erected IN COMMEMORATION of prominent people, as fellow citizens' tribute to their great contribution to the national history. But the crude metal sheets welded at different angles – what are they for? Who needs them?As an art critic, Edward Goldman, said, fame came to Richard Serra in 1989, when the sculpture composition Tilted Arc erected eight years before it was demolished by request of the public, that did not understand its sense and was exasperated with the obvious absence of this sense. However, Serra sees his sculpture's sense not only in its filling a scale gap in the environment, but also in its instigating a man to think and to concern the environment and the space as a problem, linking this problem with a problem of human's being. Is there any other way to explain the public's indignation? Serra's sculpture compositions do not obstruct pedestrian flow and do not offend anyone's dignity or memory, do they? They act as Zen koans, as if mutely asking a spectator about the sense. Not knowing the answer, the citizen gets exasperated – not with his inability to answer, but with the sculptor (or city government), imposing this enigma to him. Only children are always happy to get an enigma. They like to train their mind in determining the sense, because they believe in the sense of being and consider themselves successors of this sense. A grown-up member of the state, both of a totalitarian one and of one with a market economy, loses this ability, believing neither in God nor in devil, neither in state officers nor in heroes. He only gets annoyed when reminded about a sense. This irritation can be explained in terms of a conflict between conviction in his right to freedom and real feeling of his fatality. He is not disposed to play with the world and the artist. He is willing only to take sedative pills, cheering drinks and all kinds of flattery. Seeing a hero made of bronze or cast iron, he feels free either to share his respect towards the hero, or to spit upon the false idol. In both cases the sense realized by him remains in his power. When this sense escapes, the illusion of his power disappears too, in other words the illusion of his rights in this world where he is kicked by those who have more power and rights.Reasoning from quite Utopian ideals of Democracy, Richard Serra believes that to train such play of mind is as necessary as to brush teeth or to button a shirt. A man with this ability not functioning falls out of the society, officially remaining its member though.But there is also another aspect – relation of such enigmas to architecture. Architecture differs from Richard Serra's sculptures not only in scale. The difference is also in the fact, that, being a plastic object like an abstract sculpture, architectural composition has social and functional status, and therefore it does not represent any special enigma. Looking at a grand construction we understand that it is a City Administration, or a Bank, or a Library, or a Museum, or… whatever having its own socially approved status and sense never doubted. So, one can treat it either with respect or with hatred, not losing the feeling of ability for sense orientation. But Serra's sculptures sometimes lead to this.Nevertheless, architecture has turned out to be sensitive to such things and it currently tries to propose an enigma to a citizen instead of suggesting its status. The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao or the Hundertwasser Viennese House in this regard come closer to sculpture, as if crushing differences between architecture and fine arts and making needless an artistic gesture such as Serra's. The question is to what extent this architectural aping is appropriate. Or maybe it is better to leave the sense space to the sculptor, focusing on the senses peculiar to architecture, which are claimed neither by Serra nor by his possible progeny. Evidently Serra experienced those problems himself, appealing to the authorities and searching for their support. Probably he was looking for support not only as an artist in need of a client, but also as an artist confronting social determinancy of architecture in urban environment. Thus he was indirectly returning to architecture its sense space, which architecture is currently ready to play with, forgetting about its sense limits. So it is a big question: whether his sculpture does harm to architecture with its competition with the latter or releases it from plays that are not appropriate to it in order to perform its maybe more sublime mission – not only to ask but also to answer the questions on the sense of being?However, solution of this problem is to what extent architects and their clients are ready to give such answers, to what extent these answers are sincere and realistic, and to what extent the society is ready to ask itself about the sense of its own being. But it is another topic.

Introduction. In today's world, professionals in any sphere of occupation should have soft skills in order to be in demand in the labour market, to quickly build a career and to achieve personal success. Soft skills involve: skills to communicate, to think creatively and unconventionally, to work in a team and to take responsibility, to organise own time effectively and to adapt quickly in new situations, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to be an owner of social qualities, which are commonly referred to as universal competencies, aimed at to finding optimal balanced solutions in a wide range of daily professional tasks. These skills are not quantifiable and are not generally described in job descriptions, but precisely these skills ensure high efficiency and productivity in any industry. In Western countries, the issues and strategies for soft skills formation in different categories of population have been studied for quite some time. Recently, these problems have become much more common among Russian scientists. The growing relevance of this issue is related to the changes in educational system, the changes in educational and personal guidelines, and the requirements for professional activities. This article is an overview of scientific Russian and foreign publications devoted to the aspects of soft skills development. The aims of the present research are the following: to identify the main trends in the study of soft skills and the possibilities for their acquisition by a person; to find out the similarities and differences between Russian and foreign studies; to determine the most promising scientific inquiry. Methodology and research methods. The study is based on the comparative-historical method. The authors used content-analysis and comparative analysis of documents, articles and results of statistical reports in international databases of Scopus and Web of Science within the period from 1975 to March 2019. Results and scientific novelty. For the first time, the authors conducted retrospective panoramic review of publications on soft skills, systemised additional information concerning the topic under discussion and identified the similarities between existing problems in different countries: lack of appropriate attention to soft skills development when designing educational programmes; insufficient involvement of employers in this process; complexity of the process of observing and evaluating soft skills; difference between the set of competencies acquired by graduates during studies with expectations and demand in the labour market, etc. Diverse ways of soft skills development are offered: organisation of special courses taught out of the subject context (which have already shown their inefficiency), mastering soft skills in parallel with the process of subject-based training or through the potential of particular disciplines. The international scientific community agrees with the statement that educational programmes, in any case, need to be refocused on the soft skills development. However, the general trend is the presentation in most studies of local statistical results, rather narrow professional topics of research and limited time (1-2 academic years). Concerning methodological tools for measuring universal social skills, both Russian and foreign authors prefer case study, classroom research and questionnaires. In general, Russian pedagogical science demonstrates the same vector of development as foreign science, but passes the same stages as other countries with a lag. The only significant difference was found in the research topic: according to the publications of Russian scientists, little attention is given to the problem of migrants' soft skills. Indeed, the issue of soft skills development is one of the most relevant problems abroad. This can probably be attributed to the specifics of migration processes: for instance, many foreign citizens with completely different cultural and religious mentalities arrive in the European Union; on the contrary, Russia is migrated mainly from former Soviet republics, wherein people are close to the Russians in emotional intelligence. Practical significance. The results of the analytical review allow the scientific and pedagogical community to obtain a comprehensive picture of the main trends in studying the problems of soft skills development and to identify priority directions of further research. ; Введение. В современном мире профессионалу практически в любой сфере занятости, чтобы быть востребованным на рынке труда, быстро построить карьеру и добиться личного успеха, необходимо владеть soft skills (англ. «мягкие / гибкие навыки»): умениями общаться и нестандартно, творчески мыслить, работать в команде и брать на себя ответственность, эффективно организовывать свое время и быстро адаптироваться в новых ситуациях и т. п. - т. е. нужно быть обладателем социальных качеств, которые принято называть универсальными компетенциями, помогающими находить оптимальные взвешенные решения в широком спектре ежедневных профессиональных задач. Эти навыки не поддаются количественному измерению и, как правило, не описаны в должностных инструкциях, но именно они обеспечивают высокую производительность и продуктивность труда в любой отрасли. В западных странах уже достаточно давно изучаются вопросы и стратегии формирования soft skills у разных категорий населения. В последнее время эти проблемы гораздо чаще стали привлекать внимание и российских ученых. Растущая актуальность указанной проблематики связана с переменами, происходящими в системе образования, изменениями образовательных и личностных ориентиров, требований к профессиональной деятельности. Данная статья представляет собой обзор научных российских и зарубежных публикаций, посвященных аспектам развития soft skills. Цели предпринятого авторами исследования - обозначить основные тенденции изучения soft skills и возможностей их обретения индивидом; обнаружить точки соприкосновения и отличия отечественных и зарубежных изысканий; выявить наиболее перспективные направления научных поисков. Методология и методы. Работа выполнена с опорой на сравнительно-исторический метод. В ходе исследования использовались контент-анализ и сопоставительный анализ содержания документов, статей и материалов статистических отчетов, размещенных в международных базах данных Scopus и Web of Science в период с 1975 г. по март 2019 г. Результаты и научная новизна. Впервые проведенный в области отечественной педагогики ретроспективный панорамный обзор публикаций о soft skills и систематизация иной касающейся обсуждаемой темы информации указывают на сходство существующих в разных странах проблем: отсутствия должного внимания к формированию soft skills при составлении учебных программ; недостаточного привлечения работодателей к этому процессу; сложности наблюдения и оценки «гибких» навыков; несовпадения набора приобретенных выпускниками вузов во время учебы компетенций с ожиданиями и спросом на рынке труда и др. Предлагаются различные пути развития soft skills: организация специальных, преподающихся вне предметного контекста курсов (уже показавших свою неэффективность), освоение soft skills параллельно с процессом предметного обучения или посредством потенциала отдельных дисциплин. Но международное научное сообщество солидарно в том, что образовательные программы в любом случае необходимо переориентировать на формирование soft skills. Вместе с тем общей тенденцией является изложение в большинстве исследований локальных статистических результатов, довольно узкая профессиональная тематика изысканий и ограниченность их по времени (1-2 учебных года). Среди методического инструментария измерения универсальных социальных навыков как российские, так и иностранные авторы отдают предпочтение case study, classroom research и опросникам. В целом российская педагогическая наука демонстрирует тот же вектор развития, что и зарубежная, однако проходит те же, что и другие страны, стадии с отставанием. Единственное существенное отличие установлено в части тематики исследований: ученых России, судя по публикациям, мало занимает проблема soft skills мигрантов, которая за рубежом является одной из самых актуальных. Возможно, это объясняется спецификой миграционных процессов: если в страны Евросоюза прибывает множество иноземцев с совершенно разной культурной и религиозной ментальностью, то в Россию мигрируют в основном выходцы из бывших советских республик, близких к россиянам по эмоциональному интеллекту. Практическая значимость. Результаты аналитического обзора позволяют научно-педагогической общественности составить целостное представление об основных тенденциях изучения проблем формирования soft skills и вычленить приоритетные направления дальнейших исследований.

Introduction. In today's world, professionals in any sphere of occupation should have soft skills in order to be in demand in the labour market, to quickly build a career and to achieve personal success. Soft skills involve: skills to communicate, to think creatively and unconventionally, to work in a team and to take responsibility, to organise own time effectively and to adapt quickly in new situations, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to be an owner of social qualities, which are commonly referred to as universal competencies, aimed at to finding optimal balanced solutions in a wide range of daily professional tasks. These skills are not quantifiable and are not generally described in job descriptions, but precisely these skills ensure high efficiency and productivity in any industry. In Western countries, the issues and strategies for soft skills formation in different categories of population have been studied for quite some time. Recently, these problems have become much more common among Russian scientists. The growing relevance of this issue is related to the changes in educational system, the changes in educational and personal guidelines, and the requirements for professional activities. This article is an overview of scientific Russian and foreign publications devoted to the aspects of soft skills development.The aims of the present research are the following: to identify the main trends in the study of soft skills and the possibilities for their acquisition by a person; to find out the similarities and differences between Russian and foreign studies; to determine the most promising scientific inquiry.Methodology and research methods. The study is based on the comparative-historical method. The authors used content-analysis and comparative analysis of documents, articles and results of statistical reports in international databases of Scopus and Web of Science within the period from 1975 to March 2019.Results and scientific novelty. For the first time, the authors conducted retrospective panoramic review of publications on soft skills, systemised additional information concerning the topic under discussion and identified the similarities between existing problems in different countries: lack of appropriate attention to soft skills development when designing educational programmes; insufficient involvement of employers in this process; complexity of the process of observing and evaluating soft skills; difference between the set of competencies acquired by graduates during studies with expectations and demand in the labour market, etc. Diverse ways of soft skills development are offered: organisation of special courses taught out of the subject context (which have already shown their inefficiency), mastering soft skills in parallel with the process of subject-based training or through the potential of particular disciplines. The international scientific community agrees with the statement that educational programmes, in any case, need to be refocused on the soft skills development. However, the general trend is the presentation in most studies of local statistical results, rather narrow professional topics of research and limited time (1–2 academic years). Concerning methodological tools for measuring universal social skills, both Russian and foreign authors prefer case study, classroom research and questionnaires.In general, Russian pedagogical science demonstrates the same vector of development as foreign science, but passes the same stages as other countries with a lag. The only significant difference was found in the research topic: according to the publications of Russian scientists, little attention is given to the problem of migrants' soft skills. Indeed, the issue of soft skills development is one of the most relevant problems abroad. This can probably be attributed to the specifics of migration processes: for instance, many foreign citizens with completely different cultural and religious mentalities arrive in the European Union; on the contrary, Russia is migrated mainly from former Soviet republics, wherein people are close to the Russians in emotional intelligence.Practical significance. The results of the analytical review allow the scientific and pedagogical community to obtain a comprehensive picture of the main trends in studying the problems of soft skills development and to identify priority directions of further research. ; Введение. В современном мире профессионалу практически в любой сфере занятости, чтобы быть востребованным на рынке труда, быстро построить карьеру и добиться личного успеха, необходимо владеть soft skills (англ. «мягкие / гибкие навыки»): умениями общаться и нестандартно, творчески мыслить, работать в команде и брать на себя ответственность, эффективно организовывать свое время и быстро адаптироваться в новых ситуациях и т. п. – т. е. нужно быть обладателем социальных качеств, которые принято называть универсальными компетенциями, помогающими находить оптимальные взвешенные решения в широком спектре ежедневных профессиональных задач. Эти навыки не поддаются количественному измерению и, как правило, не описаны в должностных инструкциях, но именно они обеспечивают высокую производительность и продуктивность труда в любой отрасли. В западных странах уже достаточно давно изучаются вопросы и стратегии формирования soft skills у разных категорий населения. В последнее время эти проблемы гораздо чаще стали привлекать внимание и российских ученых. Растущая актуальность указанной проблематики связана с переменами, происходящими в системе образования, изменениями образовательных и личностных ориентиров, требований к профессиональной деятельности. Данная статья представляет собой обзор научных российских и зарубежных публикаций, посвященных аспектам развития soft skills.Цели предпринятого авторами исследования – обозначить основные тенденции изучения soft skills и возможностей их обретения индивидом; обнаружить точки соприкосновения и отличия отечественных и зарубежных изысканий; выявить наиболее перспективные направления научных поисков.Методология и методы. Работа выполнена с опорой на сравнительно-исторический метод. В ходе исследования использовались контент-анализ и сопоставительный анализ содержания документов, статей и материалов статистических отчетов, размещенных в международных базах данных Scopus и Web of Science в период с 1975 г. по март 2019 г.Результаты и научная новизна. Впервые проведенный в области отечественной педагогики ретроспективный панорамный обзор публикаций о soft skills и систематизация иной касающейся обсуждаемой темы информации указывают на сходство существующих в разных странах проблем: отсутствия должного внимания к формированию soft skills при составлении учебных программ; недостаточного привлечения работодателей к этому процессу; сложности наблюдения и оценки «гибких» навыков; несовпадения набора приобретенных выпускниками вузов во время учебы компетенций с ожиданиями и спросом на рынке труда и др. Предлагаются различные пути развития soft skills: организация специальных, преподающихся вне предметного контекста курсов (уже показавших свою неэффективность), освоение soft skills параллельно с процессом предметного обучения или посредством потенциала отдельных дисциплин. Но международное научное сообщество солидарно в том, что образовательные программы в любом случае необходимо переориентировать на формирование soft skills. Вместе с тем общей тенденцией является изложение в большинстве исследований локальных статистических результатов, довольно узкая профессиональная тематика изысканий и ограниченность их по времени (1–2 учебных года). Среди методического инструментария измерения универсальных социальных навыков как российские, так и иностранные авторы отдают предпочтение case study, classroom research и опросникам.В целом российская педагогическая наука демонстрирует тот же вектор развития, что и зарубежная, однако проходит те же, что и другие страны, стадии с отставанием. Единственное существенное отличие установлено в части тематики исследований: ученых России, судя по публикациям, мало занимает проблема soft skills мигрантов, которая за рубежом является одной из самых актуальных. Возможно, это объясняется спецификой миграционных процессов: если в страны Евросоюза прибывает множество иноземцев с совершенно разной культурной и религиозной ментальностью, то в Россию мигрируют в основном выходцы из бывших советских республик, близких к россиянам по эмоциональному интеллекту.Практическая значимость. Результаты аналитического обзора позволяют научно-педагогической общественности составить целостное представление об основных тенденциях изучения проблем формирования soft skills и вычленить приоритетные направления дальнейших исследований.

This article examines the role of public diplomacy in the Ukraine-Belarus relations. Effective interaction between state bodies and local self-government bodies, public organizations and associations of the three countries can be considered the result of the activity of public diplomacy - a dialogue that exists and develops outside official diplomacy and protocol. The existence of public diplomacy outside the social framework, outside a particular society of the nationstate is impossible. The diplomatic model of Belarus underlines the vitality and dynamism of its foreign policy and diplomacy. Strengthening the strategic partnership in the CIS space is a priority area of the policy of Belarus. The fact of friendly and benevolent bilateral foreign policy and diplomatic relations between Belarus and Ukraine is also important. High-level meetings and negotiations traditionally play an important role in strengtheningand developing partnership between the Republic of Belarus and Ukraine, which contribute to strengthening political, economic, cultural and humanitarian cooperation between the two states. Ukraine and the Republic of Belarus have all the necessary conditions for the transition to a qualitatively new stage of interstate cooperation - partnership, with the prospect of transition into a strategic partnership. A striking example of public diplomacy in action is the implementation of joint projects of international technical assistance of the European Union within the framework of the Cross-Border Cooperation Programme Poland-Belarus-Ukraine. Thus, public diplomacy is an integral auxiliary tool for the implementation of the foreign policy of both Ukraine and Belarus. The development of good-neighbourly relations by deepening cultural ties at the level of civil society certainly needs to be paid more attention, taking into account the existing security challenges in the region. In the near future, public diplomacy, as a tool, should become a locomotive in solving problematic aspects of relations between the two states, and the improvement of its mechanisms on the example of Ukraine-Belarus relations should become the subject of study of political science. ; В этой статье рассматриваются вопросы роли публичной дипломатии в украинско-белорусских отношениях. Эффективное взаимодействие между государственными органами и органами местного самоуправления, общественными организациями и объединениями трех стран можно считать результатом действия публичной дипломатии - диалога, существующего и развивающегося за рамками официальной дипломатии и протокола. Существование публичной дипломатии вне социальных рамок, вне конкретного общества национального государства является невозможным. В дипломатической модели Беларуси подчеркнуты жизненность и динамичность ее внешней политики и дипломатии. Укрепление стратегического партнерства на пространстве СНГ являетсяприоритетным направлением политики Беларуси. Немаловажным является факт дружеских и доброжелательных двухсторонних внешнеполитических и дипломатических отношений между Беларусью и Украиной. Важную роль в укреплении и развитии партнерства Республики Беларусь и Украины традиционно играют встречи на высоком уровне и переговоры, которые способствуют укреплению политического, экономического и культурно-гуманитарного сотрудничества двух государств. Украина и Республика Беларусь имеют все необходимые условия для перехода на качественно новый этап межгосударственного сотрудничества - партнерства с перспективой на переход в стратегическое партнерство. Ярким примером публичной дипломатии в действии служит реализация совместных проектов международной технической помощи Европейского Союза в рамках «Программы трансграничного сотрудничества Польша-Беларусь-Украина». Таким образом, публичная дипломатия является неотъемлемым вспомогательным инструментом реализации внешней политики как Украины, так и Беларуси. Вопросу развития добрососедских отношений путем углубления культурных связей на уровне гражданского общества безусловно необходимо уделять больше внимания с учетом существующих вызовов безопасности в регионе. Публичная дипломатия как инструмент в ближайшей перспективе должна стать локомотивом в решении проблемных аспектов взаимоотношений двух государств, а усовершенствование ее механизмов на примере украинско-белорусских отношений должно стать предметом изучения политологии. ; У статті розглядаються питання ролі публічної дипломатії в українсько-білоруських відносинах. Організацію ефективної взаємодії між державними органами і органами місцевого самоврядування, громадськими організаціями та об'єднаннями трьох країн можна вважати результатом дії публічної дипломатії - діалогу, який існує і розвивається за рамками офіційної дипломатії і протоколу. Існування публічної дипломатії поза соціальними рамками, поза конкретним суспільством національної держави є неможливим. У дипломатичній моделі Білорусі підкреслені життєвість і динамічність її зовнішньої політики і дипломатії. Зміцнення стратегічного партнерства на просторі СНД є пріоритетним напрямом політики Білорусі. Важливим є факт дружніх і доброзичливих двосторонніх зовнішньополітичних і дипломатичних відносин між Україною та Республікою Білорусь. Важливу роль у зміцненні та розвитку партнерства Республіки Білорусь і України традиційно відіграють зустрічі на високому рівні і переговори, які сприяють зміцненню політичного, економічного і культурно-гуманітарного співробітництва двох держав. Україна і Республіка Білорусь мають усі необхідні умови для переходу на якісно новий етап міждержавного співробітництва - партнерства, з перспективою на перехід у стратегічне партнерство. Яскравим прикладом публічної дипломатії в дії є реалізація спільних проектів міжнародної технічної допомоги Європейського Союзу в рамках «Програми транскордонного співробітництва Польща-Білорусь-Украї-на». Таким чином, публічна дипломатія є невід'ємним допоміжним інструментом реалізації зовнішньої політики як України, так і Білорусі. Питанню розвитку добросусідських відносин шляхом поглиблення культурних зв'язків на рівні громадянського суспільства безумовно необхідно приділяти більше уваги з урахуванням існуючих викликів безпеки в регіоні. Публічна дипломатія як інструмент у найближчій перспективі повинна стати локомотивом у вирішенні проблемних аспектів взаємовідносин двох держав, а вдосконалення її механізмів на прикладі українсько-білоруських відносин має стати предметом вивчення політології.

After the collapse of the USSR, the West received favorable conditions for promoting its geopolitical interests. Accordingly, the European Union began to establish relations with the countries of Central Asia. The EU policy in Central Asia in the early 90s of the twentieth century is characterized by the fact that Brussels concentrated its efforts on the allocation of economic assistance, the promotion of democracy and market relations. The EU policy in the Central Asian republics was based on cooperation and partnership Agreements signed with the leadership of the countries of the region. These agreements were intended to formalize the political and economic relations of the countries of the region with the EU. The role of the Central Asian countries in EU foreign policy was more clearly defined after the adoption of the European Union Strategy for Central Asia in 2007. The European Union has taken a number of steps to strengthen its position in the region. Several formats of bilateral and regional cooperation have been created, and EU representative offices have been opened in the countries of the region.Over the past decade, the European Union has significantly intensified its foreign policy in Central Asia. It expanded diplomatic ties and successfully implemented mechanisms for developing cooperation with Central Asia. In particular, it has expanded its presence in the region, successfully launching several of its strategic programs in various areas of cooperation.In 2019, the European Union adopted a new Strategy for Central Asia. This is the first radical revision of the document adopted in 2007. This indicates a desire to update the base of interac tion and to build relations with the countries of the region in a new way. The European Union pays special attention to such areas of cooperation as energy issues, global security problems and joint struggle against the threats of terrorism, Islamic fundamentalism and radical extremism, transport and infrastructure. Particular attention is paid to the prospects and problems of the EU's interaction with the Kyrgyz Republic, which cover various aspects: political, economic, social, trade, cultural. On 19 November 2017, the European Union and the Kyrgyz Republic began negotiations to update the existing bilateral agreement, which is intended to replace the partnership and cooperation Agreement. After the completion of the negotiations, a new agreement on expanded partnership and cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and the European Union was initialed on July 6, 2019. It includes new areas of cooperation and significantly improves the regulatory framework for trade and economic relations in accordance with WTO rules and regional economic agreements. The new agreement provides for cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and the EU in areas such as: policy and reform, enhanced cooperation in foreign policy and security issues, in the areas of justice, security and freedoms, as well as in trade. ; После распада СССР Запад получил благоприятные условия для продвижения своих геополитических интересов. Соответственно, Европейский Союз начал налажить отношения со странами Центральной Азии. Политика ЕС в Центральной Азии в начале 90-х гг. ХХ века характеризуется тем, что Брюссель концентрировал свои усилия на выделении экономической помощи, продвижении демократии и рыночных отношений. В основе проводимой политики ЕС в республиках Центральной Азии лежали подписанные с руководством стран региона Соглашения о сотрудничестве и партнерстве. Эти соглашения были призваны формализовать политические и экономические отношения стран региона с ЕС. Более четко роль стран ЦА региона во внешней политике ЕС была определена после принятия в 2007 году Стратегии Европейского союза для Центральной Азии. Европейским Союзом был предпринят ряд шагов по укреплению своей позиции в регионе. Создано несколько форматов двустороннего и регионального сотрудничества, открыты представительства ЕС в странах региона.За последнее десятилетие Европейский Союз значительно активизировал свою внешнюю политику в Центральной Азии. Расширил дипломатические связи, успешно внедрял механизмы развития сотрудничества с Центральной Азией. В частности, расширил свое присутствие в регионе, успешно запустив несколько своих стратегических программ в различных сферах взаимодействия.В 2019 году Европейский Союз принял новую Стратегию по Центральной Азии. Это стало первым кардинальным пересмотром документа, принятого еще в 2007 году, и свидетельствует о желании обновить базу взаимодействия и по-новому выстроить отношения со странами региона. Особое внимания Европейский Союз уделяет таким сферам сотрудничества как энергетические вопросы, проблемы глобальной безопасности и совместная борьба с угрозами терроризма, исламского фундаментализма и радикального экстремизма, сфера транспорта и инфраструктуры.Особое внимание в статье уделено перспективам и проблемам взаимодействия ЕС с Кыргызской Республикой, которые охватывают различные аспекты: политические, экономические, социальные, торговые, культурные. Европейский Союз и Кыргызская Республика 19 ноября 2017 года начали переговоры по обновлению существующего двустороннего соглашения, которое призвано заменить Соглашение о партнерстве и сотрудничестве. После завершения переговоров, 6 июля 2019 года состоялось парафирование нового соглашения о расширенном партнерстве и сотрудничестве между Кыргызстаном и Европейским союзом. Оно включает новые сферы сотрудничества и заметно улучшает нормативную базу для торговых и экономических отношений в соответствии с правилами ВТО и региональными экономическими соглашениями. Новое соглашение предусматривает сотрудничество Кыргызстана и ЕС в таких областях, как: политика и реформы, расширенного сотрудничества во внешней политике и вопросах безопасности, в сферах юстиции, безопасности и свобод, а также в торговой сфере.

This study is based on the twin exigencies of introducing the concept of abstract author into the scheme of narrative construction, and distinguishing sharply between this object of analysis and the concepts of concrete author and narrator. In accordance with the definition advanced by Wolf Schmid, whose vision on the issues of narrative instances appears most judicious, the abstract author ('der abstrakte Autor') can be defined as 'the principle that, in a work, determines the articulatory layer, the semantic layer, and the layer of the objectivity deployed, as well as the aesthetic organisation and the hierarchy of these layers in the total structure in one specific way' ('dasjenige Prinzip, das in einem Werk die sprachlautliche Schicht, die Bedeutungsschicht und die Schicht der dargestellten Gegenständlichkeiten sowie die ästhetische Organisation und Hierarchie dieser Schichten in der Gesamtstruktur so und nicht anders beschaffen sein lässt', Schmid 1973. S.24). More succinctly and generally, the abstract author (henceforth: AA) is the principle according to which the meaning of a literary work is constructed. If we wish to switch from phenomenological to structuralist terminology, we can define the AA as the construction principle of the paradigmatic elements of the work. Thus the AA is fundamentally distinguished from both the concrete author and from the narrator in whose name (voice) the story is being told – itself a creation of the AA. This means that the latter is not directly represented in the text, in view of the fact that it is a reconstructed virtual construction. Naturally, this aspect of the AA considerably complicates a study devoted to the reconstruction of various types of AAs as regards concrete literary texts (in our case, great Russian prose forms from the 1920s and 1930s) in view of the fact that it cannot be based on the principle of the reconstruction according to which the AA must be reconstructed. Taking into account that a) no single reconstruction principle could ever be exhaustively explained, and b) various interpretations of facts and motives are possible even within a single analytical doctrine, the final result of this kind of reconstruction will unavoidably contain fairly controversial or debatable aspects. In principle, a certain objectivity could be achieved by blending a large number of different analytical strategies in order to arrive at a reconstruction of the AA, but in view of the fact that this kind of undertaking is not able to be carried out within the framework of a dissertation project, one is obliged to accept a priori a certain sketchiness in the results obtained. As regards methodology, we considered it better to base our undertaking on a structuralistic approach. This does not mean, however, that we regard structuralism as a methodological panacea. Our choice was ultimately determined by the fact that the conclusions reached on the basis of structuralistic analysis are highly illustrative, in the sense that the mechanism of deduction can be represented in the form of logically unambiguous causality. At points where the conclusions of the structuralistic approach appeared to us to be incomplete representations of a work's meaning, we resorted to other approaches. In order to analyse texts from the period in question (the 1920s and 1930s) we applied an analysis model first presented by B. A. Uspensky, and subsequently elaborated by W. Schmid, albeit it with a few specifications, which will be discussed shortly. The Uspensky-Schmid model is based on the division and analysis of the narrative into five levels: spatial, temporal, phraseological, psychological and ideological. It is a rather economic and practical scheme which provides a thorough analysis. Our refinement refers only to the last, ideological, level. We recognize J. Lintvelt's view (Lintvelt 1981) which does not see this as a separate layer, basing his argument on its intertwining with other levels. However, W. Schmid insisted on its retention, indicating that it could also manifest itself independently of the other levels, namely, as a direct, explicit evaluation. In this case the ideological level is then a facultative phenomenon only functional in the narrative scheme of the text when there are explicit ideological utterances. We propose using an old definition of ideology set down by A. J. Greimas and J. Courtés, who, in Sémiotique. Dictionnaire raisonné de la théorie du langue (1979), define ideology as the syntagmatic aspect of the taxonomic concept of axiology. The acceptance of this definition brings with it a number of important consequences: 1) In view of the fact that the narrative text, a product of subjective consciousness, inevitably consists of axiologically meaningful relationships, the axiological level is an immanent element of every narrative text, independent of explicitly manifested ideological rhetoric. 2a) Regardless of its intertwining with the syntagmatics of other narrative levels, there is still the possibility of a paradigmatic reconstruction of the ideology, based on the axiomatics of these narrative levels. 2b) If the analysis of the other four levels is correctly executed, the ideology component will inevitably be the most concise, since it merely summarises all the conclusions that are drawn from analyses of the other levels and brings them into the required equilibrium. After all, to formulate it slightly differently, analysis means the exposure of the axiologically meaningful relationships that have been imposed on the text by the abstract author. Additionally, the mutual hierarchy of the narrative instances must be further determined, a specification one must consistently take into account as one reconstructs the AA. The point at issue here is the more detailed determination of the hierarchical dispositions of instances of abstract author and abstract reader due to Bely's death? Should Moscow be supplemented by the novel Petersburg by the same author because it is apparently symmetrical to Moscow? In that case, should we not also expand the notion of the analysed text to include the novel The silver dove, the first part of an unwritten trilogy of which the novel Petersburg is the second part, etc.? Such questions are allied to the concept of text itself and can arise in infinite shapes and quantities; it is clear that the AA's structure depends on how we respond to them. In our opinion the answers to such questions fall within the competency of the abstract reader who is, par excellence, sensitive to the literary work's nuances in meaning. For this reason we suggest representing the relationship between the abstract author and the abstract reader as an opposition between the principle to be reconstructed and the reconstructing principle, which presupposes a corresponding hierarchical disposition between both. Furthermore, more precision is needed with respect to the analytical methods used in this study. Taking into account the fact that, ideally, the perfectly accurate researcher should concur with the abstract reader, as outlined above, it is useful to call to mind the following aspects: a) the infinitely great competency of the abstract reader with regard to all intertextual connections of a given work and with regard to all meaningful connections, in all their variations, of the work with the extra-literary world – from social-political realia to the psychic circumstances of the concrete author. b) the infinite analytical flexibility of the abstract reader who uses the greatest possible quantity of analytical methods in his interpretative strategy, aiming at the most complete reconstruction of the AA. In view of the fact that, within the framework of a rather restricted study, it is not possible to present a more or less complete description of the AA of even a single work by means of the methodology of even a single analytical approach, it is advisable to limit the analysis to a single feature, albeit one that is shared by the majority of the chosen texts. This means we have mainly confined our efforts to the particular construction which governed the generation of the selected individual texts and which we could provisionally indicate as the abstract meta-author. We believe that the principle of negative anthropology, which – at least regarding Russian literature – was new in the first third of the twentieth century and which contains the denial or explicit 'denigration' of all manifestations of the specifically human, constitutes this kind of integral concept. We must emphasis that this concept – at least in its basic features – is not a twentieth-century invention. However, it does form a sharp contrast with literature of the nineteenth century imbued with humanism. For the analysis of this attitude, large-scale works of prose (novels, short stories) were chosen as the most representative for the 1920s and 1930s. The basis of the selection was the pursuit of maximum diversity with regard to ideology (in the narrowest sense of the word), genre and stylistics, and pragmatics. Taking their fundamental principles into account, the texts were chosen from the following literary movements or paradigms: (post)symbolism (Bely, Moscow), skaz (Klyèkov, Èertuxinskij balakir'), (post)modernism (Nabokov, The Gift), socialist realism (Gaidar, The Tale of the Military Secret). During the course of the analysis it became clear that the following two fundamental constructive principles that nourish the concept of negative anthropology could be identified in the above-mentioned texts. The essence of the matter is that W. Booth (Booth 1961) recognised the usefulness of designing a system of narrative hierarchy within communicative interaction. He defined a receptive side for each of the positions: in his scheme, the concrete author (Flesh-and-Blood Author) was correlated to the concrete reader (Fleshand- Blood Re-Creator), the narrator (or, in his terminology, Teller of This Story) was correlated to the fictive reader (Credulous Listener), and, finally, the abstract author (Implied Author) was correlated to the Postulated Reader, or the 'abstract reader', as Wolf Schmid would refer to him later. In Schmid's view, the abstract reader is the 'ideal recipient of the author', a definition with which we entirely agree. In our opinion, however, this does not apply to the phylogenetic constituent of this concept as Schmid tends to present it. In his view, the picture of the abstract reader seems to be determined in advance by the corresponding structural configurations of the work; in other words, it is a more or less passive communicative duplication of the AA. However, further examination indicates that in the reasoning in question the objectivity of the semantic configurations in the text is implicitly postulated; in other words, there is a presumption that the full (all-embracing) meaning of the work is not only given a priori but is also materially present in the text components themselves. In reality, however, the full meaning (and here we concur with W. Iser) is realised by the reader who fills in, as it were, the gaps in meaning intentionally or unintentionally embedded in the work by the author. In theory, there are an infinitely large number of such gaps and, correspondingly, every time a reader fills in a different number or group of gaps one can speak of a different structure of the total meaning of the work. Only God is capable of filling in all the gaps, making Him the most ideal recipient to figure in all models of narrative instances according to the communicative model. Nonetheless, we must also take into consideration the possibly less obvious fact that the text whose meaning is to be reconstructed in the analysis is not a protoplasmic entity but the product of certain conventions or analytic procedures. Both the conventions and the analytic procedures applied to the text belong to the competencies of the abstract reader. We shall explain this in more detail below. When dealing with, for example, Pushkin's novel Yevgeny Onegin, it is clear that the text itself provides no answer to the question whether this work has been completed. Our decision to regard this work as finished or unfinished affects its significance and, correspondingly, the picture of the AA. In our opinion, the instance of the abstract reader is responsible for the decision concerning the boundaries of the text; in other words, the decision to limit interpretative activity to eight chapters, or ten, or to state, as a matter of principle, that the work has only one boundary – a beginning. In each of these cases, the complete meaning of the work will have a different structure. The same argument can be applied with regard to varying editions of one and the same work. Consider the case of collected stories. How can one correctly determine this text's boundaries? Should we reconstruct each story's AA, so that something like a portrait gallery is created, or is it more sensible to regard a collection of stories as a single text and to reconstruct an integral AA on the basis of all the stories? Or, as in the case of the novel Moscow by Andrei Bely analysed in this dissertation: is it valid to regard the three sections of this work as separate texts – after all, they were published as separate books at different times, and the stylistic variations are evident? Is it valid to speak about an AA as a self-contained concept in view of the fact that the novel actually remained unfinished 1. Space destabilisation In view of the fact that it is only through history that man realises himself as an intrinsic integrity, he is most easily marginalised in the most unequivocal, i.e., most effective, way in a universe in which history in the usual sense of the term is seriously problematised by spatio-temporal ambivalence. The spatio-temporal continuum evaporates in this set-up, which may manifest itself in various ways but essentially involves the same mechanism. In some texts, normally seen as belonging to the modernistic paradigms (in our case, Moscow, Èertuxinskij balakir', The Gift), a destabilisation of the normal world view has occurred and this is more or less evident to the reader: the attributes of a certain point in space can easily belong to a different point, just as the attributes of a certain object can turn out to be the attributes of a different object. One spatial area can be projected upon a different spatial area, and, in such cases, the boundaries between the areas become so transparent that distinction between them is no longer possible. All objects and points in this kind of space enter, as it were, into relationships of mutual equivalence, or if we regard it in semiotic terms, all objects enter into relationships of crosswise reference without having an unambiguously phraseable singular denotation. Another way to destabilise space, however paradoxical it may sound, is by structuring space by means of mythopoetic patterns. We believe that mythopoetic structures occur in every narrative text, which seems largely self-evident. In view of the fact that in narrative texts we deal with subjectivity pur sang, it is perfectly logical that this subjectivity will lend varying axiological colour to the different segments of space. In conjunction with our cognitive schemes, i.e., the structure of our brains, this colour is generated according to the principle of binary opposition. In this way each narrative space has an axiological marking on the basis of duality (high-low, here-there, citycountry, etc.), for which in historical terms the priority lies with the myth as the first (spontaneous) project in human history to be given structure. The issue is merely one concerning the extent to which this mythopoetic – or as one may prefer, quasimythopoetic – scheme becomes manifest, and even the rather confined analysis we have performed demonstrates that this is largely the situation in Russian prose of the 1920s and 1930s. It is understandable that in both cases space destabilisation results in the elimination of the human subject. In the former case, when space is characterised by a high degree of relativity, man adopts in a metonymic way space's capacity to undergo all kinds of metamorphoses whose degree of radicalness can vary: from the possibility of metempsychosis, as in the case of the reincarnated protagonists in Nabokov's The Gift, to the division of protagonists in a synchronous system of look-alikes, of which each one has a role in the distinction of meaning and which only begin to acquire consolidated meaning when they have been conceptually united (cf. the Korobkin brothers, Mandro – Dromarden, Lizaša – Leonora, and Kierko – Titelev in Moscow; Ul'jana – Maria in Èertuxinskij balakir'; the whole herd of doubles in The Gift). In the latter case, when space has been structured according to the myth, for a number of reasons man is also eliminated: a) man, as we know him, necessarily realises himself in history (only God realises himself in infinity), whereas myth knows no linearity and therefore no history. Thus only a certain notion of man or a model of subjectivity can possibly realise itself in myth, but not man as such b) the concept of realisation itself (of man or of other objects that occupy mythical space) is weakened here by virtue of the fact that determinism rules in myth – a genuine paradigmatic formation – which substantially weakens the independence and the responsibility of the protagonists somehow engaged in realising themselves c) which also directly combines points a) and b): myth, which does not recognise the singularity of here and now, does not accommodate the aspect of subjectivity, which is a constitutive element of man (and without this relationship, there can be no subjectivity). 2. Theatricalisation of narrative space An important factor in the construction of the great narrative forms of this period is the theatricalisation of space: in some cases the accent is placed on an analogous segmentation of space (Gaidar) when, for example, the entire adventurous part of the narrative is linked to a concrete topos, while the lyrical part, as a whole, is connected to another area, etc.; in other words, the narrative space, just as in theatre space, is divided into semiologically clearly delineated segments. In other cases the theatricalisation can be achieved by assigning purely dramatic characteristics to the protagonists. In this latter case there is a strikingly varied list of procedures that can be applied to create a 'theatrical text' in which the majority of the protagonists, or even all of them, are assigned a role. The most prominent technique is the construction of a character on the basis of a marionette or automatic dummy (Bely) with the corresponding imitation of its expressiveness and speech which become isomorphous with the discrete, emphatically affected expressiveness of a doll, where the character disintegrates into disassociated sememes and is only held together by the context. In such cases, to emphasise the artificiality a complicated, deviating syntax and an extremely extensive vocabulary of occasionalisms is employed. A less conspicuous strategy (as in Gaidar and also in many social-realist authors of the 1920s and 1930s) consists of a return to the constructive configurations of pre-realistic theatre in which the only possible actors are masks or, to use a more recent term, types, whose dynamics are determined entirely by fable and not by any intrinsic structure or stratification of character. Each of them has an ontologically determined role (of course, this concerns only the ontology of that specific space) and the mode of existence here is such that there are no a priori opportunities to switch roles; this space simply does not enable this kind of transformation. A strictly natural effect of this type of situation is the extremely normative behaviour of the characters in both their actions and their verbal expressions. Another method of desecrating narrative space is rooted in the symbolistic paradigm (or to be more precise, in the paradigm of early Russian symbolism) which is typified by the representation of this world as a close-knit semiotic universe whose characters refer to a supratextual substance that governs this world. A consequence of this worldview is the acceptance of fairly strict definitions of determinism and its unavoidable companion destiny. The concept of destiny assumes a certain marked role for each of the characters; after all, a complete behavioural paradigm (as regards destiny) can be created for a (marked) role, whereas this is impossible for the vital realisation of a person in his existence: in this latter case only the syntagmatic logical coherence can be determined, and that coherence is incomplete by definition. The narrative in The Gift (as in several other of Nabokov's novels) is constructed in this way, i.e., in functional-behavioural terms of destiny. This is also the case in Èertuxinskij balakir' by Klyèkov, in which the centre of the narrative is occupied by a kind of minus type: a character that not only lacks psychology (in as much as this kind of reduction is possible for humans), but also every manifestation of his own will which could testify to even an illusory independence from the functional universe. We must consider that a person's dramatic accessories (e.g., a person on stage) are essentially emancipated from existence and as a result revealingly attest to the nature of the processes that eliminate humans from the prose of the era. The observation of AA structures in 1920s and 1930s Russian prose thus offers the opportunity to bring to light a collection of these texts' implicit features, which manifest themselves in the first third of the twentieth century and which consequently enabled radical qualitative change in the entire structure of Russian prose. If executed with sufficient accuracy, the reconstruction of AAs in works from different periods can offer new insight into the history of literature. In more precise terms, it can open a new history of literature, a history engaged in the diachronous modification of the models according to which creative texts are generated at a certain points in time.

Modern processes of reforming the agroindustrial complex of Ukraine, a large part of which belongs to the agrarian sector, under the globalization of world economic processes in the agricultural market require that domestic agroindustrial enterprises improve and rationally manage innovative activities (IА). The effective solution of problems that arise in this context in the rapidly changing economic and social and political environment requires that analytical methods in the management of the enterprises of the agroindustrial complex (AIC) be used on the basis of the tools of economic and mathematical modelling, taking into account characteristics of agrarian production. The main approaches to modelling systems related to IА management are either descriptive or insufficiently formalized, and suggest virtual experimenting with IA management, avoiding the possibility of assessing the impact and consequences of different management options in the long view, minimizing IA risks when making managerial decisions. The subject matter of the article is the tools of economic and mathematical simulation of the development of innovative activities of the domestic agroindustrial complex. The goal is to develop tools for modelling innovative activities of enterprises of the agroindustrial complex of Ukraine in the form of analytical dependencies of impact factors. The objective is to research the dynamics of innovative activities of enterprises of the agroindustrial complex of Ukraine in terms of its components under the globalization of world economic processes in the market of agricultural products. General scientific methods are used, such as system analysis – to determine the peculiarities of development of IА of agroindustrial production in Ukraine, factor analysis – to formalize the cause-and-effect relationships of the investigated factors of AIC enterprises impact on IA. The following results were obtained: on the basis of the analysis of the dynamics of changes in the major indices of domestic agricultural production, the problem aspects were identified and the components of IA of agricultural production were determined, latent factors with prolonged impact on the level of innovative activities of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine were calculated. Conclusions: the calculated latent factors of the impact of AIC enterprises on IА can be efficiently used in foreign economic activities as recommendations for determining the IА strategy of Ukraine in the world agricultural market. ; Современные процессы реформирования отрасли АПК Украины, значительная часть которой принадлежит аграрному сектору, в условиях глобализации мирохозяйственных процессов на рынке сельскохозяйственной продукции требует от отечественных агропромышленных предприятий совершенствования и рационального управления инновационной деятельностью (ИД). Эффективное решение возникающих при этом задач в быстро меняющихся условиях экономического и социально-политического среды требует применения аналитических методов в управлении ИД предприятий АПК на основе инструментария экономико-математического моделирования с учетом особенностей аграрного производства. Основные подходы к моделированию систем, связанных с управлением ИД, осуществлено описательными средствами или представлены с недостаточной формализацией, и предлагают практически экспериментировать с управлением ИД, избегая возможность оценить результативность и последствия различных вариантов управления ИД в будущей перспективе с минимизацией рисков ИД при принятии управленческих решений. Предметом исследования в статье является инструментарий экономико-математического моделирования развития ИД отечественного агропромышленного производства. Цель заключается в разработке инструментов моделирования развития ИД предприятий АПК Украины в виде аналитических зависимостей факторов влияния. Задача: Исследование динамики развития ИД предприятий АПК Украины в разрезе ее составляющих в условиях глобализации мирохозяйственных процессов на рынке сельскохозяйственной продукции. Используются общенаучные методы: системный анализ – для определения особенностей развития ИД агропромышленного производства Украины, факторный анализ для формализации причинно-следственных взаимосвязей исследуемых факторов влияния на ИД предприятий АПК. Получены следующие результаты: на основе проведенного анализа динамики изменения основных показателей отечественного агропроизводства выявлены проблемные аспекты и определены составляющие ИД агропромышленного производства, вычислены латентные факторы, имеющие пролонгированное влияние на уровень ИД предприятий АПК Украины. Выводы: вычисленные латентные факторы влияния на ИД предприятий АПК целесообразно использовать во внешнеэкономической деятельности в качестве рекомендаций для определения стратегии ИД Украины на мировом рынке сельскохозяйственной продукции. ; Сучасні процеси реформування галузі АПК України, значна частка якої належить аграрному сектору, в умовах глобалізації світогосподарських процесів на ринку сільськогосподарської продукції вимагає від вітчизняних агропромислових підприємств вдосконалення та раціонального управління інноваційною діяльністю (ІД). Ефективне вирішення виникаючих при цьому завдань в швидко змінюваних умовах економічного та соціально-політичного середовища потребує застосування аналітичних методів в управлінні ІД підприємств АПК на основі інструментарію економіко-математичного моделювання з урахуванням особливостей аграрного виробництва. Основні підходи щодо моделювання систем, пов'язаних з управлінням ІД, здійснено описовими засобами або представлено з недостатньою формалізацією, і пропонують практично експериментувати з управлінням ІД, уникаючи можливість оцінити результативність та наслідки різних варіантів управління ІД в майбутній перспективі з мінімізацією ризиків ІД при прийнятті управлінських рішень. Предметом дослідження в статті є інструментарій економіко-математичного моделювання розвитку ІД вітчизняного агропромислового виробництва. Мета – полягає у розробці інструментів моделювання розвитку ІД підприємств АПК України у вигляді аналітичних залежностей факторів впливу. Завдання: дослідження динаміки розвитку ІД підприємств АПК України в розрізі її складових в умовах глобалізації світогосподарських процесів на ринку сільськогосподарської продукції. Використовуються загальнонаукові методи: системний аналіз - для визначення особливостей розвитку ІД агропромислового виробництва України, факторний аналіз для формалізації причинно-наслідкових взаємозв'язків досліджуваних факторів впливу на ІД підприємств АПК. Отримано такі результати: на основі проведеного аналізу динаміки змін основних показників вітчизняного агровиробництва виявлено проблемні аспекти та визначено складові ІД агропромислового виробництва, а також обчислено латентні фактори, що мають пролонгований вплив на рівень ІД підприємств АПК України. Висновки: обчислені латентні фактори впливу на ІД підприємств АПК доцільно використовувати у зовнішньоекономічній діяльності у якості рекомендацій для визначення стратегії ІД Україні на світовому ринку сільськогосподарської продукції.

The Swedish colony of Gammalsvenskby (Старошведское) was founded 1782 on the lands of New Russia (Новороссия) by fishermen from the island of Dagö/Hiiumaa in the Baltic Sea. Villagers had frequent contacts with Sweden and the Grand Duchy of Finland throughout the nineteenth century. A number of Swedish cultural institutes (school, new church, library, chorus etc.) were built due to the Scandinavian aid in the village and as consequence the colonists received "an inoculation" of modern Swedish nationalism. During the first half of the 20th century the Swedish community near the Black Sea became the subject of the series of social experiments on the part of the different political regimes. The aim was to change the collective identity of the colonists and creation of loyalty of Swedes towards the new authorities. In 1923-1929 in the village under the guidance of the Ukrainian Central Commission for the National Minorities (ЦКНМ) the politics of the indigenization was provided with the aim of transforming former foreign colonists of the Russian Empire into a loyal ethnic minority of the Soviet Ukraine. However in 1929 the whole village (888 persons) emigrated to Sweden after negotiations between the Swedish and Soviet governments. In the historic fatherland a new large scale experiment was undertaken under the control of the specially created Committee (Gammalsvenskbykommittén). The aim of this experiment was to fully integrate the "archaic" Ukrainian Swedes into the modern Swedish society through their transformation into the successful Swedish farmers. The emigrants were denied a separate settlement in Sweden and newcomers were dissolved throughout the country to undergo "instruction of the Swedish norms of economic and every day activities." Appointed by the Committee inspectors were monitoring all the aspects of the integration of the old Swedes into the Swedish society. About 300 Swedish colonists who were not agree with the policy of Sweden voluntarily returned to the Soviet Union according to their own will. There in Röda Svenskby during five years under the guidance of the Comintern and rule of the Swedish Communist Party led by Hugo Sillén the experiment on the implementing the first Swedish kolkhoz and Swedish intentional community in the Soviet Union took place. The Soviet Union was unlike many other states in the world. This difference concerns not only the abolishment of private property and the dictatorship of the Communist Party, but also a nationalities policy based on internationalism. While ethnic minorities faced discrimination across Europe, the Soviet Union proclaimed in 1923, and then realized, a policy of full support of cultural and linguistic rights for ethnic minorities. However this policy changed dramatically when, in 1937, the Soviet government and the secret police (NKVD) started a mass operation in order to execute members of several ethnic minorities. For fourteen months in 1937 and 1938 roughly 250,000 people representing some 25 ethnic minorities from Finns to Iranians were executed by NKVD. The mass arrests did occur in Gammalsvenskby in 1937-38 and included 22 individuals from 41 Swedish families. The promotion of the Swedish culture was fully stopped simultaneously with the era of terror. In 1938 the Swedish school was closed, the national village council was dismissed and the administrative positions there were taken by non-locals. During World War II Swedish colonists accepted the status of Volksdeutsche. In 1943 all villagers together with their German neighbours were evacuated to Germany by the Nazi occupation forces. In 1945 about a hundred of the returning Ukrainian Swedes were deported by the Soviet secret police (NKVD) to the Komi autonomous republic – a Finno-Ugric region in northern Russia. The government decided to settle all former Volksdeutsche in the Gulag area alongside other enemies of the Soviet state "until further notice". The main purpose of the displacement and isolation of this "special contingent" was "to make them true Soviet citizens". Within the theoretical framework provided in the works of Michel Foucault and Alberto Melucci the author analyzes the techniques of forced normalization used by the Stalinist totalitarian state in order to reorient the cultural and linguistic identity of a Swedish ethnic group. The book is based on the archival sources in the repositories of Ukraine, Sweden and Russia. ; I boken analyseras de olika sociala experiment som invånarna i Gammalsvenskby i Ukraina utsattes för under 1900-talets första hälft. Från 1700-talet och framåt hade svenskbyborna täta kontakter med Sverige och Finland och behöll sin svenska identitet och kultur. Den stalinistiska staten försökte vid flera tillfällen förändra svenskbybornas kollektiva identitet. De skulle "normaliseras" och bli goda sovjetukrainska medborgare, medlemmar av internationella kommunistiska rörelsen och medvetna byggare av det socialistiska samhället. 1929 emigrerade samtliga invånare i Staroshvedskoe (888 personer) till Sverige, efter förhandlingar mellan den svenska och den sovjetiska regeringen. I Sverige sattes en mängd insatser in för att "integrera" Ukrainasvenskarna i det moderna samhället. De fick inte bosätta sig tillsammans och övervakades av inspektörer på praktikplatser, så att integrationen gick rätt till. Ungefär en tredjedel av Ukrainasvenskarna valde därefter att återvända till Sovjetunionen. Efter deras återkomst till Röda Svenskbyn genomfördes där ett experiment administrerat av Komintern och under ledning av kommunister från Sveriges kommunistiska parti. Experimentet gick ut på att bygga upp den första svenska kolchosen i Sovjetunionen. Under den Stora Terrorn arresterades och arkebuserades 23 svenskbybor, anklagade för att ha byggt upp en "svensk spionorganisation". Den tyska ockupationen av Ukraina medförde att Ukrainasvenskar blev offer för ännu ett experiment, denna gång i form av en nazi-germanisering av den svenska befolkningen i Altschwedendorf. 1945 förvisades svenskbybor av den sovjetiska säkerhetspolisen till Gulag eftersom de klassificerades som folkets fiender. Inom ramen för Michel Foucaults och Alberto Meluccis teorier undersökas i boken den sovjetiska tvångsnormaliseringens tekniker. Dessa användes framgångsrikt av myndigheterna för ideologisk, lingvistisk och kulturell omstöpning av Ukrainasvenskarna, men författaren visar också hur svenskbyborna gjorde kollektivt motstånd. ; Swedish colonies in Ukraine

AB SÜRECİNDE TÜRKİYE TARIMIAvrupa Birliği (AB); siyasi ve ekonomik anlamda uluslararası bir bütünleşmedir. Avrupa'da siyasi ve ekonomik bütünleşme Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu'nun (AET) kurulmasıyla başlamıştır. 1951 yılında kurulan Avrupa Kömür ve Çelik Birliği (CECA) bütünleşme yolunda atılmış ikinci adımdır. Ekonomik yönden birleşme fikrine yoğunlaşılması sonucunda 25 Mart 1957 tarihinde Avrupa Atom Enerjisi Topluluğu (EURATOM) kurulmuştur. Bu topluluklar AB'nin temelini oluşturmaktadır. 1 Ocak 1958 tarihinde kurucu altı ülke (Almanya, Fransa, İtalya, Belçika, Hollanda, Lüksemburg) tarafından imzalanarak yürürlüğe giren Roma Anlaşması ile Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu bugünkü adıyla Avrupa Birliği kurulmuştur. AB, Avrupa'da yaşanan savaşların tekrardan çıkmasını engellemek, ekonomi alanında yaşanan işsizlik sorunu çözmek, az gelişmiş bölgelerin kalkındırılması ve yaşam standartlarının yükseltilmeyi amaçlamaktadır.Avrupa Birliğinin İç politikalarının temeli, 'Serbest Piyasa Düzeni' oluşturmakla beraber birçok korumaya yönelik önlemler ve birlikte hareket etme prensibine önem verilmektir. Dış Politikaları ise, Topluluğun çıkarlarını temel almaktadır. Dış Politikalar; Ortak Tarım Politikaları, Ortak Ticaret Politikaları, Ortak Sanayi Politikaları ve Ortak Sosyal Politikalardan oluşmaktadır.Haziran 1993 tarihinde düzenlenen Kopenhag Zirvesinde, AB'ne üyelik koşulları belirlenmiştir. Bu koşullar üyelik için başvuran tüm aday ülkelerin yerine getirmesi gereken asgari koşullar olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Bu koşullar, siyasi, ekonomik kriterler ve müktesebat uyumu olmak üzere üç grupta toplanmaktadır.Türkiye AB ilişkileri 31 Temmuz 1959 tarihinde Türkiye'nin AETye ortaklık başvuru ile başlamıştır. Gümrük Birliği ve tam üyeliğe yönelik ilk adımlar 1 Aralık 1964 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren Ankara Antlaşması ile atılmıştır. Türkiye Avrupa Topluluğu (AT) ile 1963 yılında imzaladığı Ankara Anlaşması ve 1970 yılında imzalanan Katma Protokol ile; Topluluğa tam üyeliği amaçlanmakta ve taraflara bazı yükümlülükler getirilmektedir.Bu yükümlülüklerden birisi, Türkiye ile AT arasında emeğin serbest dolaşımı konusudur. Emeğin serbest dolaşımı konusu, Ankara Anlaşması ve Katma Protokol ile 1976-1986 tarihleri arasında aşamalı olarak gerçekleşmesi öngörülmüş olsa da bu durum AT tarafından kabul edilmemiştir. Türkiye AB' ne katılım süreci içerisindeki aday adayı ülke konumundan 1999'da düzenlenen Helsinki Zirvesi ile aday ülke konumuna geçmiştir. Ayrıca AB, bu süreçte Türkiye'nin diğer aday ülkelerle aynı şartlara sahip olacağını belirtmiştir.1923-1950 yılları arasında tarımsal KİT'ler kurulmuştur. Türkiye ekonomisinde 1960'lı yıllardan sonra planlı döneme geçilmiştir. 1960-1970 yılları arasında tarımsal girdi kullanımının teşviki ve sulama alanlarına yönelik yapılan yatırımlarla sağlanan verim artışı sonucunda destekleme alımları yapılmış ve desteklenen ürünlerin sayısı arttırılmıştır. Bu dönemde yaşanan sosyal ve siyasal istikrarsızlık, Kıbrıs Savaşı, petrol krizi ve döviz darboğazından dolayı ekonomide durgunluk yaşanmıştır. Bu gelişmeler sonucunda Hükümet önlemler almaya başlamış, 1978 yılında "istikrar programı "nı açıklamıştır. İstikrar programı içerisinde yer alan ve uygulanan önlemler; KİT açılarlını kapatmak amacıyla KİT ürünlerine zam yapılmış, ithalat zorlaştırılmış ve devalüasyon yapılmıştır. 1979 yılında uygulana yeni bir program ile KİT ürünlerine yönelik zam uygulamasına devam edilmiş, faiz oranları yükseltilmiş ve Türk Lirası yeniden devalüe edilmiştir. Enflasyona engel olunamamasından ve durgunluğun devam etmesinden dolayı 24 Ocak1980 Kararları alınmıştır. 1980 sonrası dönemde 24 Ocak 1980 Kararlarıyla; devletin tarım sektörüne sağladığı destek azalmıştır. Fiyat yoluyla desteklenen ürün sayısı, 1980 yılında 24 iken, 1981 yılında 20'ye, 1985 yılında 18'e,1990 yılında ise 10'a düşmüştür. Nisan 1994'de yaşanan ekonomik kriz nedeniyle desteklenen ürün sayısı azaltılmış Bu süreç 2001 yılı sonuna kadar devam etmiştir. 2000'li yıllara gelindiğinde etkinliğini yitiren tarım politikalarının yerini, rekabete dayalı, adil, çiftçinin gelir düzeyini yükseltmeyi amaçlayan çevreci olan daha etkin tarım politikaları almıştır. Yeni tarım politikalarının hedeflerine ulaşmak için kullanılan araç, Doğrudan Gelir Desteği Uygulaması'dır. Bu uygulama AB'nde uygulanan Tek Çiftlik Ödeme Yöntemi için temel oluşturma niteliğindedir.1980'li yıllarda AB üyelik sürecine yönelik atılan önemli adım Gümrük Birliği Anlaşması olmuştur. Gümrük Birliği sayesinde Türkiye ekonomisi AB pazarında rekabet edebilme gücünü deneme fırsatı bulmuştur. Ayrıca Gümrük Birliği ile rekabet, fikri sınai mülkiyet hakları, tüketicinin korunması gibi bir çok konuda gerçekleştirilen mevzuat uyumu sayesinde Türkiye küreselleşme sürecinde yol kat etmiştir.Türkiye toprakları içerisinde dağlık alanların geniş yer kaplamasına rağmen mevcutta tarıma elverişli alanların etkin kullanılması durumunda tarımsal üretimimiz kendimize yeterlilik düzeyini de aşarak dış ticaretimiz içinde önemli bir yere sahip olmasını sağlayacaktır.TURKEY AGRİCULTURE İN THE PROCESS OF EUROPEAN UNİONEuropean Union (EU), an international political and economic integration. Political and economic integration in Europe, the European Economic Community (EEC) began with the establishment. Founded in 1951, the European Coal and Steel Community (Ceca) towards a second step of integration. Economic aspects to the idea of combining the results concentrate on the March 25, 1957 the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) was established. These communities form the foundation of the EU. On January 1, 1958 the six founding countries (Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) signed by the Rome Treaty enters into force today with the European Economic Community was founded with the name of the European Union.EU to leave Europe to avoid repetition of recent war, the economy experienced in the field to solve the unemployment problem, to the development of underdeveloped areas and living standards are intended to be promoted.The European Union's internal policies based on the 'Free Market Order' measures aimed at protecting and creating together with many moving important principle. Foreign policy, the Community's interests are based. Foreign policies, the Common Agricultural Policy, Common Commercial Policy, Common Industrial Policy and Social Policy is made up of partners.Held on June 1993 in Copenhagen, the EU membership requirements have been identified. These conditions of all candidate countries applying for membership must meet the minimum requirements are being considered. These conditions, the political, economic criteria and the acquis compliance are to be grouped under three.EU-Turkey relations on July 31, 1959 began with Turkey's application for association AETye. Customs Union and the first steps towards full membership, which came into force on December 1, 1964 have been taken by the Treaty of Ankara.Turkey and the European Community (EC) signed in 1963 with the Ankara Agreement and Additional Protocol, signed in 1970, aimed at being a full member of the community and are parties to certain responsibilities.One of these obligations, Turkey and the EC is a matter between the free movement of labor. The issue of free movement of labor, with the Ankara Agreement and Additional Protocol between 1976 to 1986 was predicted to occur in phases, although this was not accepted by the EC.Turkey EU accession process and in what position the nominated candidate countries held in Helsinki in 1999 and became a candidate country. The EU, Turkey and other candidate countries in this process will have the same conditions stated.Agricultural state enterprises has been established between the years 1923-1950. Turkey's economy was in the late 1960s, after the planned period. Between 1960-1970 the use of agricultural input subsidies and investment in irrigation areas provided for an increase in productivity as a result of purchases made to support and increase the number of products are supported. The social and political instability experienced in this period, Cyprus, War, oil crisis and recession in the economy has experienced due to foreign exchange bottlenecks. As a result of these developments the Government has started to take measures, in 1978, "stabilization program" for oxychlorination. Stabilization program in place and implemented measures, in order to close açılarlını Kit Kit allowance made products, imports have been customized and made devaluation. Kit with a new program implemented in 1979 hike application was continued for products, interest rates raised and the Turkish lira was devalued again. Prevent inflation and recession because of the ongoing 24th Ocak1980 decisions taken. In the period after 1980 to January 24, 1980 Decision of the State to provide support to the agricultural sector has declined. The number of supported products through the price in 1980 was 24 in 1981 to 20 in 1985 to 18 in 1990, while 10 declined. April 1994 due to the economic crisis reduced the number of supported products until the end of this process has continued in 2001. When it comes to events in the 2000s to replace lost agricultural policy, competitive, fair, aiming to raise the income level of farmers with environmentalists was more effective agricultural policies. New agricultural policy tools used to achieve their goals, Uygulaması'dır Direct Income Support. This application of EU Single Farm Payment Methods applied for the basic building characteristics.In the 1980s, the important steps taken towards EU membership process has been the Customs Union Agreement. Customs Union with Turkey's economy to compete in the market power of the EU had the opportunity to experiment. Moreover, the Customs Union with the competition, intellectual and industrial property rights, consumer protection legislation is carried out a lot about the way the process of globalization has come through Turkey.Turkey in the mountainous area of land available in spite of the large space to be used effectively in the case of arable fields, our agricultural production ourselves in our foreign trade to exceed proficiency levels also have an important place will ensure that .

For the first time in the Ukrainian legal history, the article examines the issues of the ancient Persian understanding of legal personality, reflected in Avestan religious codification. Based on the classical scientific works of orientalists, as well as on modern studies of Iranian scientists, the author comes to the conclusion that Avesta originally divided people into two varieties - Iranian farmers and Turanian herders. The formation of the imperial identity of the ancient Persians was closely associated with the differentiation of the surrounding peoples into "civilized" and "barbaric". The nomadic way of life was criticized by Iranian sacred texts and acquired the content of a legal metaphor used by Persian monarchs from different dynasties to insult and humiliate those border communities that refused to join the Persian-Median union. Moreover, this cultural differentiation took place around the 7th-6th centuries BC, when the first texts of Avesta were created. The religious and mythological epos of the "Iranians" was composed not so much for religious purposes as it was intended to substantiate an internally integral political doctrine of "higher" and "lower" peoples. Studying this theory, we must first consider the general picture of the cultural and civilizational development of the Persian state. A special place in this picture is occupied not only by the three hypostases of Ancient Iran (dynasties of Achaemenids, Parthians and Sassanids) but also by the spread of Hellenism after the conquests of Alexander the Great. In particular, the article mentions such important aspects for the political and legal doctrines of various Persian monarchies as "koine" (a mix of the Middle Eastern and Ancient Greek languages), the dualism of Hormuzd and Ahriman, the influence of the Pamir cults on the social worldview of ancient and medieval Iranians. It is important that Avestan principle of dualism (the eternal struggle between the forces of good and the forces of evil) automatically assumed the dualistic structure of the entire material world. In such a worldview system, the Persian legal personality could not be limited to any constraints regarding the "barbarians". Consequently, the ideal Avestan concept was based on the recognition as legal personality of only one state - Persia. The author assumes that the text of the article should imply familiarity of readers with the chronology and factography of Persian history. However, despite the initial idea, it must be emphasized that the article can also be used as a propaedeutic presentation for studying the philosophical basis of the ancient Persian history of political and legal doctrines. ; В статье впервые в украинской историко-правовой науке исследуются вопросы древнеперсидского понимания правосубъектности, отраженные в авестийской религиозной кодификации. Базируясь на классических научных трудах востоковедов, а также на современных исследованиях иранских ученых, автор приходит к выводу об изначальном разделении «Авестой» людей на два сорта - земледельцев-иранцев и скотоводов-туранцев. Формирование имперской идентичности древних персов было тесно сопряжено с дифференциацией окружающих народов на «цивилизованные» и «варварские». Кочевой образ жизни критиковался иранскими священными текстами и приобрел содержание юридической метафоры, употреблявшейся персидскими монархами из разных династий для оскорбления и унижения тех пограничных сообществ, которые отказывались войти в состав персо-мидийско-го союза. При этом указанная культурная дифференциация состоялась около УІІ-УІ вв. до н. э., когда были созданы первые тексты «Авесты». Религиозно-мифологический эпос «иранцев» составлялся не столько с религиозными целями, сколько предназначался для обоснования внутренне целостного политического учения о «высших» и «низших» народах. Изучая данную теорию, мы должны сначала рассмотреть общую картину культурно-циви-лизационного развития Персидского государства. Особое место в этой картине занимают не только три ипостаси Древнего Ирана (династии Ахеменидов, Парфян и Сасанидов), но и распространение эллинизма после завоеваний Александра Македонского. В частности, в статье упомянуты такие важные аспекты для политико-правовых доктрин различных персидских монархий, как «койне» (микс ближневосточных и древнегреческого языков), дуализм Ормизда и Аримана, влияние памирских культов на социальное мировоззрение античных и средневековых иранцев. Важно, что авестийский принцип дуализма (извечная борьба сил добра и сил зла) автоматически предполагал дуалистическое устройство всего материального мира. В такой мировоззренческой системе, персидская правосубъектность не могла ограничиваться любыми стеснениями относительно «варваров». Следовательно, идеальная авестийская концепция строилась на признании правосубъектным исключительно одного государства -Персии. Автором предполагается, что текст этой статьи должен подразумевать знакомство читателей с хронологией и фактографией персидской истории. Однако, несмотря на первоначальную задумку, необходимо подчеркнуть, что статья может также использоваться в качестве пропедевтического изложения для изучения философского базиса древнеперсидской истории политических и правовых учений. ; У статті вперше в українській історико-правовій науці досліджуються окремі аспекти давньоперсидського сприйняття правосуб'єктності, відображені в авестійській релігійній кодифікації. Базуючись на класичних наукових працях сходознавців, а також на сучасних дослідженнях іранських учених, автор доходить висновку про поділ «Авестою» всього людства на дві «раси» - хліборобів-іранців («колективний Іран») і скотарів-туранців («колективний Туран»). Формування імперської ідентичності давніх персів було тісно пов'язане із психологічною диференціацією навколишніх народів на «цивілізовані» і «варварські». Кочівницький спосіб життя критикувався іранськими священними текстами й набув змісту юридичної метафори, яка вживалась персидськими монархами різних династій для образи і приниження тих «межових» спільнот, які відмовлялись увійти до складу пер-со-мідійського етнокультурного союзу. Водночас зазначена культурна диференціація відбулась близько УІІ-УІ ст. до н. е., коли були створені перші тексти «Авести». Релігійно-міфологічний епос «іранців» записувався не так із релігійною метою, як призначався для обґрунтування внутрішньо цілісного політичного вчення про «вищі» та «нижчі» народи. Вивчаючи цю теорію, ми повинні спочатку розглянути загальну картину культурно-цивілі-заційного розвитку Персидської держави. Особливе місце в цій картині займають як три іпостасі Стародавнього Ірану (династії Ахеменідів, Парфян і Сасанідів), так і поширення еллінізму після завоювань Олександра Македонського. Зокрема, у статті розглядаються такі важливі аспекти політико-правових доктрин різних перськихмонархій, як «койне» (мікс близькосхідних і давньогрецької мов), дуалізм Ормізда й Арімана, вплив памірських (таджицьких) культів на соціальний світогляд античних і середньовічних іранців. Важливо, що авестійський принцип дуалізму (одвічна боротьба сил добра проти сил зла) автоматично припускав дуалістичний лад усього матеріального («видимого») світу. В такій світоглядній системі персидська правосуб'єктність не могла обмежуватись будь-якими етичними умовностями щодо «варварів». З огляду на це ідеальна авестійська концепція буду-валасьна визнанні правосуб'єктності виключно однієї держави - Персії. Передусім автором передбачалось, що текст статті мав би бути орієнтований на читачів, добре знайомих із хронологією та фактографією персидської історії. Однак, незважаючи на початкову ідею, необхідно підкреслити, що стаття може також використовуватись як пропедевтична підготовка для подальшого глибокого вивчення філософського базису давньоперсидської історії політичних і правових учень.

ÖZETYirmi birinci yüzyılın başlarında dünyamız sosyal, siyasal ve ekonomik bakımdan çok hızlı gelişmelere sahne olmakta, siyasi yönden de ülkeler arasında yeni dengeler oluşmaktadır. Türkiye ise bulunduğu jeopolitik konumu ve jeostratejik üstünlükleri ile tüm dünyanın dikkatlerini üzerine çekmektedir.Dünyada hızlı nüfus artışı ve yaşanan tabi afetler sebebiyle tarımsal üretim her geçen gün daha da önem kazanmaktadır. Açlık ve fakirliğin yaşandığı ülkeler gıda maddelerinde dışa bağımlı hale gelmektedir.Türkiye, geniş yüzölçümü ve coğrafi kaynakları ile gıda üretiminde dünyada kendi kendine yetebilen nadir ülkelerden biridir. Ancak bu potansiyeline rağmen ülkemizin yeraltı ve yerüstü kaynaklarından istenilen ölçüde yararlanılabildiğini söylemek ise mümkün değildir. Gelecekteki tarımsal açığı giderebilmek ve gıda ürünü ihraç edebilmek için başlatılan GAP projesi ise Türkiye'nin geleceğinde önemli bir rol oynayabilecektir.Özellikle Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde Fırat ve Dicle su kaynakları üzerinde 22 baraj ve yüzlerce sulama tesisini esas alan GAP projesinin tamamlanması Türkiye için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Ortadoğu'nun gelecekteki tarımsal üretim ihtiyacını karşılamada büyük önem taşıyan bu proje ile Türkiye'nin bölgedeki gücünün ve öneminin daha da artacağı söylenebilir.GAP projesinin temellerinin atıldığı 1970'li yıllardan bu yana ülkemizde sürekli olarak tarımsal teknoloji ve sulama eksikliği vurgulanmakta ancak, bu konuda yürütülen bilimsel ve teknik çalışmalar yetersiz kalmaktadır.Son dönemde Türkiye ile her konuda yakın diyalog ve işbirliği içinde bulunan İsrail ise gerek ülke içinde gerekse de başka ülkelerde yaptığı tarımsal araştırmalar ile dünyanın ilgisini çekmektedir. Çöllerle çevrili bir bölgede yer alan İsrail, sulama ve tohum ıslah çalışmalarında önemli adımlar atmıştır. Farklı tarımsal ürünlerde verimli tohumlar İsrail'de üretilmekte ve buradan da pek çok ülkeye ihraç edilmektedir.Her yıl yeni teknik ve teknolojilere büyük bütçeler ayıran İsrail Hükümeti, GAP bölgesine de büyük ilgi göstermektedir. Ülkemize ziyaretlerde bulunan İsrailli yetkililer, ikili görüşmelerde İsrail ve Türkiye ekonomilerinin tarımsal üretim ve teknoloji yönünden birbirlerini tamamlayan yönlerine de özellikle dikkat çekmektedirler.İsrail ile Türkiye arasında yürürlükte olan Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması ve diğer Ekonomik ve Teknik İşbirliği Anlaşmaları ise iki ülke ilişkilerine büyük ivme kazandırmaktadır.Bu çalışmamızda amacımız, İsrail ile tarım alanında yapılabilecek ortak teknolojik ve bilimsel altyapı projelerini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu çerçevede; iki ülke ilişkilerinin Türkiye-İsrail Tarımsal İşbirliği Anlaşması gereğince, GAP bölgesindeki tarımsal üretime nasıl katkıda bulunabileceği üç ana başlıkta değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır.Çalışmamızın birinci bölümünde; Türkiye'deki tarımın genel yapısı ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi'ni incelemeye çalıştık. Bu bölümde GAP projesinin Türkiye'nin en büyük kalkınma projesi olduğu vurgulanırken, bölgenin tarımsal potansiyeli üzerinde özellikle durulmuştur.Çalışmamızın ikinci bölümünde ise, İsrail'deki tarımın genel yapısı ve tarım projeleri üzerinde durulmuş, özellikle İsrail tarım endüstrisinin yapısı ve çalışmaları incelenmiştir. Bununla beraber İsrail'de elde edilen tarımsal verimin tarım teknolojisi ile birleştirilerek nasıl diğer ülkelere pazarlanabildiği belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.Çalışmamızın üçüncü ve son bölümde ise, Türkiye-İsrail tarımsal işbirliği potansiyeli üzerine bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Bu değerlendirmede Türkiye ile İsrail'in ekonomik ilişkileri, Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması ve bunların sonucunda tarım ürünlerinin taviz pozisyon listeleri üzerinde de bilgiler verilmiştir.Ayrıca çalışmamızla ilgili olarak Türkiye-İsrail tarımsal işbirliği potansiyelinin GAP bölgesinde nasıl üretime geçirilebileceği ve halen uygulanabilirlik durumları değerlendirilmiştir.Türkiye-İsrail Tarımsal İşbirliği Anlaşmasının GAP Bölgesi'ndeki çeşitli uygulanmalarda başarılı olabilmesi için şu önerilerde bulunabiliriz;* Yaklaşık olarak toplam yatırım tutarı 32 milyar dolar olarak dile getirilen GAP projesi henüz tamamlanmamasına rağmen enerji üretimi ve sosyal içeriği ile gerçekten önemli faydalar sağlamaktadır. Ancak mevcut ürün deseni değiştirilmediği ve modern teknolojiler kullanılmadığı takdirde tarım alanında istenen verimi elde etmek ne yazık ki kolay gözükmemektedir.* GAP master planında öngörülen temel kalkınma hedefleri bölgenin temelde tarıma dayalı ihracat üssü haline getirilmesine dayanmaktadır. GAP Projesi'nin bundan sonraki aşamaları da ürün ve pazar çeşitliliği ile birlikte tarıma dayalı ihracat hedefini dikkate alacak şekilde yürütülmelidir. GAP Bölgesi ise tarıma dayalı gıda sanayinin nüvesini teşkil etmelidir.* Başta sulama alanında olmak üzere projeler kapsamında götürülen hizmetlerin etkin bir şekilde kullanımını sağlamak için GAP Bölgesi'ndeki çiftçilerin eğitimine büyük önem verilmelidir.* Yaş meyve ve sebze üretiminde bölgedeki mevcut üretimin çeşitlendirilmesiyle bu alanda yüksek bir üretim düzeyine ulaşılacaktır. Bu alanda uygun çeşitlerin seçimi ve doğru üretim tekniklerinin kullanımı yanında ambalajlama, depolama ve pazarlama tekniklerinin geliştirilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır.* Bu çerçevede İsrail ile sulama ve tohum üretimin yanı sıra seracılık, hayvancılık ve tarımsal mekanizasyon gibi konularda da işbirliği çalışmalarına başlanılabilir.Günümüzde teknoloji üretemeyen, transfer edilen teknolojileri de özümseyemeyen toplumların geleceğe umutla bakamayacakları bir gerçektir. Türkiye'de tarım endüstrisi alanında know-how transferine başvurmaz ise gelecekte güçlü bir tarım ülkesi olma hayalini hayata geçiremez.Bu açıdan İsrail ile tarımda mevcut işbirliği potansiyeli çok yönlü ele alınmalı ve milli menfaatler çerçevesinde kamu ve özel sektörün işbirliği teşvik edilmelidir. Tarım alanında elde edilen her türlü teknik ve teknolojik gelişme yakından izlenmeli ve yeni uygulamaların Türk tarımının istifadesine sunulması sağlanmalıdır.ABSTRACT The world is in a situation of rapid developments from social, political and economic aspects at the beggining of 21th century. Also some new balances have begin to arise from the political view. Meanwhile, Turkey draws attention of whole world due to its geopolitics and geostrategic position. Because of rapid increase in the world population and natural disasters, agricultural production gains considerable importance day by day in the world. Those countries which have experienced poverty and starvation, have to be dependent on other countries to meet their foodstuffs. Turkey is one of the rare self sufficient countries which can cover its own needs, with its large territory, land and rich geographical resources and the amount of food production. Despite of its tantamount capacities, it is impossible to say that Turkey is making use of its resources efficiently. The GAP project, carried out to eradicate agricultural shortage and export foodstuffs, will play a very important role in the future of Turkey. Completion of the South Eastern Anatolian Project with the installation of 22 dams and hundreds of irrigation systems on Firat and Dicle especially in the South Eastern Anatolia Region has a great importance for Turkey. It can say that through these projects, the power and importance of Turkey will increase even more in the region. Although, the deficiencies of agricultural technology and irrigation system have been frequently emphasized in our country since the laying down of the foundation of the project in 1970s, the scientific and technical studies, conducted on the issue have continued to be insufficient. On the other hand Israel, that developed a close relation with Turkey recently, draws the attention of the world with its agricultural researches in the country and abroad. Though Israel is surrendered by the deserts, it has succeeded to take important steps regarding to irrigation and seed improvement studies. The high productive seeds have been produced in Israel and exported to many countries. The Israeli government, preparing a considerable budget for the new techniques and technologies, also shows great interest to the GAP project. Israeli officials who have been visiting our country frequently, state in the bilateral negotiations that Turkey and Israel complete one another from the point of agricultural production and technology. Free Trade Agreement and other economic and technical cooperation agreements between the two countries have given impetus to the bilateral relations. Our main goal in this study is to reveal common technological and scientific infrastructure projects which could be conducted with the partnership of Israel and Turkey, relating to agriculture. The affects of the relations between two countries on agricultural production in GAP region, under the framework of Turkey-Israel Agricultural Cooperation Agreement, will be evaluated under three main chapters. At the first part of our study, we have tried to investigate the general structure of agriculture in Turkey and the Southeastern Anatolia Project. As we emphasized on the GAP project as the largest development project of Turkey we will also stress on agricultural potential of Turkey. In the second part of our study, we evaluated the general structure of agriculture in Israel and agricultural projects in this country. Furthermore, we try to determine how the agricultural efficiency in Israel is combined with the agricultural technology and marketing techniques to foreign countries. In the third and last part, we make some evaluations on the agricultural cooperation potential between Turkey and Israel. In the framework of this evaluation some information has been given about the economic relations between the two countries, Free Trade Agreement, and as a result of these agreements, about the privileged position lists of agricultural products. Relating to our studies, we also have evaluated how the Turkey-Israel agricultural cooperation potential in the GAP region can be tapped and mentioned the feasibility situations. We can suggest the followings so as to be successful in the several applications of Turkey-Israel Agricultural Cooperation Agreement in the GAP region. * Although the GAP project with $ 32 billion investment cost has not been completed yet, it is started to provide effective benefits with its social context and energy production. However, unless the available product design will be changed and modern technologies will be applied, it is not easy to get expected and planned output. * Basic development goals which have been envisaged in the GAP master plan, are based on the principles to make the region an exportation base. Other stages of the GAP project should be conducted by taking the diversifications of products and markets together with the exportation goal based on agriculture into consideration. The GAP region also forms the nucleus of food industry based on agriculture. * The training of the farmers in the GAP region, especially on the irrigation and other services provided in the framework of the GAP project should be given a special importance to carry out the project effectively. * Through the production variety of fresh fruit and vegetable in the region, a high production level will be able to be reached. Apart from selecting proper and suitable varieties and usage of the correct techniques of production, the techniques of packaging, storing, and marketing are also very important. * In this framework, we can cooperate with Israel on the fields of greenhouse, stock raising and mechanization of agriculture, besides irrigation and seed production. Today, it is a reality that societies, not applying technology, cannot look to the future with hope. If not applied to 'know-how' transfer in the agricultural field, Turkey cannot realize his ideal of being a country with a strong agricultural sector in the future.From this perspective, the agricultural cooperation potential with Israel should be evaluated multidimensional, an so the public and private sectors should be encouraged in the framework of national interests. Any developments in the agricultural field should be followed and new applications should be provided for the benefit and exploitation of Turkish agriculture.

Okoliczności społeczno-historyczne zrodziły silne więzi pomiędzy życiem religijnym Bukowiny a sytuacją polityczną w Austro-Węgrzech na początku XX wieku. Wskazaną analogię potwierdzają materiały publikowane w czasopismach regionalnych, między innymi w "Nowej Bukowinie" («Нова Буковина»), 1912–1914. Analiza większości kwestii religijnych odbywała się przez pryzmat sytuacji społeczno-politycznej w regionie, co potwierdza aktualność kwestii badawczej. Wśród ukraińskich badaczy zagadnień religijnych w kontekście procesów historycznych można wymienić Ałłę Bojko (Алла Бойко), Stepana Kostię (Степан Костя), Marię Rozhiłę (Марія Рожило), Mariana Łozynskiego (Мар'ян Лозинський), Elenę Kanczałabę (Олена Канчалаба), Alionę Ignatuszę (Альона Ігнатуша) oraz innych. Tym niemniej określone wyżej kwestie badawcze potrzebują bardziej dokładnych badań. Problem utworzenia na Bukowinie odrębnej ukraińskiej Cerkwi prawosławnej, niezależnej od Cerkwi rumuńskiej, można określić jednym z najbardziej aktualnych dla mieszkańców Czerniowiec na początku XX wieku. Pozycja miejscowej inteligencji regionalnej otrzymała wsparcie ze strony niektórych miejscowych mediów. W roku 1885 w Czerniowcach powstała ukraińska gazeta "Bukowina". Przez cały okres istnienia (do 1910 roku) wydanie to popierało ideę stworzenia Cerkwi ukraińskiej. Politycy regionu w znacznym stopniu przyczynili się do popularyzacji idei Cerkwi dla Ukraińców, mimo że niektórzy z nich byli grekokatolikami. Między innymi Omelian Popowycz (Омелян Попович), Jerotej Pigulak (Єротей Пігуляк) oraz Stepan Smal-Stocki (Степан Смаль-Стоцький) na łamach "Bukowiny" często podkreślali potrzebę uregulowania kwestii religijnej. Zawirowania polityczne rozproszyły jednak proukraińskie siły patriotyczne. Konflikt między Stepanem Smal-Stockim a Mykołą Wasylko (Микола Василько) doprowadził do zamknięcia "Bukowiny", zaś redakcja podzieliła się. Niektórzy badacze, między innymi Arkadij Żywotko (Аркадій Животко) oraz Myrosław Romaniuk (Мирослав Романюк), określają "Nową Bukowinę" (1912–1914) spadkobiercą idei "Bukowiny". W rzeczywistości była to podjęta przez M. Wasylkę, który opiekował się czasopismem, próba odnowienia poprzedniej gazety, która ze względu na nowy zespół autorów oraz pogorszenie relacji ze Stapanem Smal-Stockim nie przyniosła sukcesu. Pierwszy numer "Nowej Bukowiny" ukazał się 13 stycznia 1912 r. Gazeta została wydrukowana w drukarni Iwana Zacharki (Іван Захарко), wydawcą został Jerotej Pigulak (Єротей Пігуляк), redaktorem odpowiedzialnym Osyp Dik (Осип Дік). Gazeta przetrwała do połowy 1914 r. Niezbyt trwały sukces "Nowej Bukowiny" w zakresie tematyki religijnej wynikał zarówno z naśladowania polityki redakcyjnej "Bukowiny" (1885–1910), jak i ze starań Jeroteja Pigulaka. Wiadomości na tematy religijne w "Nowej Bukowinie", a nawet bohaterowie publikacji wyraźnie przywodzili na myśl materiały i bohaterów z odpowiednich rubryk poprzedniej gazety. W publikacjach czasopisma z lat 1912–1914 odnotowaliśmy 66 różnych informacji o tematyce religijnej. W porównaniu z "Bukowiną" liderem pozostały tematy rumunizacji Cerkwi (25 materiałów), kwestia podziału diecezji prawosławnej (17 publikacji, aktualność wzrosła), "kwestia ukraińska" w kościele (8 materiałów), moskalofilstwo (5 materiałów), religia oraz państwo i polityka (4 materiały), religia na skali światowej (4 materiały), dyskusyjne aspekty religii w mediach (3 materiały). Kwestie religijne na pierwszych stronach "Nowej Bukowiny" były dosyć zróżnicowane tematycznie. Przyczynił się do tego cały szereg czynników społeczno-politycznych, w tym relacje narodowościowe i religijne w kraju, sytuacja polityczna oraz pozycja prawosławnego konsystorza. Analiza koncepcji "Nowej Bukowiny" świadczy o wyraźnym wpływie prekursora, czyli gazety "Bukowina", co można zauważyć także w materiałach na tematy religijne, m.in. w publikacjach o rumunizacji Kościoła prawosławnego. Podstawowy problem dotyczył nie tyle różnorodności wyznaniowej, ile przymusowego wprowadzania przez konsystorz obcego języka i kultury. To w sposób naturalny wywoływało kolejne kwestie, a mianowicie podział diecezji (jako warunek rozwoju Ukraińców na Bukowinie) oraz określenie roli Ukraińców w procesie powstania odrębnego kościoła. Oczywiste jest, że podobne materiały wyglądały jak swoisty apel autorów piszących o ukraińskiej tożsamości narodowej, ponieważ w tym okresie Kościół był traktowany jako jeden z wyznaczników tej tożsamości. ; Social and historical circumstances created close ties between the religious life of Bukovina and the political situation in Austro-Hungary at the beginning of the 20th century. The indicated analogy is confirmed by materials published in regional magazines, including "Nowa Bukovina" ("Нова Буковина"), 1912–1914. Most religious issues were analyzed through the prism of the socio-political situation in the region, which confirms the topicality of the research issue. Ukrainian researchers of religious issues in the context of historical processes include Alla Boyko (Алла Бойко), Stepan Kostia (Степан Костя), Maria Rozhiła (Марія Рожило), Marian Łozynski (Мар'ланян Лаланане Лаланянасалалане (Альона Ігнатуша) and others. Nevertheless, the research issues defined above require more detailed research. The problem of establishing a separate Ukrainian Orthodox Church in Bukovina, independent of the Romanian one, can be called one of the most relevant for the inhabitants of Chernivtsi at the beginning of the 20th century. The position of the local regional intelligentsia received support from some local media. In 1885, the Ukrainian newspaper "Bukovina" was established in Chernivtsi. Throughout its existence (until 1910), this edition supported the idea of creating a Ukrainian church. The politicians of the region largely contributed to the popularization of the idea of the church for Ukrainians, even though some of them were Greek Catholics. Among others, Omelian Popowycz (Омелян Попович), Jerotej Pigulak (Єротей Пігуляк) and Stepan Smal-Stocki (Степан Смаль-Стоцький) often stressed the need to regulate the religious issue in the pages of "Bukovina". However, the political turmoil scattered pro-Ukrainian patriotic forces. The conflict between Stepan Smal-Stocki and Mykola Wasylko (Микола Василько) led to the closure of "Bukovina", and the editors split. Some researchers, including Arkadij Żywotko (Аркадій Животко) and Myrosław Romaniuk (Мирослав Романюк) define "Nowa Bukovina" (1912–1914) as the heir to the idea of "Bukovina". In fact, it was an attempt by M. Wasylek, who looked after the magazine, to renew the previous newspaper, which, due to the new team of authors and the deterioration of relations with Stapan Smal-Stocki, did not bring success. The first issue of "Nowa Bukovina" was published on January 13, 1912. The news-paper was printed in the printing house of Ivan Zacharek (Іван Захарко), the publisher was Jerotej Pigulak (Єротей Пігуляк), and the responsible editor was Osyp Dik (Осип Дік). The newspaper survived until mid-1914. The not very lasting success of "Nowa Bukovina" in the field of religious topics resulted both from imitating the editorial policy of "Bukovina" (1885–1910), and thanks to the efforts of Jerotej Pigulak. The materials on religious topics in Nowa Bukowina, and even the heroes of the publication, were very similar to materials and characters from the relevant columns of the previous newspaper. In the publications of the journal from 1912–1914, we noted 66 different materials on religious topics. Compared to "Bukovina", the leader remained the topics of the Romanianization of the church (25 materials), the issue of the division of the Orthodox diocese (17 publications, the topicality increased), the "Ukrainian question" in the church (8 materials), Muscovy (5 materials), religion, state and politics (4 materials), religion on a global scale (4 materials), controversial aspects of religion in the media (3 materials). Religious issues on the front pages of "Nowa Bukowina" were quite varied thematically. A whole range of socio-political factors contributed to this, including national and religious relations in the country, the political situation and the position of the Orthodox consistory. The analysis of the concept of "Nowa Bukovina" shows a clear influence of the precursor, ie the predecessor – the newspaper "Bukowina", which can also be seen in materials on religious topics, including publications on the Romanianization of the Orthodox Church. The fundamental problem concerned not so much religious diversity as the situation when the consistory forcibly introduced a foreign language and culture. This naturally triggered other topics, namely the division of the diocese (as a necessary agreement for the development of Ukrainians in Bukovina) and the role of Ukrainians in the process of establishing a separate church. It is obvious that similar materials looked like a peculiar appeal of authors writing about Ukrainian national identity, because during this period the church was treated as one of the determinants of identity.