Suchergebnisse

Introduction: Recent research studies focusing on the relationship between psychiatric illness and deviant behaviour (Huselid & Cooper, 1992; Holman, Jensen, Capell, and Woodard, 1993) suggest that a behaviour that is inconsistent with sex‐role expectations, particularly when it is defined as more appropriate for the opposite sex, is seen as deviant. By implication, women's alcohol misuse falls into this category of 'deviant deviance'. In their research on gender roles as mediators of sex differences in adolescent alcohol use and abuse, Huselid and Cooper (1992), concluded that the relationships between gender roles and alcohol use were consistent with the hypothesis that individuals with conventional gender identities conform more closely to cultural norms that condone drinking among males but not among females. In addition to heavy and problem drinking of women judged frequently to be a deviation from the traditional feminine role, it is also viewed as a rejection of the traditional feminine sex‐role and adoption of an aspect of the traditional masculine role, or both (Chomak and Collins, 1987). In their research on sex‐role conflicts in alcoholic women, when the factors of age, socio‐economic status (SES), and marital status were controlled, Kroft and Pierre (1987) observed that alcoholic women scored as more depressed and more sex‐role undifferentiated than non‐alcoholic women. Alcoholic women were also found to have a relatively traditional sex‐role ideology, and remitted alcoholics expressed less satisfaction than other groups with some traditional female roles. The presence of conflict between perceived (real) and desired (ideal) gender‐role characteristics, rather than the specific pattern or direction of the conflict, may best predict problem drinking. Similarly, the research on gender‐role attitudes, job competition and alcohol consumption among women and men, conducted by Parker and Hartford (1992), concluded that among females, the non‐traditional role of employment in non‐traditional gender‐role attitudes concerning responsibilities for household labour and child‐care were associated with greater alcohol consumption. Among the employed, traditional females and non‐traditional males had greater alcohol use. The females and males who experience conflict between competition at the work‐place and substantial obligations at home consumed a greater amount of alcohol. The results of these clashes between feminine role pattern at home and traditionally masculine roles of paid employment will be social and psychological conflicts and tensions that could adversely affect women's mental health (McBroom, 1986). In other words, many women may find it stressful to switch between more masculine role expectations in the workplace and more feminine role expectations in the home (Gerson, 1985) and some may increase their alcohol consumption to alleviate distress resulting from mismatched gender‐related role expectations and preferences (Eccles, 1987).

This guide accompanies the following article: The Animal Rights Movement in Theory and Practice: A Review of the Sociological Literature, Compass 6/2 (2012): pp. 166–181, 10.1111/j.1751‐9020.2011.00440.xAuthor's introductionThe animal rights movement has been described as one of the most neglected and misunderstood social movements of our era. However, social movement scholars are beginning to realise the political and moral significance of the world wide animal protection movement at a time when nature itself has been included in the specialist field of environmental sociology. Just as people are beginning to see that nature matters and is not separate from society, nonhuman animals (hereafter animals) too are increasingly perceived as worthy of our respect and consideration. The long‐running animal protection movement which began in England in the 18th century is today better known as the animal rights movement. It is the men and women of this movement who, atypically for a social movement, are campaigning for a species that is not their own. The movement's theories and practices are important for what they do for animals and also because of what the animal rights controversy reveals about human beings.Author recommendsGarner, Robert. 1998. Political Animals: Animal Protection Policies in Britain and the United States. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.The book describes the progress made by the animal protection movement in the two countries where animal rights protests have been most prominent. The author presents a comprehensive examination of animal welfare policies in Britain and the US thus providing an informative comparative study of the movement's relationship with the state in these two countries. Garner's focus on policy networks corresponds to the sociologist's concept of social movement organizations. More than fifty such organizations balanced evenly between animal protectionists and animal‐user industries are discussed in the book. Political Animals provides an excellent introduction to the politics of animal rights, although missing in the accounts are the voices of the animal activists and their opponents. In the final analysis, it is the meaning activists attribute to their cause that drives the movement, a fact which Garner tacitly acknowledges.Imhoff, Daniel (ed) 2010. The CAFO Reader: The Tragedy of Industrial Animal Factories. Published by the Foundation for Deep Ecology with Watershed Media, Berkeley, LA: University of California Press.The Reader's subject – concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO) – covers most of the topics relevant to factory farmed animals and is divided into seven parts: (1) The pathological mindset of the CAFO; (2) Myths of the CAFO; (3) Inside the CAFO; (4) The loss of diversity; (5) Hidden costs of CAFO; (6) Technological takeover; (7) Putting the CAFO out to pasture. The acronym CAFO suggests a bland, mundane practice and is therefore a name which the editor believes should be replaced by the more accurate label "animal concentration camps". The chapter titles indicate what is in store for the reader but the content is perhaps less confronting than the book's companion photo‐format volume of the same name. The reader is a very comprehensive survey of how living creatures are subjected to inhumane practices for their body parts by "corporate food purveyors" and is essential reading for anyone who cares about the future survival of all of the earth's species.Kean, Hilda. 1998. Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800. London: Reaktion Books Ltd.In this attractive book, the historian Hilda Kean provides one of the most comprehensive and interesting surveys of the early animal protection movement in England, the birthplace of animal rights. Kean tells a compelling story of how and why people's attitudes and practices involving animals changed over the past two centuries. She attributes these changes largely to the seemingly simple idea of "sight", or how people were influenced by seeing for themselves how animals such as horses and dogs were ill treated in public spaces such as in streets and markets. Animals "out of sight" in vivisection laboratories and in abattoirs also came to the attention of the early animal protectionists, most of whom were women. The sight and spectacle of animal abuse turned hearts and stomachs once a light was shone on these everyday cruelties by the pioneers of animal rights in England. Kean's book is nicely illustrated in keeping with the theme of seeing animals in their various relationships with humans.Munro, Lyle. 2005. Confronting Cruelty: Moral Orthodoxy and the Challenge of the Animal Rights Movement. Leiden & Boston: Brill.For most people animal cruelty is understood as unspeakable acts perpetrated by warped individuals mostly against dogs, cats, birds and sometimes horses. The animal rights movement seeks to broaden the issue of animal cruelty to include the vast numbers of animals that suffer and die in "the animal industrial complex" of intensive farming, recreational hunting and animal research and experimentation. The book draws on social movement theory to explain how and why an increasing number of people in the UK, US and Australia have taken up the cause of animals in campaigning against the exploitative practices of the animal‐user industries. Essentially, the thesis is that animal abuse is constructed by the animal rights movement as a social problem (speciesism) on a par with sexism and racism. This is the first book in the Human and Animal Studies Series which currently lists about a dozen monographs published by Brill under the editorship of Kenneth Shapiro of the Society & Animals Institute in the US.Noske, Barbara. 1989. Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology. London: Pluto Press.As an anthropologist, Noske brings a different perspective to our relationship with nature, especially in the long process of animal domestication. Her chapter on "the animal industrial complex" shows how both human and nonhuman animals suffer within this structure of domination; for example, slaughterhouse work takes a heavy toll on the meat workers while the animals experience atrocious pain and misery on the assembly line of mass execution. Noske's book is valuable for its broad treatment of animal‐human relations in which she describes cultural, historical, structural and sociological aspects of these relations particularly in America and Australia.Wilkie, Rhoda and Inglis David (eds.) 2007. The Social Scientific Study of Nonhuman Animals: A Five‐volume Collection–Animals and Society: Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences. (Vols 1–5), London: Routledge.This is a collection of 90 previously published articles and book chapters in approximately 2,000 pages on the social‐scientific study of animals. The papers range from the earliest in 1928 on "the culture of canines" to the latest in 2006 on "religion and animals." Three quarters of the papers were published in the last two decades and are derived from anthropology, sociology, psychology, geography, philosophy and feminist studies.Because Animals and Society is based mostly on work derived from more than 12 different specialist journals, it has a claim to comprehensiveness; however, the editors mention topics that are not covered in the collection:
 Ethical issues;
 Animal welfare;
 The characteristics of animal protectionists;
 "Wilderness";
 The role of animals in the lives of children; and
 The animal rights movement.
The main topics included in the collection provide a hint of its value to researchers:Vol I. Representing the animal (Introduction and critical concepts in the social sciences)Vol II. Social science perspectives on human‐animal interactions (I):
 Anthropology.
 Geography.
 Feminist studies.
Vol III. Social science perspectives on human‐animal interactions (II):
 Sociology.
 Psychology.
Vol IV. Forms of human‐animal relations and animal death – the dynamics of domestication:
 Human‐pet relationships.
 Human‐livestock relations.
 Animal abuse and animal death.
Vol V. Boundaries and quandaries in human‐animal relations:
 Border troubles: are humans unique and what is an animal?
 The legal, ethical and moral status of animals.
 "The Frankenstein syndrome": animals, genetic engineering, and ethical dilemmas.
NB. The above is a shorter version of my review in Society & Animals, 16. 91–93, 2008. I thank the journal for publishing the original review and for permission to include the above version in Sociology Compass.Online materialshttp://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2007/s2159904.htmThis is the story of a protest against the live animal export trade from Australia to the Middle East. The 7.30 Report of 11 February 2008, was one of several media stories on the cruelty involved in the transport and slaughter of cattle, goats and sheep which outraged thousands of Australians when they witnessed footage shot by animal activists. The four minute video recording provides commentary and images that explain why the live animal export trade is a "hot cognition" issue in Australia and the UK. More recently, in June 2012, the callous treatment of cattle in a number of Indonesian abattoirs became a major media story that prompted public outrage and calls for an immediate and permanent ban on the trade.http://www.sharkwater.com/For many people, sharks are the most feared of all creatures and also the most misunderstood. They have been called "the mother of otherness" and as a result when they are hunted and killed there is very little concern for their welfare. This groundbreaking film explains the importance of sharks to the ocean and seeks to dispel the main stereotype of the shark as the creature from hell. The film is the work of Rob Stewart whose lifelong fascination with sharks was the catalyst for his mission to save the great predator from extinction.http://www.wspa‐international.org/Regular internet users will probably have come across the advertisements from the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA), particularly its campaign against the cruelty involved in bear dancing. The WSPA, as an international animal welfare organization, is one of a very select few animal and environmental organizations recognized by the United Nations. Another campaign which is featured on their website is "The Red Collar Campaign", the motto for which is "Collars not Cruelty". Viewers are warned that the two and a half minute video clip contains some confronting images of cruelty to dogs suspected of being infected by rabies. WSPA's objective is to end the brutality inflicted unnecessarily on thousands of dogs perceived as a human health and safety risk; its solution to the problem of rabies is simple, cheap and effective.http://www.awionline.orgThe Animal Welfare Institute (AWI) is one of the most effective animal protection societies in the US. Its founder, the late Christine Stevens, worked most of her life as an advocate and lobbyist for animals. The AWI's attractive website provides many useful features such as the AWI Quarterly and details of its seminal campaigns which include research animals, companion animals, farm animals, marine animals and wildlife. Since it was established in 1951, the AWI has had access to the US Congress and in gaining the attention of powerbrokers, the organization has succeeded in securing animal welfare improvements that are legislated in law, which owes much to the work of Christine Stevens.http://www.league.org.ukHunting is a controversial issue in England which has developed into what is actually a class war between the aristocratic class and the "great unwashed". Founded in 1924, the League is virtually a household name in England. Its website contains some revealing film clips about the cruelty involved in the hunting of foxes, deer, rabbits and other animals in the English countryside. There is a great deal of information contained in the blogs and its FAQs as well as elsewhere on its website. Mention is also made of one of the latest hunting fads, "trophy hunting" which is apparently gaining popularity in some parts of the USA.Topics for lectures & discussionPart I: introduction and overviewWhat is the animal rights movement? Why do people campaign on behalf of a species that is not their own? How do individuals and social movements make their claims on behalf of nonhuman animals? These are some of the questions that would traditionally be posed in introducing the animal rights movement.ReadingMunro, Lyle. 2012. 'The Animal Rights Movement in Theory and Practice: A Review of the Sociological Literature'. Sociology Compass6(2): 166–81.Waldau's recent book is a good introduction to what the movement is all about:Waldau, Paul. 2011. Animal Rights: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.There are three main discourses on animal rights which provide insights into our constructions of "the animal": (1) Animals in this discourse are constructed as social problems (see Irvine, 2003 below for an example); (2) in this second discourse, animal defenders are demonised with labels ranging from "sentimental animal lovers" to "extremists" and even "terrorists" (see Munro, 1999 below for an example); (3) finally, the animal rights movement constructs our cruel treatment of animals as morally wrong and therefore deserving of the strongest condemnation (see Shapiro, 1994 below for an example). How and why people campaign against the exploitation of animals are issues explored in the following papers:Irvine, Leslie. 2003. 'The Problem of Unwanted Pets; A Case Study in How Institutions 'Think' About Clients' Needs'. Social Problems50: 550–66.Munro, Lyle. 1999. 'Contesting Moral Capital in Campaigns Against Animal Liberation'. Society & Animals7: 35–53.Shapiro, Kenneth. 1994. 'The Caring Sleuth: Portrait of an Animal Rights Activist'. Society & Animals2: 145–65.Part II: animal crueltyThis section includes some important contributions to explaining cruelty to animals.Agnew, Robert. 1998. 'The Causes of Animal Abuse: A Social‐psychological Analysis'. Theoretical Criminology2: 177–209.Munro, Lyle. 1997. 'Framing Cruelty: The Construction of Duck‐Shooting as a Social Problem'. Society & Animals5: 137–54.D'Silva, Joyce and John Webster. 2010. The Meat Crisis: Developing More Sustainable Production and Consumption. London and Washington: Earthscan.Merz‐Perez, Linda and Kathleen Heide. 2004. Animal Cruelty: Pathway to Violence Against People. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Ltd.Ascione, Frank. 2008. 'Children Who Are Cruel to Animals: A Survey of Research and Implications for Developmental Psychology.' Pp. 171–89 in Social Creatures: A Human‐Animals Studies Reader, edited by Clifton, Flynn. New York: Lantern Books.Winders, Bill and David Nibert. 2009. 'Expanding "Meat" Consumption and Animal Oppression.' Pp. 183–9 in Between the Species: Readings in Human‐Animal Relations, edited by Arnold, Arluke and Clinton Sanders. Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc.Part III: social movement theory and animalsThere is a large literature on social movement theory with relatively little that refers to nonhuman animals. Some of those which do take up the issue are included below along with the following books that provide a general introduction to the study of social movements.Lowe, Brian and Caryn Ginsberg. 2002. 'Animal Rights as a Post‐Citizenship Movement'. Society & Animals10: 203–15.Jasper, James. 2007. 'The Emotions of Protest: Affective and Reactive Emotions in and around Social Movements.' Volume 4 Pp. 585–612 in Social Movements: Critical Concepts in Sociology Volumes 1–4, edited by Jeff, Goodwin and James Jasper. London and New York: Routledge.Buechler, Steven. 2011. Understanding Social Movements: Theories from the Classical Era to the Present. Boulder and London: Paradigm Publishers.Cochrane, Alasdair. 2010. Chapter 6 'Marxism and Animals.' Pp. 93–114 in An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory, edited by Cochrane's. Basingstoke Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.Einwohner, Rachel. 2002. 'Bringing the Outsiders in: Opponents' Claims and the Construction of Animal Rights Activists' Identity'. Mobilization7: 253–68.Part IV: animal advocacy and activism: strategy and tacticsThe above readings reveal to some extent at least why people campaign against animal cruelty. In this section's readings, the focus is on how animal activists run their campaigns in the streets (grassroots activism) and in the suites (organizational advocacy).Carrie Freeman Packwood. 2010. 'Framing Animal Rights in the "Go Veg" Campaigns of US Animal Rights Organizations'. Society & Animals18: 163–82.Paul, Elizabeth. 1995. 'Scientists' and Animal Rights Campaigners' Views of the Animal Experimentation Debate'. Society & Animals3: 1–21.Upton, Andrew. 2010. 'Contingent Communication in a Hybrid Multi‐Media World: Analysing the Campaigning Strategies of SHAC'. New Media & Society13: 96–113.Munro, Lyle. 2001. Compassionate Beasts: The Quest for Animal Rights. Westport, CT: Praeger.Munro, Lyle. 2002. 'The Animal Activism of Henry Spira (1927–1998).'Society & Animals10: 173–91.Munro, Lyle. 2005. 'Strategies, Action Repertoires and DIY Activism in the Animal Rights Movement.'Social Movement Studies4: 75–94.Jasper, James. 1997. The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography and Creativity in Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Singer, Peter. 1998. Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement. Lanham MD: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers Inc.Part V: academic/activist collaborationShould academic teachers collaborate with activists in their campaigns? Like the church/state relations debate this is a controversial question since there are arguments both for and against academic involvement in political and social movements. Most of the readings in the original Compass article and below tend to see more benefits than costs to collaboration; however, higher education administrators don't like dissent and it is hard to imagine an academic holding down his or her job if they were seen to be working with animal activists on a particularly controversial campaign. It might be seen as acceptable if the collaboration was with the SPCA in the US or the RSPCA in Britain but not if the activists were affiliated with members of a radical animal liberation group. Furthermore, an academic‐animal activist who campaigned say against the practice of animal experimentation at his or her university would surely be dismissed or at least threatened with dismissal unless they cut their ties with outside activists.Burnett, Cathleen. 2003. 'Passion through the Profession: Being Both Activist and Academic.'Social Justice30: 135–50.Kleidman, Robert. 1994. 'Volunteer Activism and Professionalism in Social Movement Organizations.'Social Problems41: 257–76.Focus questions
 Is the animal rights movement a genuine social movement when nonhuman animals are widely understood not to belong to society as it is generally understood?
 How would you respond to the claim that cruelty to animals is our worst vice.
 From your experience of seeing animal rights protests either on television or as the real thing, what do you think are the dominant emotions exhibited by the campaigners and their opponents?
 From what you've read or heard or seen of social movement protests, do you believe the most effective strategy is non‐violence or violence; and which of these two strategies do you think is more acceptable for the animal protection movement to follow and why?
 Should academics who lecture on social movements practice what they preach? What are some of the main benefits and problems associated with academic analysts of social movements collaborating with grassroots activists?
 The animal rights movement has been described as one of the fastest‐growing social movements in the West – and one of the most controversial. What evidence is there for these claims?
Seminar/project ideaPlease suggest an exercise to help bring the subject to life, appropriate either for undergraduate or graduate students, e.g. an assessment, a presentation, or other practical assignment.Project idea or presentation
 Compare and contrast the website of an animal welfare organization and an animal rights group in relation to (a) their objectives; (b) their most important campaign; and (c) their preferred overall strategies and tactics. Which of these organizations has the most potential in attracting new supporters and why? What advice would you give to these two organizations on how they might enhance their communicative effectiveness with the general public? (see Munro's Compass article for some clues).
 Do an oral presentation on a radical animal liberation group such as the Animal Liberation Front or SHAC in which you describe its stated objectives, its seminal campaigns, its preferred tactics and its communication strategy as indicated by the group's website. Explain how effective the group is in terms of improving the lives of animals and how the activists justify the use of violence in their campaigns.

Book Reviewed in this article:JoanThirsk (Ed.). Land, Church, and People: Essays Presented to Professor H. P. R.Finberg.H.J. Dyos (Ed.). The study of urban history.W. B. Stephens (Ed.). History of Congleton. Published to celebrate the 700th anniversary of the granting of the charter to the town.Peter H. Ramsey (Ed.). The Price Revolution in Sixteenth Century England.Dennis Rubini. Court and Country 1688‐1702.H. E. S. Fisher. The Portugal Trade. A Study of Anglo‐Portuguese Commerce 1700‐1770.Baron F. Duckham. A History of the Scottish Coal Industry. Vol. I. 1700‐1815: A Social and Industrial History.R. Burt (Ed.). Cornish Mining: Essays on the Organisation of Cornish Mines and the Cornish Mining Economy.Blanche D. Coll. Perspectives in Public Welfare. A History.Michael E. Rose. The English Poor Law, 1780‐1930.J. P. P. Higgins and Sidney Pollard (Eds.). Aspects of Capital Investment in Great Britain jy50‐1850: A Preliminary Survey. Report of a Conference held at the University of Sheffield, 5‐7 January ig6g.F. C. Mather. After the Canal Duke: A Study of the Industrial Estates administered by the Trustees of the Third Duke of Bridgewater in the Age of Railway Building 1825‐ 18J2.Graham S. Hudson. The Aberford Railway and the History of the Garforth Collieries.Sheila Marriner and Francis E. Hyde. The Senior: John Samuel Swin 1825‐98. Management in Far Eastern Shipping Trades.F. S. L. LYONS. Ireland since the Famine: 1850 to the present.E. P. Thompson and Eileen Yeo (Eds.). The Unknown Mayhew: Selections from the "Morning Chronicle" 1840‐1850.Philip N. Jones. Colliery Settlement in the South Wales Coalfield, 1850‐1926.P. E. Hart (Ed.). Studies in Profit, Business Saving and Investment in the United Kingdom, 1920‐1962. Vol. II.D. C. M. Platt. The Cinderella Service: British Consuls since 1825.Alexander Gerschenkron. Europe in the Russian Mirror: Four Lectures in Economic History.L. F. Haber. The Chemical Industry 1900‐1930. International Growth and Technological Change.J. S. Bromley and E. H. Kossmann (Eds.). Britain and the Netherlands in Europe and Asia.P. Barrett Whale. Joint Stock Banking in Germany. A Study of the German Creditbanks before and after the War.Joseph R. Ramos. Labor and Development in Latin America.Margaret Steven. Merchant Campbell, 1769‐1846: A Study in Colonial Trade.Michael Craton and James Walvin. A Jamaican Plantation. The History of Worthy Park, 1670‐1970.Pamela Nightingale. Trade and Empire in Western India, 1784‐1806.Radhe Shyam Rungta. The Rise of Business Corporations in India 1851‐1900.A.A.G. Bijdragen, nr. 15.Acta Historiae Neerlandica, vol. IV.W.J. Alberts and F. W. Hugenholtz (Eds.). De stadsrekeningen van Arnhem. Vol. I.J. Bayer‐Lothe. Documents relatifs au mouvement ouvrier dans la province de Namur au XIXe Steele, 1849‐1886.J. Beishuizen and E. Werkman. De magere jaren. Nederland in de crisistijd 1929‐1939.A. Bocquet. Recherches sur la population rurale de ľ Artois et du Boulonnais pendant la périods bourguignonne 1384‐1477.H. Boon. Enseignement primaire et alphabétisation dans l'agglomeration bruxelloise de 1830 a 1870.W. Brulez. 'Brugge en Antwerpen in de 15th en 16th eeuw: een tegenstelling?'J. Charlier. La peste à Bruxelles de 1667 à 1667 et ses conséquences démographiques.Contributions à l'histoire économique et sociale, v. 1968‐1969.J. De Vries. Geschiedenis van een industriële bedrijfstak. Hoogovens Ijmuiden 1918‐1968. Ontstaan engroei van een basis‐industrie.J. De Vries (Ed.). Herinneringen en dagboek van Ernst Heldring, 1871‐1954.F. Discry. L'ancien bassin sidérurgique du Hoyoux.M. L. Fanchamps. Recherches statistiqu.es sur le probléme annonaire dans la Principauté de Liegé de 1475 à la fin du XVIe sièle. Tendances, cycles, crises.L. Genicot, M. S. Bouchat‐Dupont, B. Delvaux. La crise agricole du Bas Moyen‐Age dans le Namurois.Ľ Archéologie du village médiéval.P. Gerin. Initiation à la documentation écrite de la pèriode contemporaine: fin du XVIII siècle à nos jours.P. Harsin. Recueil ?études.T. J. Kastelein. Groei naar een industriële samenleving. Korte inleiding tot 200 jaar sociale en economische Geschiedenis.P. W. Klein (Ed.). Van Stapelmarkt tot Welvaartsstaat. Economisch‐historische Studien over groei en stagnatie van de Nederlandse volkshuishouding, 1600‐1970.F. Leleux. A ľ aube du capitalisme et de la révolution industrielle: Liévin Bauwens (1769‐1822), industrielgantois.L. Liagre‐de Sturler. Les relations commerciales entre Genes, la Belgique et V Outremont d'apres les archives notariales Génoises, 1320‐1400.L. Linotte. Les manifestations et les gréves á Liège de Van IVà 1914.C. Michaux. La crise économique de 1840 à 1860 dans quatre villages du Sud du Hainaut. Froidchapelle, Sivry, Ranee, Montbliard. Analyse de documents.P. Moureaux. Les comptes ? une societe charbonniére à la fin de l'Ancien Régime. La société de Redmont à Haine St. Pierre‐La Hestre.J. F. Niermeyer (Ed.). Bronnen voor de economische geschiedenis van het Beneden‐Maasgebied. Eerste deel: 1104‐1399.H. Pirenne. Histoire économique et sociale du moyen dge.L. de Saint‐Moulin. La construction et la propriété des maisons, expressions des structures sociales. Seraing depuis le debut du XIXe sièle.D. Schlugleit. De Antwerpse goud‐ en zilversmeden in het corporatief stelsel, 1382‐1798.H. Schoorl. Isaac le Maire, koopman en bedijker.G. Sivery. Les comtes de Hainaut et le commerce de vin au XIVe siècle et au debut du XVe siècle.C Smit (Ed.). Het dagboek van Sckermerhorn (geheim verslag van Prof. Dr. Ir. Schermerhorn als voorzitter der commissie‐generaal voor Nederlands‐Indie, 20 September 1946‐7 oktober 1947‐)Z. W. Sneller. Bijdragen tot de Economische Geschiedenis.E. Stevelinck and others. La comptabilitéà travers les âges. Catalogue de ľ exposition organisée à occasion du premier symposium international des historiens de la comptabilite Bruxelles 1970. Introduction par le Prof. R. de Roover.Studies concerning the Social‐Economic History ofLimburg.J. Theuwissen. Het landbouwvoertuig in de Etnografie van de Kempen.A. K. L. Thijs. De zijdenijverheid te Antwerpen in de zeventiende eeuw.L. Vanaverbeke. Peiling naar de bezitsstruktuur van de Gentse bevolking omstreeks 1738.H. F. J. M. van den Eerenbeemt. Van Mensenjacht en Overheidsmacht. Criminogene groepsvorming en afweer in de Meierij van''s‐Hertogenbosch, 1795‐1810.H. van der Wee and T. Peeters.'Un modèle dynamique de croissance interseculaire du commerce mondial XIIe‐XVIIIe siècle', Annales E.S.C., xxv (1970), 100‐26.J. A. van Houtte (Ed.). Un quart de siècle de recherche historique en Belgique, 1944‐1968.P. C. van Traa. Geschiedenis van de economie. De evolutie in een gedachtenwereld.H. van Werveke (Ed.). Gentse Stack‐ en Baljuwsrekeningen, 1351‐1364. Introduction by H. van Werveke.A. Verhulst.'De inlandse wol in de textielnijverheid van de Nederlanden van de 12th tot de 17th eeuw: produktie, handel en verwerking', Bijdragen en Mededelingen be‐treffende de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, LXXXV, I (1970), 6‐18.

Narrative Interviews mit drei rechtlich betreuten Psychiatriebetroffenen werden vorgestellt. In den Interviews wird der lebensgeschichtlichen Gewordenheit von psychischem Leiden und Abhängigkeitsverhältnissen nachgegangen. Gerade die inkohärenten, auf Brüche verweisenden Teile der biographischen Erzählungen werden in den Blick genommen. Der Person und Rolle der Betreuer, wie sie sich in den narrativen Interviews darstellen, wird besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Die Möglichkeiten des Betreuungsrechts, den rechtlichen Eingriff auf eng definierte Bereiche zu beschränken, und die Möglichkeit einer kritischen Distanz zum psychiatrischen Handeln werden in einzelnen Aspekten diskutiert.

Am Beispiel einer im Rahmen eines Forschungsinterviews erzählten Lebensgeschichte werden kulturelle, soziale und dialogisch-kommunikative Aspekte autobiographischen Erzählens thematisiert. Dabei geht es vor allem um Erzählweise, Interpretationsmuster und kulturelle Topoi, die in der erzählten Lebensgeschichte auftauchen, um die Interaktion als "gelebte Geschichte" und ihre Bedeutung für die erzählten Geschichten sowie um unterschiedliche Dialogstränge, die sich in autobiographischen Erzählungen überlagern.

Book reviewed in this article:THE STRUGGLE FOR ASIA 1828–1914 A Study in British and Russian Imperialism. By David Gillard (London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1977)THE INCH OF TIME Memoirs of Politics and Diplomacy. By Howard Beale (Melbourne: Melbourne University)MUCKING ABOUT: An Autobiography. By Paul HasluckINVESTIGATING SOCIAL MOBILITY. By Leonard Broom, P. Duncan‐Jones, F. Lancaster Jones and Patrick McDonncllTAMING THE WILDERNESS: The First Decade of Pastoral Settlement in the Kennedy District. By Anne Allingham (Townsville: James Cook University, 1977)AUSTRALIA IN THE NEW WORLD ORDER: Foreign Policy in the 1970s. Edited by J A.C. Mackie (Melbourne: Nelson and the Australian Institute of International Affairs, 1976)CRITICAL ISSUES IN ORGANIZATIONS. Edited by Stewart Clegg and David Dunkerley (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977)THE ORIGINS OF BRITISH BOLSHEVISM. By Raymond Challinor (London: Croom Helm, 1977)EARLY VICTORIAN GOVERNMENT. By Oliver MacDonagh (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1977)A SURVEY OF MEMBERS OF THE AMALGAMATED METAL WORKERS' UNION IN THE SYDNEY METROPOLITAN AREA. By the 1976 Field Studies Class, Department of Government, University of Sydney.AUSTRALIAN EXTERNAL POLICY UNDER LABOR: Content, Process and the National Debate. By Henry S. AlbinskiAUSTRALIA'S MILITARY ALLIANCES: A Study in Foreign and Defence Policies. By B. Chakravorty (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1977)FRANCE 1848–1945, vol. 2: intellect, Taste and Anxiety. By Theodore ZeldinPLANNING—BECOMING—DEVELOPMENT A Study of Public Participation in Localized Social Planning Leading Towards Community Development. An Australian Assistance Plan Experience. By Tom O'BrienCOMRADE CHIANG CH'ING. By Roxane Witke (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1977)NOBLES AND THE NOBLE LIFE 1295–1500. By Joel T. Rosenthal (London: Allen and Unwin, 1976)RURAL CATALONIA UNDER THE FRANCO REGIME: The Fate of Regional Culture Since the Spanish Civil War. By Edward C. HansenROBERT DELAVICNETTE ON THE FRENCH EMPIRE Selected Writings. Edited by William B. CohenTHE CANADIAN HOUSE OF COMMONS: Procedure and Reform. By John B. StewartSCOTLAND AND NATIONALISM: Scottish Society and Politics, 1707–1977. By Christopher Harvie (London: Allen and Unwin, 1977THE TRANSFER OF POWER, 1942–7, vol. 7: The Cabinet Mission. Edited by Nicholas Mansergh and Penderel Moon (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1977)PARTIES AND PARLIAMENT IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1964–1975: Two Studies. By P. Loveday and E.P. WolfersDOCUMENTS ON AUSTRALIAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 1901–1918. Edited by Gordon Greenwood and Charles GrimshawAMERICAN DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE MIDDLE EAST, 1784–1975: A Survey. By Thomas A. BrysonTHE ORIGINS OF THE MOROCCO QUESTION 1880–1900. By F.V. Parsons (London: Duckworth, 1976)ALTERNATIVES OF ETHNICITY: Immigrants and Aborigines in Anglo‐Saxon Australia. By William W. BostockTHE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT, 1939–1949. By Dennls J. DunnPEASANTS, POLITICS AND REVOLUTION: Pressures towards Political and Social Change in the Third World. By Joel S. MigdalTHE MARXIST CONCEPTION OF IDEOLOGY: A Critical Essay. By Martin SeligerTHE FIJI INDIANS: Challenge to European Dominance 1920–1946. By K.L. GillionRACE AND POLITICS IN FIJI. By Robert NortonAUTHORITARIANISM AND CORPORATISM IN LATIN AMERICA. Edited by James M. MalloyHUMAN NEEDS AND POLITICS. Edited by Ross FitzgeraldSTRUKTUREN DER UNTERENTWICKLUNC INDIEN 1757–1914: Eine Fallstudie über abhängige Reproduktion. By Werner KellerTOCSIN: Radical Arguments Against Federation 1897–1900. Edited by Hugh AndersonREVOLUTIONARY UNDERGROUND: The Story of the Irish Republican Brotherhood 1858–1924. By Leon O'BroinTHE PORTUGUESE ARMED FORCES AND THE REVOLUTION. By Douglas PorchFRANCE 1870–1914 Politics and Society. By R.D. AndersonTITO AS A POLITICAL LEADER AND EXTERNAL FACTORS IN YUGOSLAV POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT. By R.F. MillerCompiled and edited by Kenneth W. Wiltshire. (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1977)THE DIARIES AND CORRESPONDENCE OF DAVID CARGILL, 1832–1843. Edited by Albert J. SchützRESISTANCE IN THE DESERT Moroccan Responses to French Imperialism 1881–1912. By Ross E. DunnEdited by R.J. Johnston (Armidale: Department of Geography, University of New England, 1977)THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION 1964–1976 Political Initiatives and Developments. Edited by I.K.F. Birch and D. SmartA CHURCH FOR ITS TIME The Story of St. Thomas' Church, Toowong, Brisbane. By Helen GregoryTHE DEFENCE OF AUSTRALIA—FUNDAMENTAL NEW ASPECTS The Proceedings of a Conference Organised by lhe Strategic and Defence Studies Centre. Edited by Robert O'NeillTHE FUTURE OF TACTICAL AIRPOWER IN THE DEFENCE OF AUSTRALIA: The Proceedings of a Conference Organised by The Strategic and Defence Studies Centre.PUBLIC POLICY: Problems and Paradoxes. By Hugh V. Emy (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1976)WALTER MURDOCH: A Biographical Memoir. By John La NauzeTHE AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL SYSTEM. By Jean Holmes and Campbell SharmanPEOPLE VERSUS POWER. By Kenneth M. McCaw (Sydney: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978)PARTIES OUT OF POWER IN JAPAN, 1931–1941. By Gordon Mark BergerRECOLLECTIONS OF AN INDONESIAN DIPLOMAT IN THE SUKARNO ERA. By Ganis Harsono, edited by C.L.M. Penders and B.B. HeringHANDBOOK OF RESEARCH DESIGN AND SOCIAL MEASUREMENT. Third Edition. By Delbert C. Miller (New York: Longman Inc., 1977)THE QUEENSLAND YEARS OF ROBERT HERBERT, PREMIER: Letters and Papers. Edited by Bruce KnoxDEUTSCHE MILITÄRVERWALTUNGEN 1938/39 Die militärische Besetzung der Tschechoslowakei und Polens. By Hans UmbreitANTARCTICA: Or Two Years Amongst the Ice of the South Pole. By Otto Nordenskjold and J.G. AndersonTHE POLITICAL THEORY OF MONTESQUIEU. By Melvin RichterCHINA AND THE WORLD SINCE 1949: The Impact of Independence, Modernity and Revolution. By Wang Cungwu (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1977)

The Problem setting. Due to the rapid development of digital technologies, the issue of status settlement and the use of artificial intelligence technologies is especially relevant. This fact indicates the need and importance of finding answers to the question and aims to intensify and unite the efforts of the scientific community to address relevant issues. One of the areas of scientific research is the doctrinal development of new phenomena and processes that have arisen and are taking place in the state and legal sphere under the influence of digitalization of economics, management and law. The tasks of scientific research are to comprehend the impact of the digitization process on the state and legal sphere of society; law as such; assessment of the transformations that are taking place and identification of trends in their dynamics; forecasting the state of these phenomena in the future; formulation of fundamental and applied problems of legal science in terms of doctrinal development of the laws of development and functioning of law, state and legal sphere of society in the conditions of digital reality, determination of approaches to their solution.
Recent research and publications analysis. An analysis of recent research and publications shows that scientific research on this issue is carried out mainly within the economic, political, computer, legal sciences, although the problems and prospects of digitization of law require a deep and thorough philosophical, including philosophical and legal understanding. The rapid development of new technologies, in particular artificial intelligence technologies, the Internet of Things, cloud technologies, etc., is contributing to changes in current legislation. Today, advanced economies are already pondering the question of regulating the status and use of AI technologies. While these are only the first bold steps, in the future, all of these can affect global changes in the legal system - perhaps full-fledged comprehensive institutions of law, even the branches of law.
Paper objectiv. The purpose of this article is a philosophical and legal understanding of the impact of digitalization on the state and legal sphere of society and law as such.
Paper main body. One of the practical aspects of digitalization is the manifestation of the state's ability to provide various services. If necessary, citizens receive certificates, records, statements, responses to electronic inquiries, electronic payments. Other practical aspects, provided that these technologies are used wisely, can improve welfare in education, public safety, and health. In addition, digital imaging can also help address common global issues, such as climate change and greater access to health care and mobility.
At the same time, according to many researchers, along with the benefits of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, new types of ethical issues are being raised, namely compliance with legal ethics standards by artificial intelligence systems and justice, the most important of which are respect for human rights and democratic values. , as well as the danger of transferring prejudices from the analog to the digital world. Researchers have linked the legal challenges of using artificial intelligence technologies in legal practice to a number of issues. In particular, with such as: ensuring data confidentiality; access to confidential law enforcement information; lack of regulatory framework for the use of artificial intelligence systems in legal practice; protection of intellectual property; risk assessment of the use of artificial intelligence systems by a lawyer when working with a client; other potential problems of lawyer's liability; dangers of unauthorized access and modification of artificial intelligence systems by attackers; damage to artificial intelligence systems by malicious virus programs; violation of the terms of providing advice from artificial intelligence systems in case of technical problems, etc. Therefore, the development of systems that transparently use artificial intelligence and are responsible for their results is critical. Artificial intelligence systems must function properly and safely.
According to experts, the unresolved in Ukraine of many political and legal issues related to the rapid development of the information and communication sphere with the advent of digital technologies has become dangerous. It is obvious that the transformations in society associated with these processes require new approaches to the development of national policies for the digitalization of society, which should be based on international agreements. Due to these transformations, there is a need to develop strategic documents that will regulate this area. These documents should be flexible and designed to take into account the maximum amount of data, as well as ensure the free development of innovative technologies and prevent possible risks.
Issues of development of the digital economy and society of Ukraine do not fully meet today's conditions, not enough account is taken of the transformations that have emerged and are currently taking place both in law and in the field of legal regulation under the influence of digitalization. Digital technologies are able to change the image of law, to influence its regulatory potential and efficiency, to open the way or to block its action in new dimensions of social reality. Traditional rather than digital vision of law, legal technologies and certain types of legal activity by legislators is a consequence of the lack of relevant scientific developments that will identify and explain the impact of the digitization process on the law and the legal sphere of society. The practical need for this kind of research is now greater than ever. In order to satisfy it, scientists should intensify work in this direction.
Conclusions of the research. The new digital reality puts forward new requirements for legal science and legal practice, including the development of effective tools and models of legal regulation of various spheres of public life. In modern conditions, law becomes not only a means, a tool that provides digitalization of the economy, government and other segments of social life, but also the object of digitalization. With the development of digital technologies, the contradiction between the need for quality both in terms of form and content of regulations, as well as the ability to meet it in a short time. The task of the state is both to provide favorable conditions conducive to digitalization and to create opportunities for their implementation.

Introduction. The purpose article is to consider the representation of the image of a scientific supervisor based on Internet memes containing a multimodal metaphor. The relevance of the topic is due to the growing interest of the interdisciplinary scientific community in the study of the Internet meme as a social, linguistic, psychological phenomenon of interpersonal communication. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that until now there have been no attempts to study the representation of the academic community from the perspective of the theory of conceptual metaphor using the material of Internet memes. Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the study was the works of linguists and cognitive scientists J. Lakoff, M. Johnson, R. Dawkins, V. Aldrich, Ch. Forsville, B. Dancygier and L. Vandelanotte. The concept of visual metaphor and multimodality is defined, the role of multimodal metaphor in Internet discourse is described, the features of the functioning of multimodal metaphor are revealed. The material for the study was Internet memes representing various aspects of interaction in the academic environment. To systematize the units, a continuous sampling method was used, along with pragmalinguistic, contextual and semantic analysis. Results and discussion. The Internet memes containing a multimodal metaphor that represents the image of a scientific supervisor and illustrates the relationship between graduate students and their mentors were found and analyzed in the paper. To select the material, a search containing the keywords "scientific supervisor", "Phd student", "advisor" was performed. The sources of the memes were the podcasts "The Struggling Scientists", "The Meming Phd", "High impact PhD memes". By selecting keywords, 85 Internet memes were identified in which metaphorical transfers of the above images were found. Based on the data obtained, 4 metaphorical models that most clearly illustrate the relationships between the supervisor and the student were proposed. Conclusion. The study showed that multimodal metaphor is an integral part of modern Internet communication and is an effective way of influencing the addressee. Internet memes representing the image of a scientific supervisor were analyzed and systematized; 4 metaphorical mappings ("Scientific supervisor is a loving/caring parent", "Scientific supervisor is a Jedi", "Scientific supervisor is a monster/maniac", "Scientific supervisor is a bad boss") are highlighted and described. It was revealed that the considered Internet memes are characterized by the replacement of the verbal component with a non-verbal (graphic) one in the target domain or in the source domain. The studied metaphorical models reflect the most pressing problems of the academic community. The expressiveness of the metaphor used is achieved through the use of movie characters in the source domain or target domain. The metaphorical potential of Internet memes as semantic-semiotic units of Internet discourse is undoubtedly a promising area for further study.

The relevance of the article. In the modern information era, strategic communications management has become one of the conditions for competitiveness and effective development of any organization. Thanks to improved communication processes, social institutions make a significant leap in the direction of improving management, interaction with various audiences and interested parties in solving strategic tasks. There is also an increase in the intensity of organizational communications, which are now necessary for the effective operation of commercial and government structures.
Organizational communications help enterprises and organizations interact more effectively with the environment by exchanging information. Representatives of various fields of activity become participants in organizational communications, and they include various forms of business communication. The relevance of this problem is determined by the fact that modern organizational communications are already an independent management function, the effective implementation of which is possible only under the condition of a professional approach. The effectiveness of organizational communications is a guarantee of success for all organizations and institutions, especially for those with a wide branched branch structure.
The purpose of the article — to analyze the main aspects and advantages of the RESULTS BASED MANAGEMENT (RBM) methodology, to consider the current directions of organizational communications between the educational institution and local authorities and management in the context of the modern information age, to outline the ways of using the tools of the RBM methodology to optimize organizational communications between the university and authorities.
The methodology. Analytical method, methods of description, comparison and generalization were applied in the research process.
The results. The essence and basic principles of the RBM methodology are described. The specifics, forms, ways and methods of communication in the context of the RBM methodology are outlined. The issue of active participants in external communications was considered. An algorithm for building a detailed scheme of external communications is provided, and a kind of map of all authorities and management bodies interested in communication is created. A table with a list of communication formats (information interaction) has been developed for each local authority and management. The expediency of choosing a communication format is specified.
The scientific novelty. In this study, for the first time, an algorithm for optimizing external communications between the university and local authorities and management in the context of the RBM methodology is proposed.
The practical significance. Research materials and conclusions can be used for the development of information and communication strategies of universities and the optimization of communication policies in the work of public authorities and management.
Conclusions. The practical application of the methodology of results-based management (Results-Based Management) is extremely relevant in the cooperation of university institutions with authorities and local administration, since it is precisely such interactions that currently require development, planning, implementation and monitoring.
Communications, information campaigns, interaction and cooperation with institutions and stakeholders play a key role in this methodology.

Introduction & BackgroundDigital footprints data are key for the economy, underpinning business models and service provision. This information can also bring benefit to public good, yet sharing of digital footprints data are predicated on individual attitudes which in term depend on the value these data have to consumers. In this study, we investigated how individuals make decisions about sharing their digital footprints data, as well as which features of the data sharing scenario affect their decision to share the data.
Objectives & ApproachWe used responses from a nationally representative sample of 2,087 UK residents to estimate public preferences towards sharing different types of digital footprint data in scenarios with different features. The main part of our experiment consisted of a Discrete Choice Experiment which allows the relative importance of the different features of data sharing scenarios to be established, revealing the tradeoffs participants make between them. Participants made a series of choices between two hypothetical data sharing scenario options or could "opt out" by choosing neither specified option. For example, we examined the differences in responses when data are shared for different purposes (e.g., for research vs private benefit), as well as when data are shared with more or less granular details about identity or location. The data were analysed using a logistic regression with an alternative-specific constant.
Relevance to Digital FootprintsWe focused on understanding whether varied features of six different types of digital footprints data - namely banking transactions, electricity use at home, retail loyalty cards use, browsing history, social media, and physical activity data - affect people's decision whether to share these data.
ResultsParticipants were more likely to share their data with a university for academic research than with a private company or government. Participants were also most reluctant to share data alongside their personal identity. Participants were concerned with the recipient of the data and their purpose in requesting it; whether the data would be shared along with their location and if so, to what specificity; and with the level of aggregation of the data (i.e. whether it would be shared in fine detail or as a monthly summary). In addition, we demonstrated the importance of the type of data to be shared, with people most reluctant to share bank transactions data, but relatively unconcerned about sharing their physical activity, electricity use and loyalty cards data.
Conclusions & ImplicationsWe contribute by highlighting the trade-offs individuals are willing to make between different elements of a data sharing situation, and the relative importance of these different aspects. We also demonstrate that individuals' have positive attitudes to share digital footprints data for research benefiting public good. By integrating these preferences into ethical and responsible research models, we can create fairer and more balanced data sharing frameworks, which can ultimately help people to make better choices about their personal digital footprints data.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) effectiveness on job seekers' organizational attractiveness (JSA). Deriving inspiration from Carroll's theory, the study specifically tries to measure the impact of CSR on JSA with the four dimensions pertaining to economics (PECO), pertaining to legal compliance (PLCO), pertaining to ethics (PETH) and pertaining to philanthropic (PPH). Furthermore, the paper also tries to examine the moderating role of company selection (COM SEL) done based on high or low CSR reputation and JSA.


Design/methodology/approach
Management and engineering students enrolled in premier institutions and universities of Western Odisha in India are surveyed for their perceptions of CSR and JSA. Purposive and convenience sampling are applied to collect data from 456 job seekers. Based on the analysis, the study proposes two main models (Models 1 and 2) wherein Model 1 tries to measure the effect of CSR on JSA and Model 2 checks the moderating effect of COM SEL on CSR and JSA. In addition, robustness of the study is tested using control variables (Models 3 and 4). Data is treated through SmartPLS 3.3 software. The structural equation modelling (partial least squares-SEM) method is applied to test the hypotheses and for further analysis.


Findings
The result reveals an interesting insight. There is a positive and significant effect of PECO, PLCO and PPH on JSA. Moreover, no such significant effect is observed between PETH and JSA. Further, the findings are contrary with respect to COM SEL, that partially moderates the effect of CSR on JSA. However, the results reveal that COM SEL has a substantial moderating effect on the PPH dimension of CSR and JSA.


Practical implications
The results highlight that CSR positively and significantly affects JSA in terms of PECO, PLCO and PPH, thereby emphasizing that organizations must be more focused on these perspectives of CSR. Further, though the results did not exhibit any significance with PETH, it is essential that organizations should strengthen the ethical aspects of CSR as well and align them with the CSR strategic actions. The study also confirms the moderating effect of COM SEL on PPH dimension of CSR and JSA, thereby supporting the philanthropic approach in this domain. Further, the organizations should foresee the philanthropic factor of CSR as a competitive advantage to attract potential job seekers.


Originality/value
This research attempts to contribute to CSR and HR literature in two ways. First, it is the first attempt to use PLS-SEM with an attempt to understand job seekers' perception of CSR and JSA with Indian data consisting of students belonging to premier business management and engineering institutes. Second, the study is an attempt to empirically measure the moderating effect of COM SEL on JSA. To sum up, the study will provide insights to organizations to help craft CSR strategies for attracting more job seekers.

Purpose
This paper aims to examine how market globalization orientation (i.e. a firm's strategic commitment to developing the target markets beyond national borders) influences business-to-business (B2B) practices to achieve competitive performance outcomes.


Design/methodology/approach
A conceptual framework shows how to translate strategic orientation into integrated organizational practices for competitive outcomes. A research model defines key variables (drivers, B2B practices and performance outcomes). The research model is tested using an international survey of 439 firms from four continents. And the analysis results are reported.


Findings
The results suggest that market globalization orientation influences organizational practices and external B2B network processes to achieve desirable performance outcomes. Integrated product development is a crucial linkage mechanism that enables firms to translate strategic network coordination and product innovation goals into improved manufacturing and firm performance.


Research limitations/implications
First, macro-level factors (e.g. the changing attitudes of domestic stakeholders toward globalization) do not necessarily dictate the critical aspects of the micro-level responses (e.g. firm-level practices). Despite negative narratives of globalization at the macro-level (e.g. economic inequality, unwanted immigration that spreads transmissible diseases, supply chain disruptions), firm-level responses toward global markets are determined by their missional direction and strategic priorities for achieving competitive advantage by expanding their B2B supply chains and market frontiers (Adams et al., 2019; Kobrin, 2020; Witt, 2019; Zinn and Goldsby, 2020). Second, the findings suggest that many firms take globalization orientation as an essential strategic driver that governs critical operational and network practices for achieving desirable performance outcomes. Market globalization orientation motivates B2B firms of all sizes –including small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) – to pursue globalization in their unique paths of differentiation. Globalization orientation expands their spheres of influence beyond their local, regional and domestic fronts. The globalization orientation of business leadership motivates firms to stretch their business frontiers without self-imposed geographical constraints.


Practical implications
Competitive firms choose market globalization orientation in their supply flow and implement strategic and operational practices to pursue global market opportunities. Globalization orientation is imperative to firms that seek new growth engines to achieve competitive performance that appeals to diverse market segments of the world.


Social implications
Outstanding firms expand their value frontiers to secure a flexible supplier base and reach out to diverse B2B customers in their domestic and global market segments. This study also suggests that firms with a market globalization orientation aim to develop novelty products, offer essential services, support the livelihood goals of people and pursue a shared vision of a sustainable planet.


Originality/value
In the context of conflicting societal attitudes and political priorities toward globalization, this study examines the crucial role of market globalization orientation. Using an empirical study, this paper suggests that globalization efforts succeed as firms deploy their internal and network resources to address people's essential and timeless needs beyond national boundaries.

Relevance of the research topic. Crisis and rapidly changing conditions of the external environment create new challenges and tasks for enterprises. The competitiveness of the enterprise in any market directly depends on the resource provision of its activities and the created management system. Actualization of the problem of resource provision of the enterprise's activity is determined by the limitation of resources and their high cost. Analysis of recent research and publications. The problem of resource provision of the enterprise was studied by many scientists, in particular L. Abalkin, T. Bezverhnyuk, N. Bogatska, I. Vovk, R. Grant, Yu. Derevyanko, R. Kvasnytska, O. Kremin, K. Kuznetsova, A. Melnyk, L. Melnyk, V. Novytskyi, A. Polyanska, K. Prohalada, I. Stets, M. Frantzova, A. Chorna, O. Shamanskaand other. Highlighting unexplored parts of the general problem. Despite the large number of studies, the theoretical aspects of resource provision of the enterprise are debatable and require further research. In order to ensure the planned financial results, the enterprise must have the appropriate resource support for its activities. Therefore, enterprises fully use their own resources and, at the same time, look for alternative resources that will ultimately ensure the achievement of an economic, social, ecological, and innovative effect. Setting the task, the goal of the research. The tasks of the research are: to deepen the understanding of the theoretical foundations of resource provision of production; after summarizing the existing approaches, highlight the existing types of resources; after summarizing the existing approaches, propose a classification of types of resources; to propose a system for evaluating the effectiveness of the enterprise's provision of resources. Method or methodology of research. The article uses a set of scientific research methods: system approach, structuring, synthesis, etc. Presentation of the main material. The article examines theoretical approaches to determining the resource potential of socio-economic systems. The evolution of scientific views on the category "resource potential" in relation to various research objects is presented. Summarizing the available approaches, we identified the following types of resources. A system for evaluating the effectiveness of management of enterprise resource provision is proposed. Field of application of results. The results of the research can be used in the process of formation and implementation of state policy in the field of health care. Conclusions according to the article. Having analyzed the scientific works of researchers, it can be concluded that the modern conditions of development of economic entities are largely determined by the state, level and scale of their resource provision, which ensures the necessary level of competitiveness and maintenance of business activity in the conditions of an uncertain external environment. It is important to pay attention to the provision of resources, which, according to scientists, is a set of internal and external resources and conditions necessary for the formation and continuous functioning of the innovative sphere and its constituent elements.

The subject of the study is the practical experience of the functioning of the mechanism of public procurement of goods, works and services in the member states of the European Union, its reformation under the influence of the introduction of new EU legislative norms in the field of public procurement, and the harmonization of the national legislation of the participating countries with Directives 2014/23/EU, 2014/24/EU and 2014/25/EU. The purpose of the work is to establish the impact of the new legislative norms of the European Union in the field of public procurement on the mechanism of procurement of goods, works and services for budget funds in the European Union, to identify the advantages of applying these norms. The methodological basis of the article is a set of cognitive methods applied to the mechanism of public procurement. The research was based on general scientific methods, namely: dialectical, which implies objectivity, comprehensiveness and systematic knowledge; logical; special methods of scientific knowledge: historical, method of systematic analysis and generalization of normative documents. The general logic of the article is based on a complex and systematic approach using modern scientific apparatus. Results of the article. The article establishes the main directions of changes in the mechanism and tools of public procurement in the countries of the European Union, which took place after the implementation of the norms of Directives 2014/23/EU, 2014/24/EU and 2014/25/EU, an analysis of the advantages of their implementation in national legislation of member states. The evaluation of the efficiency of the public procurement market in the EU countries was carried out. The directions and sources of further research are substantiated, first of all, by taking into account the aspects of digitalization of the sphere of public administration and finance, social and environmental innovations. Field of application of results. The results can be used by state and local self-government bodies, territorial communities, and economic entities of various forms of ownership. Conclusions. The new norms of EU legislation in the field of public procurement, set out in Directives 2014/23/EU, 2014/24/EU and 2014/25/EU, are aimed at simplifying procedures for public procurement of goods, works and services for budget funds, which promotes the free movement of goods and services in the countries of the European Union. As a result, customers get better value for money. Thus, public procurement becomes a tool of EU strategic policy. Although it cannot be claimed that the EU's public procurement policy is flawless, the experience of all participating countries is always taken into account in the process of its development and implementation. The EU public sector can use the procurement of goods, works and services with budget funds to increase the number of jobs, growth and investment, as well as to create an economy that is more innovative, resource and energy efficient and socially inclusive.

ResumoA proficiência na compreensão da leitura de textos não requer apenas o adequado desempenho do leitor nas competências fonológica, morfológica, sintática e semântica, mas também demanda competência pragmática – habilidade de, deliberadamente, articular a materialidade linguística da superfície textual ao próprio conhecimento de mundo – revelando que a interação autor-texto-leitor se concretiza no empenho do leitor em enlaçar o contexto de uso e as ideias expressas no texto aos seus objetivos de leitura. Assim, se a pragmática se constitui aspecto relevante para o bom desempenho na compreensão da leitura, questiona-se sobre qual espaço essa vem tendo nos estudos acadêmicos com finalidade de trabalhar tal compreensão. O artigo tem como objetivo apresentar um levantamento de estudos que abordam, na perspectiva da pragmática da linguagem, a compreensão leitora. Para isso, foram pesquisados estudos sobre o tema nas plataformas SciELO, PsycINFO e ERIC. Os resultados mostram que há uma carência de artigos que abordam contribuições da pragmática associada à compreensão leitora. Essa lacuna identificada nos estudos reflete a escassez de intervenções pedagógicas focalizando as habilidades (meta)pragmáticas. Assim, entendendo que algumas dificuldades apresentadas pelos estudantes na compreensão de textos estão relacionadas justamente à falta de um trabalho pedagógico focalizando a pragmática, sugere-se que investir no ensino explícito dessa competência pode contribuir para os avanços no desempenho dos estudantes em leitura.
Palavras-chave: Compreensão da Leitura. Compreensão de Textos Escritos. Habilidades Pragmáticas. Desempenho em Leitura.
AbstractProficiency in reading comprehension does not only require readers' appropriate performance in phonological, morphological, syntax, and semantic competencies but also pragmatic competence – the skill of deliberately connect linguistic materiality of the textual surface with knowledge of the world itself – revealing that the author-text-reader interaction materializes in the reader's commitment to link the context of use and the ideas expressed in the text to his/her reading objectives. Hence, if pragmatics is a relevant aspect for good reading comprehension, it is asked herein how it has been addressed in academic studies intended to promote reading comprehension. This objective of this paper is to present the studies addressing reading comprehension from the pragmatic language perspective. Hence, studies addressing the topic were searched in the SciELO, PsycINFO, and ERIC databases. The results show a lack of papers addressing the pragmatics contributions associated with reading comprehension. This gap identified in the study reflects a lack of teaching interventions focusing on (meta)pragmatic skills, suggesting that some of the students' difficulties may be related to this lack of interventions. Teaching this competence can improve the students' reading performance, and competent reading promotes social inclusion and a citizenship. Therefore, schools must train these competencies for individuals to interact with texts, process ideas, make connections with different types of knowledge, and (re)construct meaning(s).
Keywords: Reading Comprehension. Written Comprehension Texts. Pragmatic Skills. Reading Performance