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Summary in English.

Goruppi, W.: Cechia. S. 5-9. Hamende, B.: Polonia. S. 9-14. Goruppi, W.: Slovacchia. S. 14-18. Lachi, M.: Slovenia. S. 18-23. Campobasso, C.: Ungheria. S. 23-28. Goruppi, W.: Romania. S. 28-31. Campobasso, C.: Bulgaria. S. 31-36. Campobasso, C.: Albania. S. 36-42. Lachi, M.: Croazia. S. 43-46. Lachi, M.: Repubblica Federale Iugoslava. S. 47-50. Lachi, M.: Macedonia. S. 50-54

Examines principles of the Koran that are at odds with fundamentals of Italian law, especially those regarding marriage and family law, and calls for a revision of the 1929 law on non-Catholic religions, in context of heavy Islamic immigration to Italy. Summary in English.

Tries to identify some common traits of the welfare states of Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece, with special attention to institutional and political aspects. Summary in English p. 202.

The article analyses some relatively new aspects of the Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre. In particular it tackles the double bond for the Conselho do Orcamento Participativo (imperative mandate & budget constraint according to redistributive justice), as well as the rule providing for an equal proportion between the participants at the assemblies & the number of delegates for each Forum. Participatory budgeting is suggesting to be a procedure aimed at adopt fair decision from a social point of view, & not only at promote the largest political participation of the citizens. According to the author the originality of the Brazilian experiment is to propose the formalization of "constitutional" rules for achieving social justice, beyond the virtues of popular participation. Adapted from the source document.

This article analyses the most important innovations concerning public employment introduced in Italy during the '90s. It distinguishes different timings to administrative reforms: "the first cycle" (1992/1997) & "the second cycle" (1997/2001). Both of them are oriented to control public expenditure & to compensate -- by the complete bargaining of public service terms -- trade unions of public sector for the cuttings produced, & to reform top civil servants. On this aspect, the article shows how neo-corporative practices substituted parliamentary practices. Cooperation & negotiations between the central government & interest groups (especially trade unions) led to social agreements which became the basis of public employment reform. However, administrative reforms in Italy have been also the result of both external & domestic pressures: on the one hand, the financial constraints produced by the process of European integration (Maastricht Treaty), to which the Italian government had to adjust; on the other hand, the deep crisis of the Italian political system. The fall of party government led to more direct relations between executive & interest groups & to practices of majoritarian politics which pushed for innovative reforms. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

The text outlines the evolution as well as the coincidence of the two notions of Representation & of Participation in their political aspects. The argumentation starts with an historical & political excursus of the receipt of the concept of <>, positively shared/acknowledged only in the Modern Age. Also concerning Representation, the paper follows its historical developments in order to underline the differences among the ideas of fiduciary representation, task & sociological representations. Starting from the relationships between the forms of political representation & "bottom-up" participation, the topic of quality of democracy emerges. By the way, if representation processes exclude the idea of direct participation, new ways of expressions are opened to citizens with expansion of the right to vote & social & political associations. The reason why people want to participate to political life can be highlighted by stressing two concepts of participation, the instrumental & the symbolic ones. Since in this context the parties (above all the mass-ones) set up a clasp between society & its institutions, they are called to answer to the instances of accountability & responsiveness which nowadays represent a topic point in the "democracies of disaffection.". References. Adapted from the source document.

Redefining territoriality is a crucial aspect of the changing nature of public policies in a multi-level, 'post-national' polity. New forms of territoriality in spatial development policies can be thus seen as a key analytical dimension of change in the state's role & rationales in defining public policies. The article addresses emergent practices of territorial governance in a perspective of inquiry on state change, with particular reference to western European countries. The changing nexus between territoriality & the state is addressed according to a 'governance approach' that privileges a policy-driven interpretation of change, & builds on a theoretical framework largely alternative to traditional 'state-centered' approaches. Reference goes to new conceptualizations of socio-spatial structuration processes in the social sciences & to critical reassessments of related geographical concepts in political economy & geography. Particular attention goes to the notion of 'scale', & to 'rescaling' -- i.e. the redefinition of the geographical scales of state regulation & governance -- as a key dimension of state restructuring processes. In this perspective, state-theoretical regulationist approaches are discussed that emphasize the scalar dimension of state restructuring as a key response to the changing position of the state as a site of regulation in a context of inter- & trans-nationalization. References. Adapted from the source document.