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The article examines in detail the problems associated with the development of Buddhism, which introduced a personal aspect to religion and embodied the idea of the need for compassion for all living beings. A special place is occupied by the analysis of the moral and social component of this religion. Buddhism is seen as a protest movement that originated in India and is directed against the frozen hierarchy, mechanical ritualism and greed of the Brahmins. This religion challenged the Brahmin hierarchy, appealing primarily to warriors, kings, and the mass of the free population. The Buddhist community was a brotherhood of mendicant monks who did not perform any rituals, but only showed people the way to salvation by the example of their lives. Buddhism is also one of the radical reformist teachings, not only intellectually, but also socially. He called people, first of all, to inner perfection, the last stage of which can be achieved only through kindness and benevolence to all living beings. The central point of this article is devoted to the debate about the reality of the Buddha's existence, his teaching and the transformations of this teaching. A significant place is given to the description of the way of life of Buddhist monks, the relationship within the Buddhist community and with the laity. The reasons for the attractiveness of Buddhism and its easy adaptability to other religious doctrines are substantiated. The possibilities of transformation of Buddhism, including within the framework of syncretic creeds, as well as in the activities of totalitarian and pseudo-religious sects, are shown. Examples of the politicization of this religion and its inclusion in the activities of fundamentalist organizations are given. ; В статье детально рассматриваются проблемы, связанные с развитием буддизма, который привнес в религию личностный аспект и воплотил идею о необходимости сострадания ко всем живым существам. Особое место занимает анализ нравственной и социальной составляющей данной религии. Буддизм рассматривается как протестное движение, зародившееся в Индии, и направленное против застывшего иерархизма, механической обрядовости и корыстолюбия брахманов. Эта религия поставила под сомнение брахманскую иерархию, апеллировал в первую очередь к воинам, царям и массе свободного населения. Буддистская община представляла собой братство нищенствующих монахов, которые не совершали никаких обрядов, а лишь примером своей жизни указывали людям путь к спасению. Буддизм — это также одно из радикальных реформистских учений не только в интеллектуальном, но и в социальном аспектах. Он призывал людей, прежде всего, к внутреннему совершенствованию, последней ступени которого можно достичь лишь благодаря доброте и доброжелательности ко всем живым существам. Центральное место в данной статье посвящено спору о реальности существования Будды, его учению и трансформациям этого учения. Значительное место отводится описанию образа жизни буддийских монахов, взаимоотношениям внутри буддийской общины и с мирянами. Обоснованы причины привлекательности буддизма и его легкой адаптивности к другим религиозным доктринам. Показаны возможности трансформации буддизма, в том числе и в рамках синкретических вероучений, а также в деятельности тоталитарных и псевдорелигиозных сект. Приведены примеры политизации этой религии и ее включения в активность фундаменталистских организаций.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the European Union tourism policy has been increasingly focused on initiatives in the field of social tourism, which are one of the ways of achieving sustainable development in the European tourism economy. Most of the research projects that have so far been conducted in the field have focused on the benefits for its participants (subjective one: Children and youths, seniors, disabled people, people (families) with low incomes and/or unemployed, big families). However, there is a lack of research on the analysis of the place of social aspects of tourism in the general socio-economic policy of the state and, in a detailed aspect, in the sectoral policy represented by tourism policy, as well as its potential impact on the development of the national economy and meeting tourism needs of the society. The authors tried to fill this research gap in this study. The aim of the study is to differentiate the issues related to the social aspects of tourism policy from the entire socio-economic policy pursued in the European Union and selected member states (Poland and Slovakia). The article is of a theoretical-analytical-conceptual nature. Empirical research, due to the nature of its issues, was conducted with the use of qualitative research methods. The results of the conducted research showed that activities in the field of social tourism policy are conditioned by organizational solutions for the entities that undertake them, as well as economic ones, especially in the field of financing. Moreover, they made it possible to propose the concept of a model social tourism policy with an indication of its place in the European policy on the basis of the past and future EU financial perspectives.

Rare diseases are a heterogenic group of disorders with a little in common except of their rarity affecting by less than 5 : 10.000 people. In the world is registered about 6000-8000 rare diseases with 6–8% suffering population only in the European Union. In spite of rarity, they represent an important medical and social problem due to their incidence. For many rare diseases have no treatment, but if it exists and if started on time as being available to patients, there is a good prognosis for them to be able for normal life. The problems of patients affected by rare diseases are related to the lack of diagnosis and timely undergoing as well as their treatment or prevention. Orphan drugs are products intended for treatment, diagnosis or prevention of rare diseases, but for their development and marketing the industry has not been interested in yet because of their marketing reasons. Patients suffering from a rare disease although belonging to the vulnerable group for their specific health needs,is becoming invisible in the health care system due to their additional needs unproperly recognized. Ethical problems faced by patients, but also health care professionals are related to the allocation of medical diagnostics, unequal approach to health care, inappropriately specialized social services as well as therapy and rare orphan drugs unavailability. Ethical questions related to clinical trails on orphan drugs, population screening and epidemiology testing on rare diseases will also be discussed in this paper.

Interest in ecological restoration has recently intensified as scientists, policymakers, and stakeholders use restoration in management strategies to address and mitigate global climate change and biodiversity loss. Northern ecosystems offer special challenges to restoration managers because of their short growing seasons and long recovery periods. This special feature of Ecology and Society on ecological restoration in northern regions draws together 11 papers based on presentations from the conference "Restoring the North", convened in October 2011 in Selfoss, Iceland. We summarize two themes of this conference: ( 1) setting objectives and evaluating success in restoration, and ( 2) legislation, policy, and implementation of restoration. We conclude that northern countries altogether comprise a significant knowledge base and suggest five actions to enhance restoration practices within them: ( 1) improved documentation of restoration actions, including objectives, measures and results, ( 2) regular evaluation of restoration progress and outcome, ( 3) coordination of conservation actions among northern countries, including location of restoration actions to sites where they are most useful in a global context, ( 4) formation of a common platform to strengthen development of research about ecological, political, social, and technical aspects of ecological restoration, and ( 5) education of new generations of restoration actors who can work in diverse biogeographic settings and cultures.

The article analyzes the social sphere. A number of problems that are systemic and can influence on identifying the strategic guidelines of social policy are revealed. Certain legislative acts of strategic nature are estimated in the article and priority areas of implementation of social policy of Ukraine are outlined. ; В статье проведен анализ социальной сферы. Выявлен ряд проблем, которые носят системный характер и вливают на определение стратегических ориентиров социальной политики. Дана оценка отдельным законодательным актам стратегического характера и намечены приоритетные направления реализации социальной политики Украины. ; У статті здійснено аналіз соціальної сфери. Виявлено низку проблем, які носять системний характер і вливають на визначення стратегічних орієнтирів соціальної політики. Дано оцінку окремим законодавчим актам стратегічного характеру та окреслено пріоритетні напрями реалізації соціальної політики України.

After the severe devastation from the Korean War between 1950~1953, SouthKorea achieved a complete makeover. The country with the 12th largest economy inthe world commemorated its success by hosting the G20 summit in 2010 for thefirst time in Asia. Korea is the only country switched its status from aninternational aid recipient to a donor. The country is known to have a highpotential to grow even further with its emerging economy.Many developing countries in Africa, South East Asia and Latin Americadeclared that they adopted or plan to adopt the Korean development model which isgovernment-driven industrialization nurturing exports. However behind thedazzling skyscrapers, the country is reported to be suffering from a high suiciderate, rising temporary employment, disparity, value crisis and increasing antisocialbehaviours.Based on an analysis of indices, the country is diagnosed to be in anomie. Thesociety is going through moral breakdown due to commodification introducedduring the rapid industrialization. Given that society is shaped through a constantreconciliation between freedom and security, Korea has sacrificed its security byletting market freedom override politics, which has to function as a soundmoderator, to the point it cannot be controlled.This paper argues that ensuring the primacy of politics to rein in marketfreedom is an urgent task. Market needs to be repositioned under society in pursuitof restoring the balance between freedom and security which should work as thebasis of the every development agenda. Sound governance and transparency asprerequisites, many countries should establish those before starting to implement adevelopment plan. Restoring community is heightened both as a measure ofprevention and cure that it can be started at the individual level.

The article is devoted to the study of the essence of the concept of "silver economy" as a new approach to solving the problem of population aging, which is faced by both the world and Ukraine. The methodology of the study were the methods of factor analysis and synthesis, dialectical, logical-semantic, graphic, methods of comparison and generalization. Traditionally, an aging population is perceived as a financial burden on the economy and a threat to the well-being of future generations. In difficult demographic conditions, the developed countries of the world have begun to implement special policies aimed at supporting the aging population. The UN principles on the elderly are considered, the main thesis of which is to create conditions for maximum self-realization in society, to prevent age discrimination, which together will ensure a decent life for elderly Ukrainians. It is proved that the aging of the population, in addition to the negative consequences, can become a new resource for economic growth of the country by expanding the labor market, increasing consumption and increasing production. Important economic, socio-cultural and political-legal factors of formation and development of the "silver economy" are considered. It is noted that such a process should take place within the framework of state regulation. Accordingly, the main directions of state policy that will promote the development of the "silver economy" in the country are outlined. The influence of the "silver economy" on the efficiency of the development of the pension system in the country has been established. It is determined that the pension reform is a method of protecting the sustainability of the pension system by increasing the employment rate of the elderly. It has been proven that in the context of pension reform, "silver age" people have a hidden potential to solve the financial problems of the pension system and can be a source of balancing such a system. It is concluded that the positive impact of the "silver economy" is ...

This paper evaluates the legal status of the Russian federal government as a corporate governance participant using the example of large sectorial companies. The state commonly regulates economic processes and focuses on pursuing the public interest. It also acts as a guarantor of social responsibility, and this affects decision-making processes in state-owned corporations. In Russia, the federal government has always played an essential role in the business activities of enterprises. Many companies are known to be state-owned or have close links to the state authorities and policymakers. This raises an academic debate concerning the development of market competition, state participation, and business environment. We propose approaches to understanding the participation of the state and unitary enterprises in corporate governance in Russia. By employing secondary data analysis as well as examining the Russian legislation in corporate law, we attempt to determine the legal and social status of the federal government in managing large corporations. This study addresses the issues of the duality of the legal status of the government in corporate governance and its impact on managerial decision-making. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2020. ; The authors express special gratitude to the administration of School of Public Management and Entrepreneurship of the Ural Federal University named after the first Russian President Boris Yeltsin for the support and participation. The work was supported by Government Act 211 of the Russian Federation, contract 02.A03.21.0006.

Intensive groundwater development is a common circumstance in semiarid and arid areas. Often abstraction exceeds recharge, thus continuously depleting reserves. There is groundwater mining when the recovery of aquifer reserves needs more than 50 years. The MASE project has been carried out to compile what is known about Spain and specifically about the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands. The objective was the synthetic analysis of available data on the hydrological, economic, managerial, social, and ethical aspects of groundwater mining. Since the mid-20th century, intensive use of groundwater in south-eastern Spain allowed extending and securing the areas with traditional surface water irrigation of cash crops and their extension to former dry lands, taking advantage of good soils and climate. This fostered a huge economic and social development. Intensive agriculture is a main activity, although tourism plays currently an increasing economic role in the coasts. Many aquifers are relatively high yielding small carbonate units where the total groundwater level drawdown may currently exceed 300 m. Groundwater storage depletion is estimated about 15 km3. This volume is close to the total contribution of the Tagus-Segura water transfer, but without large investments paid for with public funds. Seawater desalination complements urban supply and part of cash crop cultivation. Reclaimed urban waste water is used for irrigation. Groundwater mining produces benefits but associated to sometimes serious economic, administrative, legal and environmental problems. The use of an exhaustible vital resource raises ethical concerns. It cannot continue under the current legal conditions. A progressive change of water use paradigm is the way out, but this is not in the mind of most water managers and politicians. The positive and negative results observed in south-eastern Spain may help to analyse other areas under similar hydrogeological conditions in a less advanced stage of water use evolution.

Intensive groundwater development is a common circumstance in semiarid and arid areas. Often abstraction exceeds recharge, thus continuously depleting reserves. There is groundwater mining when the recovery of aquifer reserves needs more than 50 years. The MASE project has been carried out to compile what is known about Spain and specifically about the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands. The objective was the synthetic analysis of available data on the hydrological, economic, managerial, social, and ethical aspects of groundwater mining. Since the mid-20th century, intensive use of groundwater in south-eastern Spain allowed extending and securing the areas with traditional surface water irrigation of cash crops and their extension to former dry lands, taking advantage of good soils and climate. This fostered a huge economic and social development. Intensive agriculture is a main activity, although tourism plays currently an increasing economic role in the coasts. Many aquifers are relatively high yielding small carbonate units where the total groundwater level drawdown may currently exceed 300 m. Groundwater storage depletion is estimated about 15 km3. This volume is close to the total contribution of the Tagus-Segura water transfer, but without large investments paid for with public funds. Seawater desalination complements urban supply and part of cash crop cultivation. Reclaimed urban waste water is used for irrigation. Groundwater mining produces benefits but associated to sometimes serious economic, administrative, legal and environmental problems. The use of an exhaustible vital resource raises ethical concerns. It cannot continue under the current legal conditions. A progressive change of water use paradigm is the way out, but this is not in the mind of most water managers and politicians. The positive and negative results observed in south-eastern Spain may help to analyse other areas under similar hydrogeological conditions in a less advanced stage of water use evolution. ...

This paper explores the concept of Web accessibility and how technologies, guidelines and policies have evolved since the turn of the twenty-first century in order to address the ideals of equitable access to online content for all people. The paper discusses the high availability of assistive technologies built into consumer devices and the associated accessibility guidelines for Web sites and content. Through examination of the literature, this paper shows that the accessible design and assessment of Web sites can be complicated, and that social media, corporate and government Web sites are yet to fully realise the goals of an accessible Web. The paper concludes with the view that disability awareness, more than technology and policy, is perhaps the primary obstacle to a more universally accessible Web.

This paper addresses the question "To what extent can job satisfaction be explained as the revenue of social capital?" By conceiving someone's social network as social capital we specify conditions under which social ties do lead to job satisfaction. We inquire into the idea of goal specificity of social capital, which implies that a network with a given structure and content will have different impacts on various aspects of job satisfaction. If the content of the ties and the structure of the network at the job engender material well-being or produce social approval, satisfaction with the corresponding job aspects increases. Data were collected in 1993 using written questionnaires in two Dutch governmental agencies, one with 32 and the other with 44 employees. These workers' networks were charted using nine name-generating questions. Social capital, it turns out, is not an all-purpose good but one that is goal specific, even within a single domain of life such as work. Three effects stand out: First, the structure of the network and the content of the ties do matter. Networks of strategic, work-related ties promote an employee's satisfaction with instrumental aspects of the job, like income, security, and career opportunities. Second, closed networks of identity-based solidarity ties improve an employee's satisfaction with social aspects of the job, like the general social climate at work and cooperation with management and colleagues. Third, a network with a bow–tie structure (i.e., where a focal actor is the link between two or more mutually exclusive cliques) generally has strong negative effects on satisfaction with the social side of the job; although a bow–tie type network of trusting ties does increase satisfaction with the social side. This implies that Krackhardt's hypothesis on the unpleasant feelings produced by bow–tie type networks has to be specified for the content of the ties that constitute such a network. The most important conclusion of our analysis is that goal specificity of social capital ...

One of the conditions for effective economic development is the achievement of scientific and technical progress, the expansion of the scope of works associated with the development and implementation of the economic practice of innovation. Therefore, at the present stage of functioning of tourist industry of Ukraine there are no doubts about the necessity of the transition of the tourism industry to innovative model of economic development. In addition, today tourism is an important social phenomenon, which covers a significant portion of the world's population, so the social component of tourist activities is so powerful that accounted for almost all spatial levels. The article considers preconditions and features of innovative development of tourism at the regional level, as well as advanced trends of innovation activity in the tourism sector in terms of socialization of the economy. Described two main approaches to the analysis of innovation activities in the tourism sector – the functional and spatial. Emphasis is placed on the role of spatial development in tourism and its social functions. To coordinate efforts to create a holistic and systematic regional tourism policy in terms of socialization of the economy required is the development social doctrine of the tourism. Analyzes social aspects and selected organizational forms of innovative directions of development of tourism at the regional level that cannot be realized without the effective functioning of the relevant institutional forms, including public authorities and local governments; scientific and educational institutions; local community and other communities; tourism businesses and organizations; institutions of sphere of services, transport and other networks; establishment, maintenance, consulting organization; destination; media, etc. discussed in Detail the mechanisms of realization of administrative management and information directions of innovative development of tourism in the region. ; Однією з умов ефективного розвитку економіки є досягнення науково-технічного прогресу, розширення масштабів робіт, пов'язаних із розробкою і впровадженням у господарську практику нововведень. Тому на сучасному етапі функціонування туристичної галузі України вже не існує сумнівів щодо необхідності переходу індустрії туризму на інноваційну модель економічного розвитку. Крім того, на сьогоднішній день туризм є важливим соціальним явищем, яке охоплює значну частину населення планети, тому соціальна складова туристичної діяльності настільки вагома, що враховується практично на усіх просторових рівнях. У статті розглянуто передумови та особливості інноваційного розвитку туризму на регіональному рівні, а також обґрунтовано перспективні напрями інноваційної діяльності у туристичній сфері в умовах соціалізації економіки. Охарактеризовано два головні підходи до аналізу інноваційної діяльності у туристичній сфері – функціональний та просторовий. Наголошено на ролі просторового розвитку у туристичній діяльності та її соціальній функції. Для координації зусиль щодо формування цілісної і системної регіональної туристичної політики в умовах соціалізації економіки необхідною є розробка соціальної доктрини туризму. Проаналізовано соціальні аспекти та виділено організаційні форми інноваційних напрямів розвитку туризму на регіональному рівні, які не можуть бути реалізованими без забезпечення ефективного функціонування відповідних організаційних форм, серед яких органи державної влади та місцевого самоврядування; наукові та освітні заклади; місцеві громади та інші спільноти; туристичні підприємства та організації; заклади сфери обслуговування, транспортні та інші мережі; заклади технічного обслуговування, консалтингові організації; дестинації; засоби масової інформації та ін. Детально розглянуто механізми реалізації адміністративно-управлінського та інформаційного напрямів інноваційного розвитку туризму в регіоні.