Uz pomoć relevantne literature u radu se analiziraju društveni aspekti starenja i obolijevanja. Autor zaključuje da ni jedna znanstvena teorija izdvojeno ne sadrži ključ rješenja za istraživanja tih složenih procesa i položaja osoba starije životne dobi u suvremenom društvu te da je najprimjereniji interdisciplinarni pristup. Da bi se ostvario zadani cilj ovoga članka, u tekstu se raspravlja: a) o teorijama koje pomažu upoznavanju starosti i starenja te omogućuju definiranje socijalne i zdravstvene politike u konkretnim uvjetima, što izravno utječe na odnos pojedinca, obitelji i društva prema sve većoj grupi starijih i bolesnih osoba, te b) o spoznaji starosti i starenja kroz prošlost i sadašnjost koja pomaže afirmaciji onih obrazaca ponašanja i aktivnosti koji su alternativa jednostranom, stigmatiziranom, ponekada i segregacijskom odnosu prema osobama starijim od 65 godina. To može pomoći da institucionalno vođene reforme socijalne skrbi i zdravstvenoga sustava omoguće kvalitativno drukčiji, u nekim segmentima i posve različit odnos prema starijima kako se taj dio društva ne bi osjećao suvišnim i odbačenim od obitelji i društva u inače teškim uvjetima tranzicije te kako bi se našli odgovori na sve složenija i aktualnija socijalna, zdravstvena, pravna, ekonomska i etička pitanja koja su u nas: a) aktualna, b) nedovoljno obrađena, c) bez sustavnoga i sveobuhvatnoga prikaza. ; With the help of relevant literature the paper analyses social aspects of ageing and getting ill. The author concludes that none of the scientific theories by themselves hold the solution for studying these complex processes and the position of old people in the modern society, and that the interdisciplinary approach is the best. To accomplish the set goal, the article discusses: a) theories that help us understand old age and ageing, and allow us to define social and healthcare policies in everyday conditions, which directly affects the attitude of individuals, families and the society towards the constantly growing group of old and ill ...
In the Europe of the European Union, policies and programmes on the social inclusion of millions of Euros have been presented for years in different countries, with a greater concentration in the countries of the South and neighbouring countries. This issue is of concern to state, regional and also local governments. The strategies proposed are also multilevel. It is the latter that have the most complicated role since they are the ones that are closest to the problem. For this last level of public administration, the main obstacle is the lack of resources, becoming clearly dependent on European, national and autonomous funds. The analysis of the plans guides us as to which aspects are the most important. This is the case of Barcelona, because it is an example of inclusive support measures and teamwork on a European and international scale. A theoretical model derived from the analysis of the theory and the results of the application of the different social policies of inclusion through training is presented, in which the leader has a determining role and a new actor is incorporated into the traditional models. ; In the Europe of the European Union, policies and programmes on the social inclusion of millions of Euros have been presented for years in different countries, with a greater concentration in the countries of the South and neighbouring countries. This issue is of concern to state, regional and also local governments. The strategies proposed are also multilevel. It is the latter that have the most complicated role since they are the ones that are closest to the problem. For this last level of public administration, the main obstacle is the lack of resources, becoming clearly dependent on European, national and autonomous funds. The analysis of the plans guides us as to which aspects are the most important. This is the case of Barcelona, because it is an example of inclusive support measures and teamwork on a European and international scale. A theoretical model derived from the analysis of the theory and the results of the application of the different social policies of inclusion through training is presented, in which the leader has a determining role and a new actor is incorporated into the traditional models.
In the Europe of the European Union, policies and programmes on the social inclusion of millions of Euros have been presented for years in different countries, with a greater concentration in the countries of the South and neighbouring countries. This issue is of concern to state, regional and also local governments. The strategies proposed are also multilevel. It is the latter that have the most complicated role since they are the ones that are closest to the problem. For this last level of public administration, the main obstacle is the lack of resources, becoming clearly dependent on European, national and autonomous funds. The analysis of the plans guides us as to which aspects are the most important. This is the case of Barcelona, because it is an example of inclusive support measures and teamwork on a European and international scale. A theoretical model derived from the analysis of the theory and the results of the application of the different social policies of inclusion through training is presented, in which the leader has a determining role and a new actor is incorporated into the traditional models. ; In the Europe of the European Union, policies and programmes on the social inclusion of millions of Euros have been presented for years in different countries, with a greater concentration in the countries of the South and neighbouring countries. This issue is of concern to state, regional and also local governments. The strategies proposed are also multilevel. It is the latter that have the most complicated role since they are the ones that are closest to the problem. For this last level of public administration, the main obstacle is the lack of resources, becoming clearly dependent on European, national and autonomous funds. The analysis of the plans guides us as to which aspects are the most important. This is the case of Barcelona, because it is an example of inclusive support measures and teamwork on a European and international scale. A theoretical model derived from the analysis of the theory and the results of the application of the different social policies of inclusion through training is presented, in which the leader has a determining role and a new actor is incorporated into the traditional models.
Čovjekove spoznaje o zdravlju i bolesti nisu jedinstvene. Načini na koje se zdravlje i bolest shvaćaju izravno su povezani sa stanjem i odnosima u društvu, odnosno ponašanjem osobe i skupine. Sociološka istraživanja zdravlja i bolesti proučavaju društvene čimbenike koji mogu izazvati razne bolesti i nepovoljno utjecati na njihov razvoj i ishod. Istražujući stanje u društvu, nastoji se pronaći takve oblike društvenoga života koji unapređuju zdravlje i sprečavaju nastanak bolesti. Tipično pitanje kojim se sociološka istraživanja zdravlja i bolesti bave jest: kako stil života, spol, dob, rasa, društveno-ekonomske, socio-kulturne i druge razlike među ljudima utječu na kvalitetu zdravlja te na pojavu bolesti i njezin ishod? Osnovni cilj ovih istraživanja jest učiniti te spoznaje pristupačnima svim slojevima stanovništa, bez obzira na društveni položaj. Na taj su se način društvene znanosti, posebice sociologija medicine, etablirale kao akademska disciplina u zapadnim razvijenim državama (SAD-u, Njemačkoj itd.), gdje su se razvile odgovarajuće metode istraživanja koje postižu nedvojbene rezultate o stanju, razvoju i projekcijama društva. U realizaciji socioloških istraživanja zdravlja i bolesti u hrvatskim društvenim znanostima potrebno je afirmirati sociološki teorijsko-metodološki pristup primjeren ekonomskim, kulturnim, pravnim, etičkim i političkim promjenama u Hrvatskoj na pragu XXI. stoljeća. Služeći se bogatim iskustvima sociologije medicine zapadnih zemalja, prije svega SAD-a, hrvatski sociolozi medicine trebaju pratiti stanje zdravlja tranzicijskoga društva u kojemu dominiraju konflikti, diferencijacija, marginalizacija dijela društva i nemezis. Na taj način društvene znanosti pomoći će u spoznaji društva o sebi i potrebnim mjerama u njegovoj izgradnji tijekom složenoga procesa tranzicije, što ima izravan utjecaj na zdravstvene, ali i na općedruštvene ishode. ; There is no idea of sickness and health which would be the same for all people. Different ways of understanding sickness and health are directly ...
This article outlines the social approach of meeting the challenges of energy policy in Poland in the context of potential shale gas extraction, focused on social perception and environmental protection policy. While Poland holds promising shale gas resources, the state of current technology indicates that shale gas exploitation is not imminent. However, shale deposits are still considered a potential future resource that could play a central role in diversifying energy sources, developing the economy, and potentially increasing the country's energy security. This paper presents energy opportunities of Poland, a review of Polish society opinion about energy and environment security. This study shows that Polish society sees a connection between energy, environment and policy problems, as well as potential benefits in the context of shale gas, based on research results of various institutions, including the European Commission. The author draws attention to tasks before the economic exploitation of shale gas in order to optimizing socio-economic benefits, and short- and long-term impacts. Since we are a common Europe, a common space for people, we can create an energy policy. It is the way the topic of energy diversification opportunities in Poland and the building of consistent energy and environmental protection policy is still an important issue to discuss in humanistic and economic fields. ; W niniejszym artykule nakreślono społeczne podejście do wyzwań polityki energetycznej w Polsce w kontekście potencjalnego wydobycia gazu łupkowego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem percepcji społecznej i polityki ochrony środowiska. Chociaż Polska posiada obiecujące zasoby gazu łupkowego, stan obecnej technologii wskazuje, że eksploatacja tego surowca nie jest bliska. Jednak złoża łupków są nadal uważane za potencjalny przyszły zasób, który mógłby odegrać kluczową rolę w dywersyfikacji źródeł energii i rozwoju gospodarczym oraz potencjalnym zwiększeniu bezpieczeństwa energetycznego kraju. W artykule przedstawiono możliwości energetyczne Polski, przegląd opinii polskiego społeczeństwa na temat bezpieczeństwa energetycznego i ochrony środowiskowego. Z badania różnych instytucji, w tym Komisji Europejskiej wynika, że społeczeństwo polskie widzi związek między problemami energetycznymi, środowiskowymi i politycznymi, a także potencjalnymi korzyściami w kontekście gazu łupkowego. Autorka zwraca uwagę na zadania stojące przed ekonomiczną eksploatacją gazu łupkowego w celu optymalizacji korzyści społeczno-ekonomicznych oraz oddziaływań krótko i długoterminowych. Jako że jesteśmy wspólną Europą, wspólną przestrzenią dla ludzi, możemy wspólnie kształtować politykę energetyczną i środowiskową. Stąd podjęty w `niniejszym artykule temat pozostaje ważną kwestią do dyskusji.
Rad obuhvaća pregled redatelja i filmova Novoga Hollywooda te društveno-politički kontekst i mijene u američkome načinu života, koje su prethodile nastanku tzv. blockbustera, odnosno novožanrovskih filmova. U radu će biti riječ o svježem autorskom pristupu žanrovskomu filmu generacije školovanih redatelja koji će u svojim djelima uspješno revalorizirati žanr, a od kojih će nekolicina marketinškom stručnošću osigurati nastavke svojih filmova u (i danas vrlo popularnomu) obliku franšize. Kroz analizu opusa novoholivudskih redatelja mlađe, a dijelom i starije, generacije demonstrirat će se njihov odnos prema društvenim i političkim okolnostima, revitalizacija marginaliziranih žanrova kao i stilska obilježja filmova, poput intertekstualnosti, citatnosti, pastiša, hommagea (posvete) itd. ; The paper includes an overview of New Hollywood directors and their films, as well as the sociopolitical context and changes in the American way of life that preceded the arrival of the so-called blockbusters, i.e. new genre films. The paper will discuss a new approach to the genre film by a generation of educated directors who will successfully renew genre in their works and, in some cases, make sequels in the form of (even today very popular) franchise. The analysis of some works made by a younger and partly older generation will show their relation to social and political circumstances, revitalization of marginalized genres, as well as stylistic features such as: intertextuality, citations, pastiche, homage (dedication), etc.
Książka stanowi tom studiów autorstwa polskich i zagranicznych językoznawców poświęcony zmianom we współczesnych językach słowiańskich, szczególnie widocznym w słownictwie i słowotwórstwie. Uwzględnienie aspektu stylowo-funkcjonalnego w rozwoju leksyki pozwala lepiej zrozumieć dynamikę zmian językowych i skuteczność działań komunikacyjnych. Celowościowy i pragmatyczny charakter zachowań komunikacyjnych ujawnia się szeroko w uwzględnionych przez Autorów kontekstach społecznych, politycznych i kulturowych. Prace zostały pogrupowane w trzy działy tematyczne: - Zjawiska, procesy i tendencje rozwojowe w słownictwie specjalistycznym (terminologii); - Dynamika mechanizmów słowotwórczych i leksykalnych; - Zmiany leksykalne we współczesnej komunikacji językowej i dyskursie. Wyodrębnione działy pomagają uporządkować przedstawioną w tomie problematykę, wskazując na dominantę tematyczną w poszczególnych tekstach. Zakresy tych grup nie są jednak ostre, złożona i wielowarstwowa problematyka tendencji i zmian we współczesnym słownictwie słowiańskim jest omawiana w różnym stopniu w każdym z wydzielonych działów. W większości prac zastosowano podejście konfrontatywne, pozostałe stanowią podstawę do takiego ujęcia. Do badań wykorzystany został bogaty materiał języków słowiańskich: polskiego, czeskiego, słowackiego, białoruskiego, rosyjskiego, ukraińskiego, bułgarskiego, słoweńskiego, a także innych języków, jak np. nowogreckiego. ; This volume of studies by Polish and international linguists is devoted to changes in modern Slavic languages, which are especially noticeable in the spheres of vocabulary and word formation. Taking into consideration the stylistic and functional aspect of lexis development allows for a better understanding of the dynamics of language change and the efficacy of communicational acts. The purposeful and pragmatic character of communicational behaviour manifests itself widely in the social, political and cultural contexts considered by the Authors. The works comprising the volume are divided into three thematic sections: - Phenomena, processes and tendencies in the development of specialist lexis (terminology); - Word formation and lexical mechanisms dynamics; - Lexical change in modern language communication and discourse. The sections help organize the volume by highlighting the dominant theme in particular texts. The scopes of the sections are, nevertheless, not sharply delineated – each section is to an equal extent devoted to the complex and multifaceted subject-matter of the tendencies and changes in modern Slavic vocabulary. Most of the works comprised in the volume adopt a contrastive approach, the remaining ones can serve as bases for contrastive studies. The text analyse the rich material of the Slavic languages – Polish, Czech, Slovak, Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian and Slovene – as well as of other languages, like Modern Greek. ; Publikacja finansowana ze środków Instytutu Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Tema ovog diplomskog rada je razmotriti određene političke aspekte Međunarodne nogometne federacije (FIFA-e) kroz okvire institucija, njihovog međuodnosa, probleme klijentelizma i korupcije te način na koji obliku FIFA-u. Također se nastoje ispitati korijeni samog nastanka FIFA-e te razvijanja organizacije koja u sve učestalijim slučajevima izlazi izvan okvira udruge kako je službeno definirana te kroz takvo djelovanje postaje organizacijom koja igra ozbiljnu ulogu na sceni međunarodnih odnosa. FIFA kao organizacija je globalni akter te putem utjecajnih kanala oblikuje politike oko nas. Tome za zahvaliti je činjenica što je nogomet ima toliko visoku razinu popularnosti u svijetu da ga se ne može smatrati samo igrom, već katalizatorom politike. Zbog intenzivnog razvoja u relativno kratkom roku, FIFA nije razvijala svoju unutarpolitički sustav te zbog toga došla do zida zbog kojeg uništava samu sebe iskorištavanjem loše definiranih međuinstitucijskih odnosa. Ona ima različite učinke kako na nogomet, tako i na društvo što često dovodi do nesrazmjera i izrazito polariziranoj slici FIFA-e u javnosti. U ovom radu možemo razaznati zašto je FIFA toliko jedinstven pojam kada govorimo o politici i međunarodnim odnosima, s obzirom na to da je njezina moć koju legitimno posjeduje izuzetno diskutabilan pojam. Kroz definiciju političkih aspekata FIFA-e, nastojim istražiti izlazi li FIFA iz okvira udruge civilnog društva, ponajviše zbog sve učestalijih slučajeva korupcije, klijentelizma, ali i pojave organiziranog kriminala. ; The topic of this thesis is to consider certain political aspects of the International Football Federation (FIFA) through the framework of institutions, their interrelationships, problems of clientelism and corruption, and the way in which they shape FIFA. This thesis tries also to examine the roots of the very origin of FIFA and the development of an organization that in more and more cases goes outside the framework of an association as FIFA is officially defined. Through such activities, FIFA becomes ...
Research objective: The aim of the paper is to identify the economic, political, and social problems surrounding the issue of the British–EU border, taking as theoretical background the concepts and measures of International economics. The research problem and method: The research problem undertaken is the problem of borders within the context of disintegration. The research methods used were the analytical-descriptive method, comparative method, and case study. The process of argumentation: Currently, in the European Union we observe two parallel processes; on one hand the process of enlargement by accepting new members, on the other the process of its disintegration, which is exemplified in the United Kingdom exit. Although in the light of current political turmoil it cannot be ruled out that another EU member will leave the EU, e.g. Italy, long-term integration tendencies seem to be more permanent than disintegrative ones. Research results: With regard to the causes and causative forces of both these opposing processes, one may risk the assertion that while the underlying economic processes are based more on economic reasons, in the case of disintegration the political motives prevail. Both historical disintegration experiments as well as those concerning Brexit, which the political motives (referendum) decided unambiguously, lead to such conclusions. Conclusions, innovations, and recommendations: The border issue requires an interdisciplinary approach, which in the economic aspect is placed within the framework of international economics, particularly the theory of integration and trade policy. It also requires analysis in the light of regional policy, especially if cross-border economic cooperation is analyzed. ; CEL NAUKOWY: Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja ekonomicznych, politycznych oraz społecznych problemów związanych z granicą brytyjsko‑unijną, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem granicy wewnątrzirlandzkiej. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Przedmiotem niniejszego tekstu jest zagadnienie granicy rozpatrywane w kontekście dezintegracji na przykładzie brexitu. Zastosowano głównie metodę analityczno‑opisową oraz porównawczą, a także studium przypadku. PROCES WYWODU: W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienie granicy w świetle teorii ekonomii międzynarodowej, następnie scharakteryzowano specyfikę granicy brytyjsko‑unijnej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem granicy z Irlandią Północną, a następnie opisano brytyjsko‑irlandzką transgraniczną współpracę gospodarczą w kontekście jej uwarunkowań historycznych. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Autor odpowiada na pytanie, jaką funkcję ekonomiczną w świetle teorii pełni granica międzypaństwowa w procesie dezintegracji gospodarczej, mając na uwadze jej rolę w procesie integracji, a szerzej patrząc w międzynarodowych stosunkach gospodarczych. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: W międzynarodowych stosunkach gospodarczych granice międzypaństwowe odgrywają bardzo ważną rolę, ponieważ współokreślają instytucjonalne warunki internacjonalizacji gospodarek narodowych oraz funkcjonujących w nich przedsiębiorstw, a także determinują rozwój społeczeństw po obu stronach granicy.
Odnos društva i prostora karakteriziran je dinamikom načina života, vrijednosti, normi i običaja koji pokreću razvojne procese. U taj odnos kulture i prirode, čovjek unosi društvene vrijednosti kojima djeluje na prirodne resurse. Stoga, socio-prostorna analiza uključuje različite aspekte: ekološki, ambijentalni, ekonomski, socijalni, kulturni, a odgovornost za različite procese kojima se prostor transformira može se pripisati različitim socijalnim akterima, među kojima lokalna zajednica ima posebnu ulogu. Suvremene planerske prakse, na temelju koncepata komunikativnog planiranja, sve više naglašavaju primjerenost pristupa "odozdo" i važnost uključivanja lokalne zajednice u sve faze planiranja i implementacije prostornih strategija. Pri tome treba naglasiti konsenzus oko dvije vrijednosti: ekološke i socijalne održivosti. Na njima se, posljedično, oblikuju i kriteriji djelovanja. Ekološka održivost odnosi se na zaštitu cjeline života i životnih uvjeta. Socijalna održivost odnosi se na uvođenje participativnog procesa, postizanje uravnotežene zajednice, socijalne kohezije i zajednice koja je pravedna, raznovrsna, povezana i demokratična. Ovim se nastoji osigurati razvoj koji bi bio ekološki održiv i socijalno nekonfliktan. Analiza socio-prostornog razvoja Sjeverozapadne Hrvatske obuhvatila je pet županija:. Na prvoj razini analizirani su prostorni planovi pet županija s ciljem da se utvrdi u kojoj mjeri uključuju dimenzije socijalne i ekološke održivosti. Na drugoj strani razmatrani su rezultati dva istraživanja stavova lokalnog stanovništva u pogledu participacije u zajednici i stavova o okolišu i rizicima. Rezultati su pokazali da je koncept ekološke održivosti prihvaćen od strane lokalnog stanovništva i uključen u plansku dokumentaciju. S druge strane, koncept socijalne održivosti nije uključen u županijske planove. Lokalna javnost kao partner, participacija, informiranje i jačanje lokalne demokracije nije implementirana u prostorne planove. Anketna istraživanja pokazala su da su ekološke vrijednosti visoko su izražene i čine dobru vrijednosnu osnovu razvoja. U pogledu praksi socijalne održivosti, oko 30% lokalnih stanovnika ovog prostora, u svakodnevnom životu sudjeluje u participativnom procesu. Rezultati upućuju na potrebu da se usklade normativna razina i svakodnevne prakse. Ideju o lokalnoj javnosti kao partneru u planiranju potrebno je afirmirati i na normativnoj razini, kroz prostorne planove, kako bi se ojačale demokratske procedure i stvorio okvir za efikasnije djelovanje civilnog sektora koji već i sada djeluje u lokalnim zajednicama. ; The relationship between society and space is characterized by lifestyle dynamics, values, norms and habits that drive development processes. In such interactions between culture and nature, people bring social values by which they affect natural resources. Therefore, socio-spatial analyses include different aspects: ecological, ambient, economic, social, cultural, while responsibility for the different processes that transform space can be associated with different social actors. Among them, the local community has a special role. Contemporary planning practices based on communicative planning concepts, more than ever, emphasize the relevance of the bottom-up approach as well as the importance of including local community in every phase of planning and implementing spatial strategies. To this end, it should be stressed that there is a consensus on two values: ecological as well as social sustainability, which in turn, also shape criteria for acting. Ecological sustainability refers to protecting conditions for life and life as a whole. Social sustainability refers to implementing participation, achieving balanced community, social cohesion and a just, diverse, connected and democratic community. In this way, we should try to ensure ecologically sustainable and socially unambiguous development. The analysis of socio-spatial development in North-west Croatia includes five counties. In the first stage, spatial planning documents are analysed in order to answer the extent to which they include dimensions of social and ecological sustainability. At the next stage, results of the two surveys are discussed regarding locals' attitudes about community participation as well as environmental attitudes. The results show that the concept of ecological sustainability is incorporated within planning documentation, and well-accepted by residents. On the other hand, the sociological sustainability concept is not included in the official planning documentation. The ideas of partnering with local community, and participating, informing and strengthening local democracy are not implemented in the spatial planning documents. Surveys have shown that high levels of ecological sustainability are a positive basis for development. Regarding social sustainability practices, approximately 30% of respondents have experience in participation processes in the local community. These results suggest a need to harmonise normative acts with life practices in the field of participation. The idea of the local public as partner in the planning procedures should be affirmed also at the normative level throughout spatial planning documents, in an attempt to improve democratic procedures and ensure the institutional framework for civil society actions that are already present in the local community.
In the group of Central Asian countries, the Republic of Kazakhstan appears to be scientifically best communicated with Europe. Thus it has raised an increasingly strong interest – also on the part of comparative law researchers. The subject matter of this article is an attempt to reform territorial administration and to establish territorial self-government in Kazakhstan. The reforms have not been implemented without any resistance or mistakes, it is important, however, that the need to change and modernize local government structures is discerned. The debate over the constitutional reform of the local political system favours the construction of social awareness of the fact that a clear distinction between the territorial government administration and territorial self-government as well as the latter's independence, determines the construction of civil society and democratization of social life. ; Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
This paper presents the significance of the issues related to the activity of territorial self-government for the social and economic development of Ukraine. The efficient operation of self-government in any country is unfeasible without financial resources. Polish experience in the development of territorial self-government is particularly valuable in relation to the reform of Ukraine's self-government. The paper outlines the differences in the structure and operation of territorial self-government in both countries. The paper is concluded with numerous observations on the direction of selected reforms of Ukrainian self-government. It shows the weaknesses of local self-government in Ukraine, which result from the lack of decentralization of finance and the small amount of state-collected taxes. The conclusions end with the observation that a consistent development of the Ukrainian state is required for Poland to develop well.
Govoriti o odgoju i obrazovanju znači promatrati ih u kontekstu društva a njihove promjene u kontekstu društvenih promjena. Pod društvenim kontekstom podrazumijevamo obilježja društva kao što su: socijalna struktura društva (sistema), brzina društvenih promjena, raspolaganja društvenom moći, sustav vrijednosti, modernizacija škole, globalni društveni kontekst itd. i njihov utjecaj na obrazovne promjene. Odnos društva i obrazovanja nije politički problem, iako se tako prezentira kao pitanje obrazovnih reformi, nego je u biti sociokulturni problem kao problem razvoja društva. To znači da se ciljevi promjena u obrazovanju definiraju u kontekstu ciljeva društva. Za promjene u obrazovanju važno je utvrditi društvena očekivanja utjecaja obrazovanja na društvo kao i na mlade. U predmodernim društvima glavni cilj odgoja i obrazovanja bio je uklapanje mlade populacije u društvo i prilagođavanje društvu. Dakle, kulturna reprodukcija samoga društva. Kao društva s niskim i sporim stupnjem promjena imala su i niske (skromne) zahtjeve za promjenama (reformiranjem obrazovanja). Moderno društvo, pogotovo ono na današnjem stupnju razvoja, proživljava brze promjene i zahtijeva obrazovanja koje će više ubrzati društvene promjene, poglavito one koje omogućavaju brži razvoj u društvu i društva u cjelini te osposobiti generacije za aktivnu ulogu u društvu. Ako društvo shvaćamo kao stalnu promjenu socijalnih odnosa i struktura, onda su i obrazovne promjene (reforme) permanentno društvena potreba. U prilogu se govori o nekim obilježjima i promjenama društva te utjecaju na obilježja obrazovanja, ali i na kulturne promjene. ; Education may not be analyzed without studying the social context; similarly, educational reform may not be examined without a better understanding of the context of social changes. Social context is defined as a set of social characteristics, such as: key social changes and the speed thereof; value systems within a society; impact of society as a system on education as one of its subsystems. The relationship between society and education is not a political one, even though it is often portrayed as such, especially when the emphasis is placed on the issue of educational reform. It is rather a socio-cultural problem, connected to the issues surrounding social development. Therefore, the goals of educational reform must be defined within the wider context of social goals. In order to conduct changes in education, it is important to define what the society expects from education. In premodern societies, the main goal of upbringing and education was to socialize young people into the wider society. In other words: social reproduction. Being of a low and slow level of change, they had a low-level demand for educational reforms as well. Modern societies, and especially highly developed contemporary ones, undergo fast changes and demand education that will accelerate social changes and enable a more rapid development within certain areas of the society, as well as the society as a whole. If society is understood as a place of constant change in social relations and structures, then educational changes (reforms) ought to be considered a permanent and crucial aspect thereof. We will further discuss several social characteristics and changes, as well as the impact of those changes on both education and culture.
The COVID-19 epidemic has had a substantial impact on Polish legislation since the beginning of 2020. The economic slowdown and the consequent fall in the state budget revenue are among the anticipated effects of the epidemic. As a result, provisions introducing lex specialis to the Labour Code and certain employment regulations specifying dissolution of employment relationships in some public administration organisations became part of the COVID-19 Act. The new legal construct comes down to extensive facilitation in the process of redundancies for employers dismissing their employees. The protective function of labour law provisions insofar as it upholds duration of the employment relationship is consequently restricted. Provisions of the COVID-19 Act in this respect are unacceptable. Each regulation should arise from objectively identified needs to legally govern social relationships and should not inflate laws or undermine citizens' trust in legislation. The postulate of this legal direction of determining social relationships is particularly important with regard to relationships of employment, in particular, those founded on appointment in public administration. The possibility of identical treatment of employees hired on various legal grounds merely appears to conform with the constitutional protection of equality in law. Without detriment to employers' right to determine employment levels, the new regulations in connection with the COVID-19 epidemic seem unnecessary, since their objectives can be attained by application of normal remedies provided for by labour law. ; Epidemia COVID-19 od początku 2020 r. w istotnym stopniu wpływa na działania legislacyjne polskiego ustawodawcy. Jednym z przewidywanych następstw epidemii jest spowolnienie gospodarcze i idące za nim zmniejszenie dochodów budżetu państwa. Okoliczność ta sprawiła, że w ustawie COVID-19 znalazły się przepisy wprowadzające do polskiego prawa pracy przepisy będące lex specialis do przepisów zawartych w Kodeksie pracy i w niektórych pragmatykach pracowniczych określających rozwiązywanie stosunków pracy w niektórych jednostkach organizacyjnych administracji publicznej. Istota nowej konstrukcji prawnej sprowadza się do ustanowienia dla pracodawców zwalniających pracowników daleko idących ułatwień w procesie zmniejszania zatrudnienia. W konsekwencji dochodzi do ograniczenia ochronnej funkcji realizowanej przez przepisy prawa pracy, wyrażającej się w ochronie trwałości stosunku pracy. Regulacji ustawy COVID-19 w tym zakresie nie sposób zaakceptować. Każda regulacja powinna wynikać z obiektywnie stwierdzonych potrzeb prawnego uregulowania stosunków społecznych, nie powinna wprowadzać inflacji przepisów oraz obniżać poczucia zaufania obywatela do tworzonego przez pracodawcę prawa. Postulat o takim kierunku prawnego określania stosunków społecznych jest szczególnie doniosły w odniesieniu do stosunków pracy, w tym zwłaszcza do stosunków pracy na podstawie mianowania w administracji publicznej. Wprowadzenie możliwości jednakowego traktowania pracowników zatrudnionych na różnej podstawie tylko pozornie wpisuje się w konstytucyjnie chronioną równość prawa. Nie kwestionując prawa pracodawców do determinowania poziomu zatrudnienia, nie wydaje się konieczne uchwalanie w związku z epidemią COVID-19 nowych przepisów, gdyż cele, jakim mają służyć, mogą zostać osiągnięte przy zastosowaniu zwykłych środków prawnych przewidzianych prawem pracy.
The gathered empirical material (110 respondents) allowed the author to analyze the understanding of the results of the transformation of the political system in Poland, which occurred 30 years ago, among the farmers in the Sandomierz area. The aim of the analyses presented in the article is to describe generalised interpretations of the facts connected with the former political system and within their context, the assessments of the results of the systemic and economic transformations in the social and individual dimension. In general, the farmers feel they are the beneficiaries of the changes as a professional group. The diachronic assessment of the individual financial situation and the conditions of functioning of agriculture and economy in the country is very positive. The minority of the respondents has a sense of satisfaction due to the fact of Poland joining the UE. According to the farmers, at the beginning of the transformation period, the most important part of their action strategieswas played by individual and non-institutional resources. In their opinion, currently, there is still no equality of opportunities. Almost half of the respondents appreciate the introduction of the democratic system. The farmers are dissatisfied the most with the transfers of ownership; they appreciate the sphere of individual freedoms. The performed valorisation of multiple phenomena happening in the past three decades proves that there are varied expectations and as a result there are varied mindsets among respondents towards the transformation. The attitudes of satisfaction with the changes on the individual and macro-structural levels are dominant. ; Zebrany materiał empiryczny (110 respondentów) pozwolił na analizę rozumienia przez rolników Sandomierszczyzny skutków transformacji systemowej po upływie 30 lat od jej zaistnienia. Celem analiz zamieszczonych w artykule jest przedstawienie uogólnionych interpretacji faktów związanych z minionym ustrojem i w ich kontekście ocen rezultatów przemian ustrojowych i gospodarczych w wymiarze społecznym i jednostkowym. Rolnicy czują się w większości beneficjentami zmian jako grupa zawodowa. Bardzo pozytywna jest diachroniczna ocena indywidualnej sytuacji finansowej i warunków funkcjonowania rolnictwa oraz gospodarki kraju. Mniejszość badanych ma poczucie zadowolenia z przystąpienia Polski do UE. Według rolników u progu transformacji w strategii działania liczyły się zasoby indywidualne oraz zasoby pozainstytucjonalne. Twierdzą oni, że obecnie nadal brak jest równości szans. Niemal połowa badanych docenia wprowadzenie systemu demokratycznego. Rolnicy są najbardziej niezadowoleni z przekształceń własnościowych w państwie, doceniają zaś sferę wolności indywidualnych. Dokonana waloryzacja wielorakich zjawisk toczących się w minionych trzech dekadach świadczy o zróżnicowanych oczekiwaniach i co za tym idzie zróżnicowanych postawach respondentów wobec transformacji. Dominują postawy zadowolenia ze zmian w wymiarze indywidualnym i makrostrukturalnym.
