Suchergebnisse

In this article, we develop and test a new approach to explain the link between social factors and individual offending. We argue that seemingly disparate family, peer, and community conditions lead to crime because the lessons communicated by these events are similar and promote social schemas involving a hostile view of people and relationships, a preference for immediate rewards, and a cynical view of conventional norms. Furthermore, we posit that these three schemas are interconnected and combine to form a criminogenic knowledge structure that results in situational interpretations legitimating criminal behavior. Structural equation modeling with a sample of roughly 700 African American teens provided strong support for the model. The findings indicated that persistent exposure to adverse conditions such as community crime, discrimination, harsh parenting, deviant peers, and low neighborhood collective efficacy increased commitment to the three social schemas. The three schemas were highly intercorrelated and combined to form a latent construct that strongly predicted increases in crime. Furthermore, in large measure, the effect of the various adverse conditions on increases in crime was indirect through their impact on this latent construct. We discuss the extent to which the social‐schematic model presented in this article might be used to integrate concepts and findings from several major theories of criminal behavior.

Agriculture in pending U.S. free trade agreements with Colombia, Panama and South Korea / Remy Jurenas -- Cuba : issues for the 111th Congress / Mark P. Sullivan -- Cuban migration to the United States : policy and trends / Ruth Ellen Wasem -- Cuba : U.S. restrictions on travel and remittances / Mark P. Sullivan -- El Salvador : political, economic, and social conditions and U.S. relations / Clare Ribando Seelke and Peter J. Meyer -- Honduran-U.S. relations / Peter J. Meyer and Mark P. Sullivan -- Haiti : current conditions and Congressional concerns / Maureen Taft-Morales -- Chile : political and economic conditions and U.S. relations / Peter J. Meyer -- U.S.-Mexico economic relations : trends, issues and implications / M. Angeles Villarreal

Intro -- U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF LATIN AMERICA -- U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF LATIN AMERICA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE* -- Chapter 1 AGRICULTURE IN PENDING U.S. FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS WITH COLOMBIA, PANAMA AND SOUTH KOREA -- ABSTRACT -- BACKGROUND -- KEY AGRICULTURAL ISSUES IN FTAS -- PANAMA -- Overview of Agricultural Trade -- Agricultural Provisions -- Potential Impact on U.S. Agricultural Exports -- Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement -- Outlook for Congressional Consideration -- COLOMBIA -- Overview of Agricultural Trade -- Agricultural Provisions -- Potential Impact on U.S. Agricultural Trade -- SPS Side Letter -- Outlook for Congressional Consideration -- SOUTH KOREA -- Overview of Agricultural Trade -- Agricultural Provisions -- Potential Impact on U.S. Agricultural Trade -- Korea's Rules for U.S. Beef Imports -- Outlook for Congressional Consideration -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 CUBA: ISSUES FOR THE 111TH CONGRESS -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- POLITICAL CONDITIONS -- March 2009 Government Shake-up -- Background to the Succession -- Human Rights -- Overview -- Varela Project -- ECONOMIC CONDITIONS -- Economic Changes under Raul -- CUBA'S FOREIGN POLICY -- U.S. POLICY TOWARD CUBA -- Policy Overview -- Debate on the Directions of U.S. Policy -- Clinton's Administration's Easing of Sanctions -- Bush Administration Policy -- Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba -- U.S. Reaction to Cuba's Political Succession -- Response to Raul's Overtures -- Response to Raul's Official Selection as President -- Obama Administration Policy -- Aftermath of 2008 Hurricanes and Tropical Storms -- Legislative Initiatives -- Restrictions on Travel, Remittances, and Agricultural Exports -- Travel and Remittances -- Agricultural Exports and Sanctions -- Legislative Initiatives

Work motivation plays a vital role in the development of organizations, as it increases employee productivity and effectiveness. To expand insights into individuals' work motivation, the authors investigated the influence of individuals' competence, autonomy, and social relatedness on their work motivation. Additionally, the country-level moderating factors of those individual-level associations were examined. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to analyze data from 32,614 individuals from 25 countries, obtained from the World Values Survey (WVS). Findings showed that autonomy and social relatedness positively impacted work motivation, while competence negatively influenced work motivation. Moreover, the individual-level associations were moderated by the country-level religious affiliation, political participation, humane orientation, and in-group collectivism. Contributions, practical implications, and directions for further research were then discussed.

Objective: To evaluate self-esteem and its association with the social conditions in elderly corresidentes in the Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais. Methods: Epidemiological study, population-based household survey, conducted with 279 elderly residents in urban and rural area of the municipality of Salto da Divisa/MG without cognitive impairment according to the criteria of the Mini Mental State Examination. For obtaining the data, it was used the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Brazil Old Age Schedule questionnaire. The data were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS®. To verify the association it was used the Pearson's chi-square test (X2), with 5% significance level. Results: Regarding self-esteem, 22,9% had high, 69,5% had normal and 7,5% had low self-esteem. Significant differences were found between self-esteem and the variables educational level (p = 0.005) and satisfaction with cohabitants (p = 0.048). Conclusion: In the studied population, to have education and interpersonal relationships at home are configured as protective factors for good self-esteem.

ObjectiveThe study appraises the prevalence of pre-migration trauma exposure, the ability to secure basic living needs, and psychological functioning among Darfuri asylumseekers and refugees living in Israel. MethodThe sample included 340 adults from Darfur. Standardized measures assessing socio-psychological functioning were utilized. ResultsThe participants demonstrated high rates of pre-migration exposure to traumatic experiences. Thirty percent of the participants met DSM–IV criteria PTSD, with a higher proportion for women than for men. Post-migration stressors were mentioned by the majority of the participants. ConclusionsThe State of Israel should recognize past atrocities and traumas of Darfuris who arrived in Israel. Such recognition should be offered as acceptance of their rightful access to refugee status determination. Moreover, the State of Israel needs to modify government policies and legalization facilities so that Darfuri refugees and asylum-seekers will have access to basic human needs and support services. ; ObjectifCette étude évalue la prépondérance de traumatisme prémigratoire auquel sont exposés les demandeurs d'asile et réfugiés du Darfour vivant en Israël, ainsi que leur fonctionnement psychologique, et leur capacité de se procurer les besoins vitaux de base. MéthodeL'échantillon pour l'étude était constitué de 340 adultes du Darfour. Divers aspects de leur fonctionnement sociopsychologique étaient évalués à l'aide de mesures normalisées. RésultatsLes participants ont fait preuve de niveaux élevés d'exposition prémigratoire aux expériences traumatiques : 30 % des participants ont satisfait aux critères du DSM–IV pour l'ESPT, avec une proportion plus élevée chez les femmes que chez les hommes. Des facteurs de stress postmigratoire ont été évoqués par la majorité des participants. ConclusionsL'État d'Israël devrait reconnaître les atrocités et les traumatismes antérieurs subis par les Darfouriens arrivant en Israël. Cette reconnaissance devrait se manifester par une acceptation de leur ...