Suchergebnisse

Yung King-fung Phoenix. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-208). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Scope of the Studies ; Chapter 1.2 --- Reasons of Choosing the Nepalese Case ; Chapter 1.3 --- Ethnic Studies in Hong Kong ; Chapter 1.4 --- Layout of the Thesis ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.9 ; Chapter 2.1 --- The Origin of the Discourse ; Chapter 2.2 --- Special Features of Social Exclusion Approach ; Chapter 2.3 --- Three Paradigms of Social Exclusion ; Chapter 2.4 --- Remarks on Citizenship ; Chapter 2.5 --- Unanswered Questions ; Chapter 2.6 --- Remarks on Methods ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Nepalese Community in Hong Kong --- p.38 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Historical Background and Settlement Pattern ; Chapter 3.2 --- Recent Population Trends ; Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Problematic Community: Modes of Social Exclusions Against the Nepalese --- p.52 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Cultural Exclusion: Inaccessible Cultural Capital ; Chapter 4.2 --- Economic Exclusion: 4D Work ; Chapter 4.3 --- Civil Exclusion: Second-class Citizens and Distanced Friends ; Chapter 4.4 --- Political Exclusion: Invisible Citizens ; Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion: the Marginal Man ; Chapter Chapter 5 --- Malign Dynamics Among Modes of Exclusions --- p.127 ; Chapter 5.1 --- Cultural Exclusion - Economic Exclusion ; Chapter 5.2 --- Cultural Exclusion - Civil Exclusion ; Chapter 5.3 --- Cultural Exclusion - Political Exclusion ; Chapter 5.4 --- Economic Exclusion - Civil Exclusion ; Chapter 5.5 --- Economic Exclusion - Political Exclusion ; Chapter 5.6 --- Political Exclusion - Civil Exclusion ; Chapter Chapter 6 --- Approaching Complete Citizenship --- p.163 ; Chapter 6.1 --- A Divided Community: From FEONA to GNF ; Chapter 6.2 --- Reluctance and Domination: Individual Level ; Conclusion: We Have No Choice --- p.192 ; References --- p.203 ; Appendices ; Chapter 1. --- List of interviewees ; Chapter 2. ...

Wu, Yanni. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-65). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.8 ; Chapter Chapter 2: --- Research Significance ; Chapter 2.1 --- Theoretical significance --- p.10 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Empirical significance --- p.11 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- Literature Review ; Chapter 3.1 --- Background of CSR --- p.12 ; Chapter 3.2 --- The conceptual development of CSR --- p.13 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Definition of CSR --- p.16 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Why or why not corporations make philanthropic contributions? --- p.16 ; Chapter 3.4.1 --- Economic rewards for doing corporate philanthropy --- p.16 ; Chapter 3.4.2 --- Public Visibility --- p.17 ; Chapter 3.4.3 --- Institutional perspective --- p.20 ; Chapter 3.5 --- Research on CSR in China --- p.26 ; Chapter 3.6. --- Theoretical Framework --- p.31 ; Chapter Chapter 4: --- Data and Method --- p.33 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Data --- p.33 ; Chapter 4.2 --- Method --- p.35 ; Chapter 4.3 --- Measurement --- p.37 ; Chapter 4.3.1 --- Dependent Variables --- p.37 ; Chapter 4.3.2 --- Independent Variables --- p.38 ; Chapter 4.3.3 --- Control Variables --- p.41 ; Chapter Chapter 5: --- Findings and Discussions --- p.44 ; Chapter 5.1 --- Significance of variables indicating arguments of economic rewards --- p.45 ; Chapter 5.2 --- Significance of variables indicating new institutionalism --- p.47 ; Chapter 5.2.1 --- Variables indicating the normative influence --- p.47 ; Chapter 5.2.2 --- Variables indicating the cultural-cognitive influence --- p.48 ; Chapter 5.3 --- Significance of variable indicating political incentive --- p.51 ; Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.52 ; Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.57 ; Reference --- p.60

In the past 30 years, China's economic reforms have forced many state-owned factories (SOEs) to collapse, and both men and women workers were dismissed. In urban Northeast China many laid-off women were able to find employment in the service industry and small-scale private businesses, while their husbands had difficulty finding a satisfactory job. As such, the wives became breadwinners of the families. Based on fieldwork data collected through face-to-face interviews, focus group interviews and participant observation, this study examines resultant spousal relationships in the aspects of family finance, domestic division of labor, power relations, and foundation of marriage, as the husband and wife swapped their economic roles at home. This study finds that when women control more economic capital than men in the nuclear family, domestic division of labor, power relations and affection between couples all tend to be more egalitarian. However, the concept of a male-breadwinner family and the gender segregation of space are still popular on material and social levels. Thus without corresponding changes on the ideological level regarding gender, patriarchy will remain dominant on the community and national levels. Analysis on spousal relationships shows that the economic, political and emotional aspects of marriage are interconnected and interactive, and they work together to decide how spousal relationships may be altered in times of rapid social transformation. In the era of market economy, family and marriage values are diversified, and marriage tends to be less stable. However, this study finds that the integrity of family and marriage has been kept in the laid-off workers' families even when spousal relationships face serious challenges caused by unemployment. The reason is that these laid-off workers have formed their gender identities during the socialist era which emphasized the integrity of family and marriage. In the market era, laid off workers have maintained these values and upheld the integrity of ...

Wu, Ka Ming. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-163). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.i-iii ; Table of Content --- p.iv-v ; Abbreviations --- p.vi ; Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction: Women and Poverty in Hong Kong --- p.1 ; Poor Women: Where and Who are They? ; Research Purpose and Questions ; Research Methodology ; Some Research Reflections ; Chapter Chapter Two --- "Engendering the Question of Poverty: Power in Economy, State and Discourse" --- p.14 ; Women and Development under Economic Globalization ; Working Daughters Getting Old: The Hong Kong Case ; Hong Kong in the International Political Economy ; Poor Women: The Opposition of Workers and Citizens ; Welfare Perspectives: Three Different Theoretical Streams ; The Political Economy of Welfare State ; Feminist Critique of Welfare State ; Poor Women and Welfare Services in Hong Kong ; The Genealogy of Modern Power: Foucault on Power and Discourse ; Discourse Analysis ; Ideology versus Truth ; The Power of Gaze ; The Welfare Cut: The Poor as Objects of State Intervention ; Power/ Knowledge ; Chapter Chapter Three --- poor Women as Product of Economic Development: Changing Role of Hong Kong in the Global Economy --- p.45 ; Changing Role of Hong Kong in the Global Economy ; Poor Women after Economic Restructuring ; Reproductive Work Positions: Sliding Ranks and Salaries ; No Jobs for Poor Mothers ; Working Poor Mothers: Reconciling Paid Work and Family Responsibility ; Familialism and the Incorporation of Women as Labor ; Capitalist Production of Familialism ; The Matron Workers in the 1970s vs the Disabled Women in the 1990s ; Entering the Information Age in the late 1990s: Poor Women and Development ; Conclusion ; Chapter Chapter Four --- "Women, Poverty and the Welfare System in Hong Kong " --- p.72 ; Concern of Hong Kong Social Policy ; The Myth of Lassie-faire in Social Welfare ; Productivity: Philosophy of Hong Kong Social Welfare ; Single Mothers as Study ...

Yue Yin. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-106). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.i ; Acknowledgements --- p.iii ; Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter II. --- Literature Review --- p.6 ; The Poor in the Market Transition --- p.6 ; Political Impacts in Collective Era and Beyond --- p.8 ; Cultural Capital´ة Effects on Stratification in Western Countries --- p.13 ; The Analysis on Habitus: Szelenyi's Researches in Eastern Europe --- p.18 ; The Transfer Mechanism of Cultural Capital --- p.22 ; The Poverty Cycle: Lewis's Culture of Poverty --- p.28 ; Chapter III. --- Methodological Design --- p.31 ; Chapter IV. --- Before 1978,the Idol of Collectivism --- p.33 ; Influences from Parents' Generation --- p.36 ; Occlusive Living Circumstance and Personality --- p.40 ; Insensitive to Education --- p.42 ; Satisfaction with the Lives --- p.46 ; Distributed Education Chances and Good Job Positions --- p.49 ; Send Down Recommendation to Colleges --- p.51 ; Big State-Owned Factories and Good Job Positions --- p.57 ; Work In the Factories --- p.60 ; Value Attached to Hard Work --- p.61 ; Lack of Confidence and Impetus --- p.63 ; Ineffectual Intercommunication --- p.66 ; Limited Horizon --- p.70 ; Chapter V. --- After 1978,Under Marketization --- p.75 ; Reformation of Enterprises and Its Effects on My Interviewees --- p.76 ; The Unconsciousness to the Coming of Crisis --- p.77 ; Good Working Ability? --- p.82 ; After Lay-off --- p.85 ; Chapter VI. --- The Next Generation --- p.87 ; Chapter VII. --- Discussion --- p.92 ; Chapter VIII. --- Appendices --- p.98 ; Chapter IX. --- References --- p.100

Man Chi-shing. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-205). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; List of Tables --- p.i. ; Abstract --- p.ii. ; 摘要 --- p.iii. ; Acknowledgement --- p.iv. ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Going into migrants in the Pearl River Delta --- p.1 ; Chapter I --- The living strategy besides political resistance --- p.2 ; Chapter II --- Exploring the migrants in township-and-village areas of the Pearl River Delta --- p.6 ; Chapter III --- Methodology --- p.9 ; Chapter IV --- Overview of this study --- p.13 ; Chapter V --- Terms clarification --- p.14 ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature review: understanding migrants in South China --- p.16 ; Chapter I --- Migration --- p.18 ; Chapter II --- Floating population in China after the economic reforms --- p.22 ; Chapter III --- Theoretical framework --- p.38 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- A dichotomous community: the construction of oppressed and oppressor in Tianshen Township --- p.59 ; Chapter I --- Going down to the field site --- p.60 ; Chapter II --- Unequal relationships between the oppressed and the oppressor --- p.73 ; Chapter III --- Concluding remarks --- p.97 ; Chapter Chapter 4 --- "The voice from migrants: ""The outside world is splendid, but also ruthless.""" --- p.102 ; Chapter I --- Living experience --- p.103 ; Chapter II --- Working experience --- p.110 ; Chapter III --- Floating: a short stage of life --- p.117 ; Chapter IV --- Concluding remarks --- p.131 ; Chapter Chapter 5 --- Exit and familism: the ways to accommodate dissatisfaction --- p.135 ; Chapter I --- The infrequency of direct confrontation --- p.136 ; Chapter II --- Job switching as a from of self-defense --- p.140 ; Chapter III --- The significance of family support --- p.148 ; Chapter IV --- A case study: the entanglement between survival and exploitation --- p.157 ; Chapter V --- Concluding remarks --- p.163 ; Chapter Chapter 6 --- Economic retreatism: the basic reason of the social stability in the Pearl ...

許多學者討論了現代社會之非正規移民;然而,我們對這些移民的主體性知之甚少。世界體系的發展令國家邊界及公民身份政治有所改變,當今世界有超過五千萬非正規移民,理解其生活的志向和追索其現實有一定意義。香港大約有七千名非華裔非正規移民,其中估計75%來自南亞,此研究通過分析香港法外移民的案例,探索非正規移民之理想的建構與達成。儘管香港自從1841年成為英國殖民地後,與這個次大陸關係密切,此現象僅僅追溯到十年前,部分原因來自於後9-11歐美西方的嚴格移民政策之變化。 ; 在香港這個單一民族的社會,貧困的非華裔移民鶴立雞群,收到社會和政治的不公正待遇,為什麼這些移民還要過來?這裡的故事並非人們對非正規移民所想像的人口販賣、恐怖手段和暴力,而是關於移民文化所導致的需要研究出口移民的必要性,以及尋找全球和都市身份的媒體影響,和失足移民假扮成功人士,以掩蓋他們未能實現離家時許下的諾言的羞恥。儘管他們知道被罪化人生的風險和危險,也許還有更重要的未來等待他們的失敗,為什麼南亞人選擇在社會邊緣以非法公民的身份生存,而且繼續複製在海外出人頭地的神話?此研究基於一年的深入訪問和超過三個月的參與觀察,觀察香港非法南亞人的人生軌跡,分析他們如何建構非法的夢想,實現了什麼志願,以及如何延續由始至終以渴望成功打造的幻覺。 ; Many scholars have discussed irregular migration in contemporary societies; however, we know little of the subjectivities of these migrants. With considerable developments in the world system marking changes in the policing of national borders and politics of citizenship, it is of some significance to understand the processes that drive the motivations and trace the realities of over fifty million irregular migrants living in the world today. This research sheds light on the construction and realization of aspirations for irregular migration by examining cases of extralegal migrants in Hong Kong, where estimates suggest that 75 percent of the approximately 7,000 strong irregular non-Chinese migrant population comes from the South Asia. Despite Hong Kong's close connections to the subcontinent since the city's establishment as a British colony in 1841, this particular phenomenon dates back only ten years, stemming partially from strict changes in migration in the post-9/11 Euro-American West. ; In a society that is as ethnically homogenous as Hong Kong where the poorer non-Chinese immigrants clearly stand out and are open to social and political injustice, why do these migrants still come? The stories heard here are not of trafficking, terror and violence as one might expect from cases of irregular migrants, but instead, of cultures of migration creating obligations to engage in out-migration, media influence encouraging the search for global and cosmopolitan ...

Lau, Ying Chui Janice. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 219-235). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese; includes Chinese characters. ; Abstract ; Acknowledgement ; Chapter 1 ; Introduction --- p.1 ; Background --- p.4 ; Defining Female New Immigrants --- p.7 ; Literature Review --- p.10 ; Methodology --- p.22 ; List of Informants --- p.25 ; Thesis Structure --- p.27 ; Chapter 2 ; History of Female Mainland Migrants in Hong Kong --- p.30 ; Invisible Female Migrants --- p.31 ; Immigration Policy as Identity Marker --- p.35 ; Gender Implications in the Immigration Policy --- p.37 ; Shifts in Social Policy and Social Capital --- p.41 ; Hong Kong Identity: a Gender Perspective --- p.45 ; "Class, Popular Culture and Identity Politics" --- p.50 ; Conclusion --- p.53 ; Chapter 3 ; Hongkongness in the Classroom --- p.56 ; Learning Hong Kong English --- p.60 ; Learning "accentless´ح Cantonese --- p.70 ; Learning Proper Behavior --- p.78 ; Learning the Hong Kong Spirit --- p.87 ; Conclusion --- p.94 ; Chapter 4 ; Reconstructing Womanhood --- p.96 ; Dressing up in Hongkong-Style --- p.100 ; Reconstructing a Hongkong-Style Beautiful Face --- p.104 ; Learning to be a Wife of Hong Kong Man --- p.109 ; Learning to be a Hong Kong Mother --- p.116 ; Marital Relationship and Adaptation --- p.119 ; Conclusion --- p.137 ; Chapter 5 ; Empowerment and Disempowerment --- p.140 ; Empowerment --- p.141 ; Structural Resources --- p.143 ; Gain and Loss of Capital --- p.147 ; Defining Capital: Social Workers and Class Teachers --- p.152 ; Redefining Capital: Mainland Women Migrants´ة Agency --- p.157 ; Evaluation of Achievement --- p.163 ; Breaking Down of Cultural Boundaries --- p.163 ; Discarding Stereotypes --- p.166 ; Constructing New Relations --- p.169 ; Disempowerment --- p.175 ; Conclusion --- p.186 ; Chapter 6 ; Conclusion --- p.189 ; A Uniquely Hong Kong Process --- p.189 ; Keeping an Imagined Boundary --- p.195 ; Imitating Hongkong-Style Womanhood --- p.199 ...

Preliminary Material /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1961 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1962 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1963 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1964 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1965 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1966 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1967 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1968 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1969 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1970 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1971 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1972 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1973 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1974 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1975 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1976 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1977 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1978 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1979 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1980 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1981 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan -- 1982 /Zhang Letian , Xi Fuqun and Yunxiang Yan.

Zhang, Jiayu. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-147). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.iiii ; Table of Contents --- p.viii ; List of Abbreviations --- p.ix ; List of Figures --- p.x ; List of Tables --- p.x ; Chapter Chapter I: --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1. 1 --- What happened to China´ةs SRB? --- p.1 ; Chapter 1. 2 --- Women´ةs Human Rights as important Human Rights --- p.3 ; Chapter 1. 3 --- SRB and Women´ةs Rights --- p.6 ; Chapter 1. 4 --- Research Purpose and Methods --- p.7 ; Chapter 1. 5 --- Research Outline --- p.17 ; Chapter Chapter II. --- The Particular Features in China´ةs SRB --- p.20 ; Chapter 2. 1 --- The Regional Features in SRB --- p.20 ; Chapter 2. 2 --- The Ethnic Features in SRB --- p.23 ; Chapter 2. 3 --- The Features by Birth Order --- p.24 ; Chapter Chapter III. --- The Causes of Imbalanced SRB --- p.26 ; Chapter 3. 1 --- The Proximal Causes --- p.26 ; Chapter 3. 2 --- The Fundamental Cause --- p.31 ; What Encourage son preference in China? --- p.32 ; Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cultural and Historical Factors --- p.33 ; Chapter 3.2.2 --- Economic Factors --- p.38 ; Chapter 3.2.3 --- Law and policy as a Structural Factor --- p.40 ; Political Silence --- p.42 ; Economic Subordination --- p.43 ; Sexual Subordination --- p.48 ; Birth Control --- p.50 ; Chapter Chapter IV. --- The Consequences of Imbalanced SRB from a Human Rights Perspective --- p.58 ; Human Rights Violation against Women in the SRB Issues --- p.59 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Rights Violations Which Cause the Distorted SRB --- p.59 ; Chapter 4.2 --- Rights Violations for Which the Abnormal SRB is a Cause --- p.66 ; Chapter 4.2.1 --- Trafficking in Women --- p.70 ; Chapter 4.2.2 --- Sexual Crimes --- p.72 ; Chapter 4.2.3 --- Women´ةs Civil and Political Rights --- p.73 ; Chapter Chapter V. --- Women´ةs Human Rights Mechanism and Domestic Measures Adopted to Control Abnormal SRB --- p.76 ; Chapter 5.1 --- The International Human Rights Fundamental for ...

Wong Wai Ling. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 210-218). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Acknowledgements --- p.i ; Declaration --- p.iii ; Abstract --- p.iv ; 中文摘要 --- p.vii ; Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- The Immigration of Cross-Border Families --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Family Strategies and Gender Relations --- p.2 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Summary of Arguments --- p.6 ; Chapter 1.4 --- Research Design and Methods --- p.10 ; Chapter 1.5 --- The Development of Cross-Border Families --- p.14 ; Chapter 1.6 --- Map of the Thesis --- p.16 ; Chapter Chapter 2: --- "Immigration, Gender, and Family" --- p.18 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Western Feminist Rethinking of the Family --- p.19 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Immigration Scholarship of Family Theorizing --- p.21 ; Chapter 2.3 --- An Integrative Approach --- p.25 ; Chapter 2.4 --- The Concept of Strategy with a Gender Perspective --- p.27 ; Chapter 2.5 --- Gender and Internal Family Processes --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.6 --- The Making of the Structural Context --- p.31 ; Chapter 2.7 --- Chinese Traditional Family Culture as Resource or Constraint? --- p.35 ; Chapter Chapter 3: --- Immigration and Family Formation Across the Hong Kong 一 Guangdong Border --- p.37 ; Chapter 3.1 --- History of Chinese Immigration and Cross-Border Family Formation --- p.37 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Immigration Policy and Family Split Structures --- p.42 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Immigration and Social Location of Immigrant Families --- p.45 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Women's Economic Situation --- p.47 ; Chapter 3.5 --- The Context of Reception --- p.51 ; Chapter Chapter 4: --- Strategies and Family Patterns --- p.62 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Tensions in Reconstituted Cross-Border Families --- p.63 ; Chapter 4.2 --- Family Strategies and Conjugal Arrangements --- p.64 ; Chapter 4.3 --- Legal Reunited Conjugal Arrangement --- p.67 ; Chapter 4.4 --- Split Conjugal Arrangement --- p.71 ; Chapter 4.5 --- Bi-national Conjugal Arrangement --- ...

作為一種新型扶貧手段,小額信貸產業在過去三十年中於發展中國家迅速興起。從業者常常聲稱小額信貸機構能夠為貧窮農民提供金融機會,而這些弱勢群體過去往往被排除在傳統金融機構之外;與此同時,不同於以往的扶貧手段,小額信貸機構被認為能夠在財務上達到平衡乃至盈利。這種雙重目標的前景吸引了許多發展中國家的興趣,因此,小額信貸產業作為解決貧困問題的一種嘗試而在國際舞台上獲得了迅猛的發展。 ; 由於中國獨特的社會和政治環境,小額信貸機構的發展有其特殊的軌跡。本研究以深入訪談和參與式觀察為主要研究方法,通過為期三個月的田野調查,對中國西部與北部的兩個非政府小額信貸組織進行了深入考察。研究發現,小額信貸組織正面臨無法同時達成雙重目標的困境;基於觀察與資料分析,本文提出,中國農村社區信任結構的轉型是小額信貸組織面臨多重問題的主要原因。隨著市場經濟的發展與城市化的加速,在日漸瓦解的熟人社會中,小額信貸機構的社會目標被其財務目標所壓制,導致原有的扶貧、婦女賦權等目標難以達成,更形成了目標替代的組織現象。 ; 為深入探討小額信貸產業中目標替代的現象,本文從組織目標的合法性與可測量性兩個角度提出假設,指出當邊緣目標具有強烈的合法性和直觀的可測量性,便可能取代相對難以觀測的核心目標。最後,本文指出,為保證小額信貸組織不偏離原有的社會目標,需要設計一種新型的、獨立的測量工具,用以跟踪記錄小額信貸組織的社會影響,並將其作為判斷組織表現的核心因素。 ; Known as an innovative tool for poverty alleviation, microfinance has been widely spread in developing countries in the past few decades. It is commonly claimed that microfinance institutions (MFIs) can provide financial opportunities to those who are unable to obtain loans from the formal system, while at the same time maintain their institutional sustainability. This promise has attracted the interest of developing countries with large population in poverty, leading to a remarkable emergence of microfinance industry on the global stage. ; Because of the special social and political environment, the development of MFIs in China has its unique trajectory. Based on interviews and participant observation, this three-month research focuses on two non-governmental MFIs in Western China and Northern China, revealing a plight of infeasible dual objectives and proposing an explanation from the angle of transformed trust structure. In a collapsing acquaintance community, the social objectives are suppressed by the demands of self-sustainability, thus violating the original intention of poverty alleviation and women empowerment, and leading to a phenomenon of goal displacement. ; To further discuss the logic behind the goal displacement phenomenon in microfinance industry, two propositions are suggested from the angles of legitimacy and measurability of organizational goals. The findings indicate that to ensure the ...

by Cheng Chi-man, Francis. ; Thesis submitted in: December 1998. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-199). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Acknowledgments --- p.i ; Abstract --- p.iii ; List of Figures --- p.v ; Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION ; Background of This Study --- p.1 ; Aims and Objectives --- p.6 ; Conceptual Framework --- p.7 ; Civil Organization --- p.12 ; Civil Society --- p.14 ; State-Society Relationship --- p.15 ; justification of this study --- p.20 ; A Methodological Note --- p.24 ; Chapter Outline --- p.26 ; Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- CONCEPT OF CIVIL SOCIETY REVISITED ; Introduction --- p.30 ; Western Tradition --- p.35 ; Political Society and Civil Society --- p.36 ; Economic Society and Civil Society --- p.37 ; Paradoxes of Civil Society --- p.39 ; Western Definition of Civil Society --- p.43 ; Eastern Europe Tradition --- p.45 ; Civil Society in Poland --- p.45 ; Chinese Tradition --- p.48 ; Philosophical-moral Reflection in China --- p.50 ; Historical-sociological Reflection in China --- p.53 ; Concluding Remarks --- p.56 ; Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- "STATE OVERWHELMED SOCIETY: STATE- MERCHANTS RELATIONSHIP FROM EARLY TO MIDDLE QING," ; Introduction --- p.59 ; Autocratic Legacies of Qing Dynasty --- p.61 ; Merchants under Autocratic Tradition --- p.64 ; Co-hong System: Representation of State-Merchants Relationship --- p.69 ; Guilds of Merchant: A Long Haul --- p.76 ; Concluding Remarks --- p.80 ; Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- "GENERAL BACKGROUND OF MERCHANTS' ORGANIZATIONS AT CANTON IN THE LATE QING,1896-1911" ; Introduction --- p.84 ; Popular Type of Merchants' Organization --- p.86 ; Semi-official Type of Merchants' Organization --- p.89 ; Concluding Remarks --- p.93 ; Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- ANALYSIS OF CANTON GENERAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE: REALIZATION OF MERCHANTS' AUTONOMY? ; Introduction --- p.96 ; Autonomy over Election and Decision Making Process --- p.98 ; Autonomy over Finance --- p.103 ; Autonomy over ...

本論文從兩個方面研究了1996年美國福利制度改革對單身母親的影響。首先,本文研究了在SSI和AFDC/TANF兩個政府福利計劃之間是否存在替代效應。其次,本文研究了福利制度改革是否令到更多的單身母親變得邊緣化(沒有參與工作亦沒有領取政府福利),以及研究她們的長期生活情況。利用美國三個具代表性的調查數據庫, difference-in-difference分析以及logistic回歸分析方法,本文有以下四點結論:(一)SSI和AFDC計劃之間並不存在替代效應;(二)對AFDC/TANF計劃實行五年的領取期限令到部分單身母親變得邊緣化;(三)在年福利改革之後,被邊緣化的單身母親在食物消費上並沒有發生太大的變化;(四)被邊緣化的單身母親傾向將她們多餘的時間分配在個人娛樂方面而不是在家務和照顧小孩上面。雖然年的福利改革成功地減少了領取/計劃的人數,但政策制定者仍需注意改革令到更多的單身母親變得邊緣化,同時應制定相關政策來幫助她們。 ; This paper studies the effect of the 1996 welfare reform on single mothers, focusing on two important aspects. First, it examines the existence of programme substitution between SSI and former AFDC/TANF recipients after the reform. Second, it examines the prevalence of single mothers who were disconnected from government assistance and the job market since the reform and evaluates their long-term well-being. Using three major nationally representative surveys, difference-in-difference analysis, and logistic regression models, I arrive at four main findings. First, I find no evidence of a programme substitution effect between AFDC/TANF and SSI. Second, the five-year time limit policy is suggested as being responsible for part of the increase in the disconnected rate among single mothers. Third, disconnected single mothers did not face a food insecurity problem after welfare reform. Fourth, disconnected single mothers allocate much more time to personal entertainment than to productive activities such as housework and child care. While the 1996 welfare reform has succeeded in reducing AFDC/TANF caseloads, policy makers should pay attention to its effects on the disconnectedness of single mothers and help such women leave their disconnected status. ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only. ; Hoi, Kam Un. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-62). ; Abstracts also in Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.ii ; 摘要 --- p.iii ; Acknowledgements --- p.iv ; Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 2 --- The AFDC Programme and the 1996 Welfare ...