The fundamental cause argument represents a distinctively sociological approach to explaining persistent social disparities in health across a range of sociohistorical contexts. We elaborate and test this U.S.-based argument using nationally representative survey data from China covering births from 1970 to 2001, and focusing on social disparities in infant mortality over a period of dramatic social, political, and macroeconomic change. Our results show that despite the massive changes during the last several decades, the increasing use of medical pregnancy care, and the steady decline in the overall risk of infant mortality, disparities in infant mortality by mother's education and urban/rural place of residence remained largely unchanged. During this period, more educated women were increasingly likely to take advantage of the newly-available prenatal care and delivery assistance facilities, while urban women maintained a stable advantage over rural women in use of these facilities. This differential utilization of highly-effective maternal care technology has maintained social disparities in infant mortality over a period of major social and technological change in China, providing support for the fundamental cause argument.
Includes bibliographical references. ; 2020 Spring. ; External stakeholders are becoming increasingly involved in mine design and permitting decision-making. Yet, the systems in which mining investment decisions take place do not fully capture the importance of stakeholder influence on the success or failure of a mining venture. Conventional mine planning and permitting methods elevate technical expertise, conventional views of risk management, and financial justifications as the drivers of "objective" decision making. The rising influence of external stakeholders to mining project outcomes means that stakeholder attitudes on mining, and institutional trust, and local environmental knowledge must be integrated into the decision-making systems in more comprehensive ways. This dissertation is a compilation of three research papers which seek to answer the following research questions: 1. How can governments better integrate local communities' perceptions and concerns into mine permitting decisions? 2. What are the most important indicators of company-stakeholder conflict?3. How does stakeholder opposition affect the valuation of a mining property?This dissertation informs these questions with three research activities: A case study of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) at the Donlin Gold project in Western Alaska: The National Environmental Policy Act requires US regulators to consult local stakeholders and include their concerns in an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). At the Donlin project in Western Alaska, the Army Corps of Engineers included Alaskan Native tribes as cooperating agencies in the analysis in addition to conventional public comment meeting. This attempt at improved stakeholder involvement had some successes, but it also highlights divergent goals within NEPA and a lack of trust between local stakeholders and regulators. Tribes were able to push for examination and disclosure of some of their environmental concerns but remain frustrated with NEPA's limitations with respect to transform findings into enforceable protections.A statistical examination of the social and environmental variables as indicators of company-stakeholder conflict: Prediction of company-stakeholder conflict remains a weak point in mine design and planning. This research statistically examines a database of mining properties and develops multiple linear regression models to identify the most important indicators of mining company-stakeholder conflict. These models find that the following conditions are the strongest indicators of future conflict: the conflict history of the mining property, the conflict history in the mining region, proximity to artisanal mining, and anticipated physical and economic displacement of local people.A decision tree model which incorporates company-stakeholder conflict into a mining project's valuation: Mining investment decisions rely on a company's financial valuation of a mining project. The discounted cash flow methodology is the foundation of these valuations. This research developed a tool for capturing the financial risk associated with higher likelihoods of company-stakeholder conflict by quantifying the risk of forced project abandonment. This research presents a decision tree model for calculating the expected cost of company-stakeholder conflict. The model concludes that even moderate conflict likelihoods can reduce the net present value (NPV) of a mining project by hundreds of millions of dollars. Collectively these studies conclude that external stakeholders are undervalued by mining's present decision-making paradigms. This dissertation calls on companies and governments to place a greater emphasis on external stakeholders' perspectives on mining. It recommends that companies and governments engage these stakeholders in permitting and mine design processes such that these decisions include nuanced understandings of how a mine will affect local people and how local people will affect a mine.
Determination procedure of the beginning of Islamic months in Indonesia is done through isbat convened by Ministry of Religious Affairs. The result is considered as the official decision of government. In Malaysia, the determination is preceded by the execution of ru'yah set by the officials of Keeper of the Rulers' Seal. The falak data are prepared by the Falak Unit at the Department of Islamic Development, the Mufti Members of the States of Malaysia as the practitioners. The results are announced by appointed officers from Mufti and Falak experts. The effort of the Indonesian Government on the unification of beginning of Islamic months determination is by establishing the Organization of Ḥisâb Ru'yah. One of its tasks and functions is to seek the unification of the beginning of Islamic months' determination through several programs. Whereas Malaysian Government does it by synchronizing understanding about the beginning of Islamic months' determination and after that relying on King's decision whether there will be strict sanction related to dissimilarity of the beginning of Islamic months' determination.
Many social commentators have considered that alongside the fiscal transparency enjoined by contemporary New Zealand governments, there should be a complementary social responsibility reporting. This task is usually assigned to social indicator frameworks. However, at present (as the 2017 election looms) there is a faltering in the provision of social indicators which have been in place in New Zealand for almost two decades, with the exception of the recent 2016 survey data from Statistics New Zealand and Ministry of Social Development that were made available within a month of writing this article. Having commented on the current status of the New Zealand social indicator system, we present data from the General Social Survey and the Quality of Life survey to at least convey recent trends in subjective social well-being and reported behaviours and experiences. References are also made to the accumulating literature on social well-being in New Zealand, followed by suggestions for more systematic indicator development and underpinning research.
"33d Congress, 1st session. House of Representitives. Ex. doc. no. 121."; Appendices: A. Observations of earthquakes at Santiago and La Serena, from November, 1849, till September 13, 1852; accounts of the earthquakes in April and May, 1851. Tr. from Chile newspapers.--B. Meteorological observations in the province of Atacama.--C. Meteorological observations between New York and Valparaiso, via Panama.; Includes bibliographical references and index.
International audience ; The creation of the Manaus Free Trade Zone had a development purpose in the Brazilian political, economic and social scenario between 1960 and 1970. This industrial pole was an important device in achieving the desired development, populating a region considered deserted and exposed to external threats at that time. It has guaranteed the improvement on labor standards and social conditions in the Manaus' district and has become the main driving force behind regional employment, higher salaries and growth over the past decades. Using the residuals and the stochastic frontier techniques to estimate the labor and social performances of the Manaus Free Trade Zone, the analysis confirms that the implementation of the special economic zone collaborated to labor and social efficiency in the area-compared to other important industrial Brazilian municipalities-due to the rigid checks conducted by SUFRAMA and the strict respect of labor standards applied in the MFTZ. Nevertheless, economic linkages in the region are still weak and positive spillovers from Manaus to its surroundings were probably inexistent.
International audience ; The creation of the Manaus Free Trade Zone had a development purpose in the Brazilian political, economic and social scenario between 1960 and 1970. This industrial pole was an important device in achieving the desired development, populating a region considered deserted and exposed to external threats at that time. It has guaranteed the improvement on labor standards and social conditions in the Manaus' district and has become the main driving force behind regional employment, higher salaries and growth over the past decades. Using the residuals and the stochastic frontier techniques to estimate the labor and social performances of the Manaus Free Trade Zone, the analysis confirms that the implementation of the special economic zone collaborated to labor and social efficiency in the area-compared to other important industrial Brazilian municipalities-due to the rigid checks conducted by SUFRAMA and the strict respect of labor standards applied in the MFTZ. Nevertheless, economic linkages in the region are still weak and positive spillovers from Manaus to its surroundings were probably inexistent.
The creation of the Manaus Free Trade Zone had a development purpose in the Brazilian political, economic and social scenario between 1960 and 1970. This industrial pole was an important device in achieving the desired development, populating a region considered deserted and exposed to external threats at that time. It has guaranteed the improvement on labor standards and social conditions in the Manaus' district and has become the main driving force behind regional employment, higher salaries and growth over the past decades. Using the residuals and the stochastic frontier techniques to estimate the labor and social performances of the Manaus Free Trade Zone, the analysis confirms that the implementation of the special economic zone collaborated to labor and social efficiency in the area - compared to other important industrial Brazilian municipalities - due to the rigid checks conducted by SUFRAMA and the strict respect of labor standards applied in the MFTZ. Nevertheless, economic linkages in the region are still weak and positive spillovers from Manaus to its surroundings were probably inexistent.
The creation of the Manaus Free Trade Zone had a development purpose in the Brazilian political, economic and social scenario between 1960 and 1970. This industrial pole was an important device in achieving the desired development, populating a region considered deserted and exposed to external threats at that time. It has guaranteed the improvement on labor standards and social conditions in the Manaus' district and has become the main driving force behind regional employment, higher salaries and growth over the past decades. Using the residuals and the stochastic frontier techniques to estimate the labor and social performances of the Manaus Free Trade Zone, the analysis confirms that the implementation of the special economic zone collaborated to labor and social efficiency in the area - compared to other important industrial Brazilian municipalities - due to the rigid checks conducted by SUFRAMA and the strict respect of labor standards applied in the MFTZ. Nevertheless, economic linkages in the region are still weak and positive spillovers from Manaus to its surroundings were probably inexistent.
The disaster in Karo District due to the eruption of Mount Sinabung on September 15, 2013 has claimed lives, damage to homes, agricultural land and property. This affected the economic and social conditions of affected farmers, so the government intervened to improve these conditions through a rehabilitation and reconstruction program. The purpose of this study is to compare the economic and social conditions of the community before and after the eruption of Mount Sinabung due to rehabilitation and reconstruction activities and examine community participation in recovery activities. The analytical method uses the non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, with two related samples namely the measurement of conditions before the disaster and after the post-disaster rehabilitation-reconstruction are not mutually free. The results show that the land owned by respondents after the disaster was reduced, but land tenure by respondents increased because they rented land elsewhere. The types and number of livestock have decreased such as buffalos and chickens, but cattle have increased due to the aid in purchasing cattle. Money capital has increased because of the provision of financial assistance from the private sector or government. The number of kiosks and sales turnover increased with the change of the area around the disaster into a tourist destination. Likewise, farm family income has increased with the new arable land in Siosar which is planted with vegetables in addition to the results of coffee on the old land that is ready to harvest. Resilience of respondent faces disaster and willingness to rise from disaster in the category of vulnerable and increasing. Work ethic in the high category increases, but in the medium category it actually decreases. The dependency of aid from the government in the high category increases, but in the low category it decreases.
Appendices: A. Observations of earthquakes at Santiago and La Serena, from November, 1849, till September 13, 1852; accounts of the earthquakes in April and May, 1851. Tr. from Chile newspapers.--B. Meteorological observations in the province of Atacama.--C. Meteorological observations between New York and Valparaiso, via Panama. ; "33d Congress, 1st session. House of Representitives. Ex. doc. no. 121." ; Includes bibliographical references and index. ; Mode of access: Internet.
A collection of notes from Louis A. Hieb's studies of the Hopi Indian Reservation. Includes information on elementary school through higher education, social conditions and Tribal politics.BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
p. 5 ; columns 3–4 ; 10 col. in. ; In his annual report to the Secretary of the Interior, Governor Murray of Utah recommends that Utah not be given statehood unless the Mormons stop practicing polygamy.
This article describes and analyzes the working and social conditions in which journalists work in some regions of Colombia. The text presents the findings of two research projects carried out in eighteen cities of the country. The research explored, among other aspects, the labor situation of journalists working in regional media. The theoretical focus of this article arises from the political economy of communication and information perspective. The methodology of both research projects was based on a critical-social perspective. Three dimensions were taken into account: descriptive, analytical and comprehensive. The article analyzes how the labor and social conditions, in which journalists work in Colombia, have a significant impact on the formation of public opinion in the country. ; El presente artículo se ocupa de describir y analizar las condiciones laborales y sociales en que trabajan los periodistas en las regiones de Colombia. Los autores del escrito exponen los hallazgos de dos proyectos de investigación que realizaron en dieciocho ciudades del país, los cuales indagaban, entre otros aspectos, por la situación laboral de los periodistas en los medios regionales. El enfoque del estudio y del análisis que acá se presenta es desde las teorías de la economía política de la comunicación y la información. La metodología con la que se desarrollaron los dos proyectos de investigación fue con una perspectiva critico-social, para lo cual se incluyeron tres dimensiones: descriptiva, analítica y comprensiva. El artículo analiza cómo las condiciones laborales y sociales de los periodistas en Colombia tienen impacto en la formación de la opinión pública en el país.
