Suchergebnisse

[Abstract] This paper investigates the speeches of public civil servants responsible for the implementation of eight social programs on the local neighborhood, Altos de San Lorenzo, located in the city of La Plata, a province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. This articles aims to identify the underlying logic and rationale according to the conditions of implementation of each intervention, placing special attention to those programs focused on employment. The conceptual frame includes a typology of social programs, drawn from two main ideas: nature or programmability of the tasks and the interaction that the intervention promotes between program officials and beneficiaries. In addition, taking the following types of rationale into consideration: technical, bureaucratic, political and user-oriented. The objective was to establish, according to a methodological analysis of speech, the degree of rationale to which the officials of each program has, identifying with special attention the perspectives and rationales placed on the selected labor programs. The main findings point to the idea that, even though important variations exist between the rationalities most used by type of program, it is worth highlighting the centrality of rationality political and useroriented. ; [Resumen] El artículo indaga en los discursos de los funcionarios públicos responsables de la ejecución de ocho programas sociales ejecutados en el espacio local -Altos de San Lorenzo ubicado en la ciudad de La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina-, a fin de identificar lógicas y racionalidades subyacentes según las condiciones de implementación de cada intervención, poniendo especial énfasis en aquellos programas enfocados en el empleo. El marco conceptual incluyó la utilización de una tipología de programas sociales, elaborada a partir de dos ejes: la naturaleza o programabilidad de la tarea y la interacción que la intervención promueve entre operadores y beneficiarios; además, consideró cuatro tipos de racionalidad: técnica, burocrática, política y orientada al destinatario. El objetivo fue establecer, a partir de una metodología de análisis del discurso, el grado de racionalidad del que dan cuenta los ejecutores de cada programa, identificando con especial atención las perspectivas y racionalidades puestas en juego en los programas laborales seleccionados. Las conclusiones principales señalan que, aunque existen variaciones importantes entre las racionalidades más influyentes según el tipo de programa, es destacable el lugar central y la preponderancia que ocupan la racionalidad política y la orientada al destinatario, las que se enfatizan aún más en los programas de empleo

Since scholarly interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR) has primarily focused on the synergies between social and economic performance, our understanding of how (and the conditions under which) companies use CSR to produce policy outcomes that work against public welfare has remained comparatively under-developed. In particular, little is known about how corporate decision-makers privately reconcile the conflicts between public and private interests, even though this is likely to be relevant to understanding the limitations of CSR as a means of aligning business activity with the broader public interest. This study addresses this issue using internal tobacco industry documents to explore British-American Tobacco's (BAT) thinking on CSR and its effects on the company's CSR Programme. The article presents a three-stage model of CSR development, based on Sykes and Matza's theory of techniques of neutralization, which links together: how BAT managers made sense of the company's declining political authority in the mid-1990s; how they subsequently justified the use of CSR as a tool of stakeholder management aimed at diffusing the political impact of public health advocates by breaking up political constituencies working towards evidence-based tobacco regulation; and how CSR works ideologically to shape stakeholders' perceptions of the relative merits of competing approaches to tobacco control. Our analysis has three implications for research and practice. First, it underlines the importance of approaching corporate managers' public comments on CSR critically and situating them in their economic, political and historical contexts. Second, it illustrates the importance of focusing on the political aims and effects of CSR. Third, by showing how CSR practices are used to stymie evidence-based government regulation, the article underlines the importance of highlighting and developing matrices to assess the negative social impacts of CSR.

Since scholarly interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR) has primarily focused on the synergies between social and economic performance, our understanding of how (and the conditions under which) companies use CSR to produce policy outcomes that work against public welfare has remained comparatively under-developed. In particular, little is known about how corporate decision-makers privately reconcile the conflicts between public and private interests, even though this is likely to be relevant to understanding the limitations of CSR as a means of aligning business activity with the broader public interest. This study addresses this issue using internal tobacco industry documents to explore British-American Tobacco's (BAT) thinking on CSR and its effects on the company's CSR Programme. The article presents a three-stage model of CSR development, based on Sykes and Matza's theory of techniques of neutralization, which links together: how BAT managers made sense of the company's declining political authority in the mid-1990s; how they subsequently justified the use of CSR as a tool of stakeholder management aimed at diffusing the political impact of public health advocates by breaking up political constituencies working towards evidence-based tobacco regulation; and how CSR works ideologically to shape stakeholders' perceptions of the relative merits of competing approaches to tobacco control. Our analysis has three implications for research and practice. First, it underlines the importance of approaching corporate managers' public comments on CSR critically and situating them in their economic, political and historical contexts. Second, it illustrates the importance of focusing on the political aims and effects of CSR. Third, by showing how CSR practices are used to stymie evidence-based government regulation, the article underlines the importance of highlighting and developing matrices to assess the negative social impacts of CSR.

Анотація. Однією з ключових проблем соціальної адаптації військовослужбовців та членів їх сімей є відсутність консенсусу щодо визначення, змісту та функцій цього процесу. Така ситуація вказує, з одного боку, на його складність та багатомірність, а з іншого – на наявність у суспільстві доволі відмінних уявлень щодо соціальної адаптації військовослужбовців. Безумовно, все це розмаїття думок знайшло своє відображення в науковій літературі з цієї проблеми. Дане дослідження присвячено аналізу поглядів сучасних вітчизняних та зарубіжних фахівців на зміст, функції та цілі процесу соціальної адаптації військовослужбовців. Спираючись на результати якісного аналізу наукових текстів визначено, що в українській літературі домінує уявлення про соціальну адаптацію військовослужбовців як процес їх пристосування до умов ринку праці. Водночас, констатується поступове урізноманітнення цих поглядів, що спричинене розширенням емпіричної бази, збільшенням кількості прикладних досліджень в цій сфері. Відзначається значно ширша тематика досліджень в зарубіжних, переважно англомовних, публікаціях, присвячених проблемі соціальної адаптації військовослужбовців. Особливо наголошується на змінах в уявленнях про цей процес, які спричинені соціальними, економічними, політичними, культурними, історичними тощо факторами. ; Abstract. A lack of consensus on definition, functions and final purposes of social adaptation of servicemen and their family members is one of the key problems of the process. On one hand, this situation suggests the complexity and multiplicity of the process, on the other hand, it reflects diversity of views on social adaptation of servicemen, which is present in society. Undoubtedly, the scientific literature on the problem echoes with this variety of thoughts. The article is devoted to analysis of the views of modern national and foreign authors on the content, functions, and aims of the process of social adaptation of servicemen. Twenty two preselected scientific papers, published after 2000, have been explored using qualitative text analysis. Relevance to the problem of social adaptation has been employed as a main selection criterion. The publications predominantly devoted to social psychological, psychological, medical etc. aspects of servicemen adaptation were deliberately excluded from the study. Interpretation of the data denotes adjustment of servicemen to the labor market conditions as a prevailing understanding of social adaptation in Ukrainian scientific literature. However, progressive diversification of the views, apparently caused by increased number of empirical studies, is evident. In respect to foreign, mainly English, scientific publications, significantly broader scope of definitions has been detected. Obviously, this reflects implication of wide range of theoretical approaches and concepts. Social adaptation is considered in a broader context of social, economic, political, historical, cultural, gender etc. factors. Special attention is paid to rethinking of the role of servicemen in the process of their social adaptation.

Анотація. Однією з ключових проблем соціальної адаптації військовослужбовців та членів їх сімей є відсутність консенсусу щодо визначення, змісту та функцій цього процесу. Така ситуація вказує, з одного боку, на його складність та багатомірність, а з іншого – на наявність у суспільстві доволі відмінних уявлень щодо соціальної адаптації військовослужбовців. Безумовно, все це розмаїття думок знайшло своє відображення в науковій літературі з цієї проблеми. Дане дослідження присвячено аналізу поглядів сучасних вітчизняних та зарубіжних фахівців на зміст, функції та цілі процесу соціальної адаптації військовослужбовців. Спираючись на результати якісного аналізу наукових текстів визначено, що в українській літературі домінує уявлення про соціальну адаптацію військовослужбовців як процес їх пристосування до умов ринку праці. Водночас, констатується поступове урізноманітнення цих поглядів, що спричинене розширенням емпіричної бази, збільшенням кількості прикладних досліджень в цій сфері. Відзначається значно ширша тематика досліджень в зарубіжних, переважно англомовних, публікаціях, присвячених проблемі соціальної адаптації військовослужбовців. Особливо наголошується на змінах в уявленнях про цей процес, які спричинені соціальними, економічними, політичними, культурними, історичними тощо факторами. ; Abstract. A lack of consensus on definition, functions and final purposes of social adaptation of servicemen and their family members is one of the key problems of the process. On one hand, this situation suggests the complexity and multiplicity of the process, on the other hand, it reflects diversity of views on social adaptation of servicemen, which is present in society. Undoubtedly, the scientific literature on the problem echoes with this variety of thoughts. The article is devoted to analysis of the views of modern national and foreign authors on the content, functions, and aims of the process of social adaptation of servicemen. Twenty two preselected scientific papers, published after 2000, have been explored using qualitative text analysis. Relevance to the problem of social adaptation has been employed as a main selection criterion. The publications predominantly devoted to social psychological, psychological, medical etc. aspects of servicemen adaptation were deliberately excluded from the study. Interpretation of the data denotes adjustment of servicemen to the labor market conditions as a prevailing understanding of social adaptation in Ukrainian scientific literature. However, progressive diversification of the views, apparently caused by increased number of empirical studies, is evident. In respect to foreign, mainly English, scientific publications, significantly broader scope of definitions has been detected. Obviously, this reflects implication of wide range of theoretical approaches and concepts. Social adaptation is considered in a broader context of social, economic, political, historical, cultural, gender etc. factors. Special attention is paid to rethinking of the role of servicemen in the process of their social adaptation.

This book deals with the immediate effects of, and response to, Hurricane María on the social, ecological, and technological systems (SETS) of Puerto Rico. The SETS approach to analyzing hurricane effects places into historical context the role of social and technological factors, and compares social and ecological resilience on the same temporal scales. Written from the perspective of a Puerto Rican scientist who experienced Maria's wrath first-hand, the book uses extensive empirical knowledge of the ecological effects of hurricanes on Caribbean forests and combines that knowledge with a detailed analysis of the effects of Hurricane María on the social and technological fabric of Puerto Rico. The comparison suggests that the effects of extreme events are dictated not only by the strength of the physical event, but also by the conditions of affected SETS at the time when the event exerts influence over them. Moreover, SETS have historical legacies that influence how resilient they can be when affected by an extreme event. Therefore, preparation and response to extreme events require an integrated social, ecological, and technological effort, known as the SETS response. The SETS response requires an understanding of the energetics of extreme events and their effects on the economy, which in turn determines social and technological resilience. Hurricane María demonstrated that the social and technological systems of Puerto Rico were not adapted to dealing with extreme events, in contrast with the ecological systems, which were. Hurricane María's effect on Puerto Rico can be used as an example from which valuable lessons emerge for making SETS more adaptable and resilient to extreme events.

AbstractAltruistic behavior after stress exposure may have important health and psychological benefits, in addition to broader societal consequences. However, so far experimental research on altruism following acute stress has been limited to adult populations. The current study utilized an experimental design to investigate how altruistic donation behavior among children may be influenced by (a) exposure to an acute social stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test modified for use with children (TSST‐M), (b) individual differences in stress physiology, and (c) social support from a parent. The sample consisted of 180 children (54.9% male, 45.1% female; mean age = 9.92 years, SD = 0.56 years) randomly assigned to one of three conditions involving the TSST‐M: (a) prepare for the TSST‐M alone, (b) prepare for the TSST‐M with a parent, and (c) no‐stress control group. Results revealed that children made larger donations post‐stressor if they were alone before the acute stressor, if they had moderate cardiac autonomic balance, reflecting both parasympathetic and sympathetic influence, and if they were older. Children who prepared for the TSST‐M with social support from a parent made comparable donations as children in the no‐stress control group, in accord with stress buffering models. Increased altruism following acute stress among children suggests that a comprehensive understanding of the human stress response needs to incorporate "tend‐and‐befriend" behavior—the tendency for humans to show increased altruistic behavior during times of distress.

This article was done with the aim of surveying the effect of social, economic and cultural variables on the lack of interest in liability insurance (responsibility) of Sanandaj. This study is a kind of practical research and it's also descriptive with the correlation method of information collection (amassment). The statistic society of the research is all of the engineers, doctors and contractors of Sanandaj that don't use the liability insurance. They were about 650 persons which according to the limitation of statistic society checking (scrutiny), 250 persons were chosen by the random sampling which finally 241 persons took place in the research process. For research data collection, the substantiated questionnaire consisted of 24 locutions and 3 cultural, economic and social scales (criterions) was used based upon the Likret's five-point spectrum. According to the analysis of collected data, the results showed that the economic and cultural factors have a negative effect on the liability insurance, and totally with the cultural and economic condition increment, the lake of interest in liability insurance will decrease.

Este estudio aborda como tema fundamental los aspectos principales sobre desarrollo humano –económico y social- y su relación con sociedades inclusivas o incluyentes. La finalidad fundamental del documento es resumir las características conceptuales sobre desarrollo humano, centrando la atención en las condicionantes sociales de los diferentes países latinoamericanos –en términos de lo social, cultural, político y económico- como parte de la inclusión social. La participación económica y social, es presentada aquí como parte fundamental de los factores dinámicos que constituyen medios para mejorar las condiciones del desarrollo humano. La perspectiva general del estudio recoge las perspectivas de la ética para el desarrollo ; This paper addresses as main issue, core aspects of human development –social and economic fundamentals- and their links to inclusive societies. The basic objective of this study is to summarize the fundamental characteristics of the concept of human development focused on the particular matter of comprehensive social conditions within Latin American societies. One of the most relevant themes here is to distinguish the effective participation –in social, cultural, political and economic terms- as a key element of social inclusion. Effective social and economic participation is presented here as a fundamental part of dynamic factors that aim to improve human development conditions. The general contents of this study includes the perspective from ethics regarding human development

The article is devoted to the socio-protective activities of the Society of Ural Mining Technicians (SUMT). It was founded in 1901 in the Perm province as a professional scientific and technical community. The organization was formed at the stage of the final phase of the industrial revolution in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which contributed to the development of scientific thought in the Ural region, the formation of new social relations and the emergence of professional associations. The main staff of the Society included engineers, technicians, teachers and students of the Ural Mining School. The author considers in detail the activities of the Bureau of Labor as one of the structural subdivisions of SUMT. It began its work in 1902 and acted as an intermediary between the employee and the employer. Its purposes were to collect data from employers on the availability of vacancies at enterprises, to compile a database of unemployed members of SUMT, to resolve issues of their employment, and to prepare recommendations and guarantees when applying for a job. The Bureau of Labor also provided material support to family members of the community. In addition, the Bureau of Labor monitored the observance of the employees' working conditions, ensured the protection of the interests of the members of the Society at work, protected their interests in case of conflicts with the employer or the abnormal position of technicians, and was engaged in workers' health insurance. The revealed violations by the employer were published by the Bureau of Labor in the journal of the Society "Ural Technician". The Bureau of Labor of the Society of Ural Mining Technicians implemented social protective functions in the Ural region associated with labor exchanges in the pre-revolutionary period of Russia's development.

This article presents a theoretical framework for explaining how pedestrian activity broadens people's access to cultural meaning‐making processes. A lack of vital pedestrian activity constitutes a social problem because of lost opportunities for social interaction. According to a theory of the micro‐level production of culture, "Epistemological Culture Theory," collaborative self‐expression in the course of interaction with others is essential for developing shared meanings (i.e., culture), a sense of community, and a sense of security in what we know. A review of urban planning and environmental psychology research on pedestrian environments finds significant appreciation for conditions conducive to such collaborative self‐expression. This literature presents a highly developed environmental (or technological) determinist perspective. This article complements previous research by focusing on the cultural significance of being on foot. Four concepts are introduced to help enrich the discussion: "breadth of experience,""pausability,""identity expression," and "collaborative creativity." These concepts enable a better understanding of how pedestrian activity facilitates interaction. This exploration posits principles and raises questions about how these qualities may be sought out or even avoided in personal and cultural preferences regarding transportation and public life.

International Conference, May 23-24, 2019: Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea • Bilbao, Spain (preprint) ; We will discuss the theoretical mechanisms of behaviour that constitute a form of "sharing society" and are defined as "identity sharing". The authors propose to identify factors that induce some people to an act of social solidarity with excluded or culturally marginalized people under the pressure of dominant political practices. In the empirical aspect, the project is inscribed in the specific determinants of cultural homogeneity and Pols national ethnocentrism as the foundations of the political conservatism of the ruling right wing in Poland. In these conditions, we can operationalize indicators of "civic solidarity" and manifestations of practices of "identity sharing" that characterize the attitudes of people protesting against neo-authoritarian attacks of the power camp on free media, independent courts, or cultural minorities (including refugees) in their politics. Do the manifestations of "identity sharing" have the ability to overcome the social fears of people who are divided by differences in worldviews – or maybe they strengthen them? These problems will be theoretically analysed using a conceptual framework referring to the following: motives of R. Girard's mimetic rivalry theory; theories of J. Haidt's social morality and ethical intuitions; the effects of sharing identity in the inclusive social networks (R. Putnam); dramatic models of the public scene and the role of a stranger for social actors (E. Goffman); the symbolic experience of a community of values for structuring the conflict of identities (A. Giddens, Z. Bauman). The conclusions will be illustrated by examples of local (Polish) acts of solidarity initiated spontaneously by the participants of civic forms of protest against the language of cultural domination and political stigmatization of cultural opponents. We will examine the hypothesis – important for the final conclusions – that "identity sharing" requires the presence in a common space of actors making gestures of "solidarity" and social media are a secondary and necessary but not sufficient tool to generate such practices.

PurposeThe need to alleviate poverty and achieve the United Nations (UN) 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through Universal Social Protection (USP) mechanisms is a high priority for governments and international organisations (IOs). This paper focuses on the recent introduction of a general minimum income (GMI) in Greece, in the context of the international diffusion of governing expertise. It examines whether the "universal" scheme being implemented constitutes a paradigm shift likely to offer solutions to the country's previous fragmented and unjust welfare system, and to problems the society has faced since the 2010s depression.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses critical grounded theory, with data gathering through iterative field observations and semi-structured interviews.FindingsResults highlight the elusiveness of USP normative promises: rather than enhancing people's effective freedoms to act as self-determining agents, USP pushes the poor to adapt to current degraded socio-economic conditions. Participation in the shadow economy is a structural feature of USP; it is implicitly tolerated insofar as it is regarded, in the words of the World Bank (WB), an "engine for growth". This constitutes an institutional and governance challenge for the implementation and expansion of social welfare programmes and could compromise the 2030 SDGs Agenda.Originality/valueWhile research to date has examined the "modernisation" of the Greek welfare system in a national or comparative perspective, it adds to the literature by framing the study in the field of global social policy, shedding light on the discrepancies between internationally designed mechanisms and the normative aims of USP.

Always information on population, nature management and technogenic influence is represented by artificial ranges. Usually administrative and territorial division is used for this purpose at the national and regional level. At the present stage, the economic situation makes it possible to direct funds to solve only the primary problems. In fact, some kind of social reaction can only be expected on emergency situations of a national or regional scale. In fact, some kind of social reaction can only be expected on emergency situations of a national or regional scale. This practice requires not only the general characterization of a particular environmental problem, but also the assessment of its degree of danger to society.The role of research in this process is to develop and provide a scientific basis for making managerial decisions in the field of economic security in the face of negative environmental impacts.Problems of methodological and technological nature related to the collection, processing, analysis, and systematization of information, as well as territorial justification of decisions in the field of economic security in the context of environmental threats, are associated with heterogeneous spatial information.GIS simulation of economic security in the context of environmental threats is based on the recipient approach to the functional blocks of the system in accordance with the current state of economic use of systemsAn example of a scientific and practical substantiation of managerial decisions regarding environmental factors in the formation of economic security at the state level was the development of an automated Government information and analytical system for emergency situations (UIAS NA) based on the departmental principle. It is based on a systematic approach to the interaction of natural, economic, social and technical systems with the display of information in the form of geographic information systems and their transformation into relevant expert systems. ; Завжди інформація про населення, природокористування та техногенний вплив представлена за штучними ареалами. Зазвичай для цього використовують адміністративно територіальний поділ на національному та регіональному рівні. На локальному рівні одиницями є території землевідведення, санітарні зони, робочі ділянки полів тощо.Роль наукових досліджень у цьому процесі - розробити та надати наукове обґрунтування прийняття управлінських рішень в сфері економічної безпеки в умовах негативних екологічних впливів. ГІС моделювання економічної безпеки в умовах екологічних загроз здійснюється на основі реципієнтного підходу за функціональними блоками системи відповідно до сучасного стану господарського використання систем.Звичайно, вирішити в повному обсязі вищеназвані проблеми неможливо, але можна визначити методологічні та методичні шляхи їх мінімізації. Розвиток наукових досліджень завжди пов'язаний із суспільною практикою. На сучасному етапі економічна ситуація дозволяє спрямовувати кошти на вирішення лише першочергових проблем. Фактично, якась суспільна реакція може очікуватися лише на надзвичайні ситуації національного або регіонального масштабу. Така практика потребує не просто загальної характеристики конкретної екологічної проблеми, але оцінювання ступеню її небезпеки для суспільства.

Always information on population, nature management and technogenic influence is represented by artificial ranges. Usually administrative and territorial division is used for this purpose at the national and regional level. At the present stage, the economic situation makes it possible to direct funds to solve only the primary problems. In fact, some kind of social reaction can only be expected on emergency situations of a national or regional scale. In fact, some kind of social reaction can only be expected on emergency situations of a national or regional scale. This practice requires not only the general characterization of a particular environmental problem, but also the assessment of its degree of danger to society.The role of research in this process is to develop and provide a scientific basis for making managerial decisions in the field of economic security in the face of negative environmental impacts.Problems of methodological and technological nature related to the collection, processing, analysis, and systematization of information, as well as territorial justification of decisions in the field of economic security in the context of environmental threats, are associated with heterogeneous spatial information.GIS simulation of economic security in the context of environmental threats is based on the recipient approach to the functional blocks of the system in accordance with the current state of economic use of systemsAn example of a scientific and practical substantiation of managerial decisions regarding environmental factors in the formation of economic security at the state level was the development of an automated Government information and analytical system for emergency situations (UIAS NA) based on the departmental principle. It is based on a systematic approach to the interaction of natural, economic, social and technical systems with the display of information in the form of geographic information systems and their transformation into relevant expert systems. ; Завжди інформація про населення, природокористування та техногенний вплив представлена за штучними ареалами. Зазвичай для цього використовують адміністративно територіальний поділ на національному та регіональному рівні. На локальному рівні одиницями є території землевідведення, санітарні зони, робочі ділянки полів тощо.Роль наукових досліджень у цьому процесі - розробити та надати наукове обґрунтування прийняття управлінських рішень в сфері економічної безпеки в умовах негативних екологічних впливів. ГІС моделювання економічної безпеки в умовах екологічних загроз здійснюється на основі реципієнтного підходу за функціональними блоками системи відповідно до сучасного стану господарського використання систем.Звичайно, вирішити в повному обсязі вищеназвані проблеми неможливо, але можна визначити методологічні та методичні шляхи їх мінімізації. Розвиток наукових досліджень завжди пов'язаний із суспільною практикою. На сучасному етапі економічна ситуація дозволяє спрямовувати кошти на вирішення лише першочергових проблем. Фактично, якась суспільна реакція може очікуватися лише на надзвичайні ситуації національного або регіонального масштабу. Така практика потребує не просто загальної характеристики конкретної екологічної проблеми, але оцінювання ступеню її небезпеки для суспільства.