Social policy in China
In: International labour review, Band 47, S. 622-625
ISSN: 0020-7780
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In: International labour review, Band 47, S. 622-625
ISSN: 0020-7780
In: International labour review, Band 47, S. 297-311
ISSN: 0020-7780
In: International labour review, Band 45, S. 176-179
ISSN: 0020-7780
In: The political quarterly, Band 8, Heft 2, S. 227-239
ISSN: 1467-923X
In: The political quarterly: PQ, Band 8, S. 227-239
ISSN: 0032-3179
In: International labour review, Band 46, S. 584-586
ISSN: 0020-7780
In: International labour review, Band 36, S. 26-48
ISSN: 0020-7780
In: International labour review, Band 48, S. 493-494
ISSN: 0020-7780
In: International labour review, Band 43, S. 704-710
ISSN: 0020-7780
In: Social service review: SSR, Band 5, Heft 2, S. 340-342
ISSN: 1537-5404
In: League of nations. Series of publications. European conference on rural life. 13
In: International labour review, Band 48, S. 758-759
ISSN: 0020-7780
In: Canadian journal of economics and political science: the journal of the Canadian Political Science Association = Revue canadienne d'économique et de science politique, Band 5, Heft 3, S. 325-340
The professions, conceived as a select body of superior occupations, have existed from time immemorial, although their identity has often been in dispute. The ancients wrote and argued about them, while Herbert Spencer traced their origin among primitive peoples. The earliest view to which we need here pay attention was that occupations should be judged and valued according to their compatibility with the good life. They were to be tested by their effect on the giver of the service rather than on the recipient. The professions were, in English parlance, the occupations suitable for a gentleman. This idea naturally flourished in societies which distinguished sharply between life lived as an end in itself, and life passed in pursuit of the means which enable others to live as free civilized men should. The professions in such a society were those means to living which were most innocuous, in that they did not dull the brain, like manual labour, nor corrupt the soul, like commerce. They even contained within themselves qualities and virtues which might well find a place among the ends of the good life itself. Leisure, based on the ownership of land or of slaves, was the chief mark of aristocracy, and here too the professions were but slightly inferior. For leisure does not mean idleness. It means the freedom to choose your activities according to your own preferences and your own standards of what is best. The professions, it was said, enjoyed this kind of freedom, not so much because they were free from the control of an employer—that was assumed—but rather because, for them, choice was not restricted and confined by economic pressure. The professional man, it has been said, does not work in order to be paid: he is paid in order that he may work. Every decision he takes in the course of his career is based on his sense of what is right, not on his estimate of what is profitable. That, at least, is the impression he would like to create when defending his claim to superior status.