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The article aims to discuss the relationship between social policy and public policy and to identify its most important elements. Social policy is linked historically on the one hand with the economy and on the other - with sociology and political sciences. Theory of public policy exposes the role of public administration in achieving its objectives and allows for wider recognition of the tasks by linking them with other specialties. This makes it possible to achieve in practice synergistic effects of actions taken, and at the theoretical level - a more comprehensive assessment of the analyzed problems. The history of social policy in Poland, especially of the Institute of Social Economy shows that such a broad approach to social policy has been characteristic also in the past.

Disability is one of the features that differentiate individuals and groups in modern societies. People with reduced physical, cognitive and psychological efficiency are particularly exposed to discrimination and social, economic and political exclusion. What's important social issue of people with disabilities in the early 21st century changes by entering into a relationship with the ageing of the population. Article aims to introduce some theoretical concepts efforts to improve the image of disability and reduce the barriers faced by persons with disabilities in access to different kinds of resources, spaces and opportunities. A critical analysis of the literature includes: description of the concept of activation policy as well as principles and objectives of social policy in a holistic paradigm of normalization. This summary contains possible future directions of research and analysis.

The article discusses the main features of "solidarity of generations" concept. This approach is used in the analysis of the ageing process at the beginning of the XXI century as well as in designing of public policy. Essay introduces the basic concepts of generations and relationships between generations meaning. Article emphasizes that solidarity between generations is a social issue that requires the combined intervention of public, commercial and non-commercial bodies. Paper presents a conclusions from critical analysis of assumptions for the solidarity of generations included in the selected documents of civilizational project "Poland 2030. The Third Wave of Modernity."

The study investigates genesis of the European Union Social Policy and the changes in common social issue over the years. The European Union is not only economic and monetary integration, it is also unify the activities in the social areas. Integration endeavors are not only based on the European Union further enlargement to new members, but also are based on adoption of new regulations on social issues, with the need to enforce them by the Member States. EU regulations only of an economic nature, without social guidelines may lead to incomplete and unstable functioning of the European Union and Single European Market. Over the past decade, the process of European integration has intensified and included more issues and life areas, therefore the position of social policy has strengthen consistently. The increasing globalization and regionalization of economic and social life causes more important role for international institutions such as the European Union, in solving various social matters. European countries are more acutely affected by problems such as high unemployment, poverty, social exclusion and the progressive aging of the population. Consequently cooperation at EU level can lead to stop these processes and can find ways to eliminate the negative effects that appeared among the citizens of Europe.

We present an analysis of the government program under the above title, made by the Expert Committee on Elderly People at the Office of Ombudsman, published on April 13, 2018.

Ageing is a challenge that requires development and implementation of horizontal social policy, which should take into account the diversity of older adults and the division of interventions aimed at this population and on the image of old age. The complexity of the negative consequences of ageing shows that there is a need to enhance cooperation between the public sector, the commercial sector, the NGO sector, and the informal sector at all levels of social policy. The paper discusses models of multisectoral social policy and the possibilities of integrating social services. Its conclusions include directions for further research and social innovation.

The essential objective of the paper is to present the German model of social policy as compared to the social solutions adopted in the European Union. The author analyzes the transformations of social policy, established by virtue of the Treaty on the European Union, The Nice Treaty and Lisbon Treaty, among other documents. The further part of the paper presents the main assumptions of the German model of the welfare state. The author concludes with a suggestion that, at a time of global financial crisis, both the European Union and Germany will need to change their social policies. ; The essential objective of the paper is to present the German model of social policy as compared to the social solutions adopted in the European Union. The author analyzes the transformations of social policy, established by virtue of the Treaty on the European Union, The Nice Treaty and Lisbon Treaty, among other documents. The further part of the paper presents the main assumptions of the German model of the welfare state. The author concludes with a suggestion that, at a time of global financial crisis, both the European Union and Germany will need to change their social policies.

La partecipazione dei cittadini e delle organizzazioni senza scopo di lucro (associazioni e cooperative) viene da più parti invocata come un obiet-tivo importante per incrementare la qualità della democrazia, nonché l'ef-ficacia, l'appropriatezza e l'efficienza delle politiche pubbliche. La partecipazione, tuttavia, non è mai un aspetto spontaneo, o determinato solo da aspetti tecnici e procedurali. Il capitolo discute le dinamiche partecipative più rilevanti in Lombardia nel campo delle politiche sociali. Per farlo si appoggia ai concetti classici della scienza politica e della sociologia politica delle politiche pubbliche, con un'attenzione particolare alle relazioni fra gli attori e ai momenti conflittuali che producono apprendimento e cambiamento nei partner in interazione. In un primo paragrafo sarà inquadrata la struttura di poteri nella Regione Lombardia e le modalità di costruzione del consenso delle Giunte Formigoni. Saranno, poi, analizzati i principali caratteri della partecipazione della società civile a livello regionale, osservando lo sviluppo di capacità critiche e politiche del terzo settore nel corso del processo di law-making della l.reg. 3/2008. Un terzo paragrafo sarà dedicato a discutere le innovazioni emerse nei processi di mobilitazione della società civile nell'implementazione della legge. Infine, verranno discussi i principali fattori che ostano ad una piena partecipazione delle organizzazioni sociali nei territori del welfare locale lombardo.

La partecipazione dei cittadini e delle organizzazioni senza scopo di lucro (associazioni e cooperative) viene da più parti invocata come un obiet-tivo importante per incrementare la qualità della democrazia, nonché l'ef-ficacia, l'appropriatezza e l'efficienza delle politiche pubbliche. La partecipazione, tuttavia, non è mai un aspetto spontaneo, o determinato solo da aspetti tecnici e procedurali. Il capitolo discute le dinamiche partecipative più rilevanti in Lombardia nel campo delle politiche sociali. Per farlo si appoggia ai concetti classici della scienza politica e della sociologia politica delle politiche pubbliche, con un'attenzione particolare alle relazioni fra gli attori e ai momenti conflittuali che producono apprendimento e cambiamento nei partner in interazione. In un primo paragrafo sarà inquadrata la struttura di poteri nella Regione Lombardia e le modalità di costruzione del consenso delle Giunte Formigoni. Saranno, poi, analizzati i principali caratteri della partecipazione della società civile a livello regionale, osservando lo sviluppo di capacità critiche e politiche del terzo settore nel corso del processo di law-making della l.reg. 3/2008. Un terzo paragrafo sarà dedicato a discutere le innovazioni emerse nei processi di mobilitazione della società civile nell'implementazione della legge. Infine, verranno discussi i principali fattori che ostano ad una piena partecipazione delle organizzazioni sociali nei territori del welfare locale lombardo.

Preparation of this study was designed to achieve two objectives. The first goal is to introduce the theoretical basis of two dimensions of social policy - policy towards old age and policy towards older people. The second objective covers analyzes of the proposals and actually undertaken activities for older people that were included in strategic documents and research reports compiled at central, regional (Podlaskie Voivodeship) and local levels (city of Bialystok). Thus, overview was aimed to identify current practices, as well as recommended actions that have not been implemented and the extent of involvement of social partners at all stages of the design and implementation of this area of social policy. The report is based on analysis of existing data (desk research).

Podstawowym założeniem artykułu jest uznanie, że złożoność wyzwań związanych ze starzeniem się populacji wymusza rozwój powiązań kooperacyjnych między podmiotami polityki publicznej reprezentującymi różne sektory. Innymi słowy: niezbędna jest bardziej intensywna i lepiej skoordynowana współpraca między organizacjami sektora publicznego, komercyjnego, pozarządowego, nieformalnego oraz sektora obejmującego podmioty gospodarki społecznej (np. spółdzielnie). Zasadnicze znaczenie ma w tym kontekście wdrażanie założeń teorii współzarządzania (governance), koprodukcji oraz mieszanej gospodarki dobrobytu (inaczej: wielosektorowej polityki społecznej). W konsekwencji artykuł wskazuje na wybrane wątki dyskursu dotyczącego relacji procesu starzenia się ludności z przedsiębiorczością społeczną i innowacjami społecznymi. Tekst przytacza także przykłady dobrych praktyk i inicjatyw z obszaru gospodarki społecznej. Podsumowanie zawiera rekomendacje dla podmiotów polityki publicznej oraz proponowane kierunki dalszych badań.

One of the imperative priorities of the European Union countries is the pursuit of the strategy of the social-economic development in the respect of the natural environment. The implementation of the strategy which is defined like that can be named the policy of sustainable development. It results directly from the concept of sustainable development. The aim of the considerations is notonly to identify the chances and challenges, but the justification that both intheory and especially inthe practice of life of societies, it is unjustified at present to analyse separately processes of economic, social and environmental development. These three developmental elements should be investigated altogether, because they are closely conditioned and linked toeach other. The comprehensive conceptualization of the development should also include spatial and regional factors. ; Jednym znadrzędnych priorytetów krajów Unii Europejskiej jest realizacja strategii rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego wwarunkach poszanowania środowiska naturalnego. Realizację tak określonej strategii możemy nazwać polityką zrównoważonego rozwoju. Wynika tobezpośrednio ztreści pojęcia zrównoważony rozwój. Celem rozważań prowadzonych przez autorkę jest nie tylko zidentyfikowanie szans izagrożeń, ale także uzasadnienie, że zarówno wteorii, jak izwłaszcza wpraktyce życia społeczeństw bezpodstawne jest obecnie odrębne analizowanie przebiegu rozwoju gospodarczego, społecznego iśrodowiskowego. Te trzy elementy rozwojowe powinno się rozpatrywać łącznie, ponieważ sąone ściśle wzajemnie uwarunkowane. Kompleksowe ujęcie rozwoju powinno zawierać także czynniki przestrzenne iregionalne.