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This work explores Soviet Lithuania (Lithuanian SSR), the historic topics. The paper provides an overview and analysis of securities youth, education, employment, gender relations, holiday images, periodicals, magazines SSR youth. The aim is to highlight the diversity of youth images, features, evolution and change, and the reality of Soviet ideology influence their expression. Through thematically close historiographic work, relevant sources of information obtained in interviews and assessments of research, insights and summaries to find images of youth, periodicals, magazines SSR young realism. 1944 II, after the Soviet occupation of Lithuania has taken shape with new ideals, values, imagery-based society. Some young people actively engaged in resistance activities in favor of the occupation and the societal changes, as well as a number of young people become loyal to the Soviet government, saw better prospects for personal, his self-realization, education, job opportunities than in the previous political system of independent Lithuania. Lithuanian Soviet education system was identified with the ideological education. Formed by young people the values, ideals of the concept of worldview, historical understanding of the past has been closely linked with the Soviet ideology. Soviet youth magazines reflected a well-kept example of what values, norms, which have been condemned, what goes unnoticed. Youth images of Soviet Lithuania in magazines for young people, reflected in the Soviet values and ideals, which was intended to convey through the images provided by their peers. Youth education, employment has been closely linked images with tarybinėmis public values, ideals and norms. Gender relations, gender expression, were associated with the Soviet morality and moral concepts. Images of youth and their development and change, the Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines was associated with changes in the political leadership of the Soviet Union, particularly the new generation of educational, social, labor and employment reforms in domestic and foreign policy change. All these elements led to censorship and the agencies' activity. Soviet young men come into play minor key and get the image defined in Soviet magazines for young people, as a loyal Soviet citizen, passed the Soviet moral principles, ideals of securities, a Soviet patriot and internationalist together, reaching your potential is self-education, working full expressions to be useful to the public for collective individual, by active activist. At 7 and 8 decades showed a relatively large number of young people who did not meet the ideals of the Soviet youth, public expressions of norms and standards. Some of these young people, especially students, were led by the nation's interest Lithuanian ethnographic, ethnological, linguistic heritage, in order to maintain and preserve, create, ethnographers and hiking associations. Other young people will receive part, influenced by western music, lifestyle movements, based on a unique worldview, lifestyle, appearance, styles, fashions, most were referred to as hippies, punks, rockers and other communities. Soviet ideals of youth, magazines, images failed to identify themselves with the changes taking place among young people, and took little other young people formed the Soviet ideals, standards, values, world view concepts, so it caused the young people of the Soviet system and the confrontation. Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines, they reflect the versatile young images, thematic spectrum was affected and constrained by the Soviet ideology, propaganda, and thus failed to fully reflect the reality of Soviet Lithuanian youth living reality, topical subjects, images of youth, problems, especially those of youth, the lifestyle, attitudes, interests did not meet the standards of Soviet youth.

This work explores Soviet Lithuania (Lithuanian SSR), the historic topics. The paper provides an overview and analysis of securities youth, education, employment, gender relations, holiday images, periodicals, magazines SSR youth. The aim is to highlight the diversity of youth images, features, evolution and change, and the reality of Soviet ideology influence their expression. Through thematically close historiographic work, relevant sources of information obtained in interviews and assessments of research, insights and summaries to find images of youth, periodicals, magazines SSR young realism. 1944 II, after the Soviet occupation of Lithuania has taken shape with new ideals, values, imagery-based society. Some young people actively engaged in resistance activities in favor of the occupation and the societal changes, as well as a number of young people become loyal to the Soviet government, saw better prospects for personal, his self-realization, education, job opportunities than in the previous political system of independent Lithuania. Lithuanian Soviet education system was identified with the ideological education. Formed by young people the values, ideals of the concept of worldview, historical understanding of the past has been closely linked with the Soviet ideology. Soviet youth magazines reflected a well-kept example of what values, norms, which have been condemned, what goes unnoticed. Youth images of Soviet Lithuania in magazines for young people, reflected in the Soviet values and ideals, which was intended to convey through the images provided by their peers. Youth education, employment has been closely linked images with tarybinėmis public values, ideals and norms. Gender relations, gender expression, were associated with the Soviet morality and moral concepts. Images of youth and their development and change, the Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines was associated with changes in the political leadership of the Soviet Union, particularly the new generation of educational, social, labor and employment reforms in domestic and foreign policy change. All these elements led to censorship and the agencies' activity. Soviet young men come into play minor key and get the image defined in Soviet magazines for young people, as a loyal Soviet citizen, passed the Soviet moral principles, ideals of securities, a Soviet patriot and internationalist together, reaching your potential is self-education, working full expressions to be useful to the public for collective individual, by active activist. At 7 and 8 decades showed a relatively large number of young people who did not meet the ideals of the Soviet youth, public expressions of norms and standards. Some of these young people, especially students, were led by the nation's interest Lithuanian ethnographic, ethnological, linguistic heritage, in order to maintain and preserve, create, ethnographers and hiking associations. Other young people will receive part, influenced by western music, lifestyle movements, based on a unique worldview, lifestyle, appearance, styles, fashions, most were referred to as hippies, punks, rockers and other communities. Soviet ideals of youth, magazines, images failed to identify themselves with the changes taking place among young people, and took little other young people formed the Soviet ideals, standards, values, world view concepts, so it caused the young people of the Soviet system and the confrontation. Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines, they reflect the versatile young images, thematic spectrum was affected and constrained by the Soviet ideology, propaganda, and thus failed to fully reflect the reality of Soviet Lithuanian youth living reality, topical subjects, images of youth, problems, especially those of youth, the lifestyle, attitudes, interests did not meet the standards of Soviet youth.

In this master thesis, regarding the recently in the Lithuania observed lack of citizens interest in politics and trust in the elected representatives, the hypothesis is held, that the Lithuanians voters decide to go to the pools on the basis of expressive motivations (the expressive motivations to go to vote in this theses are defined as the motivations, when citizen decide to go to the pools first of all because the very act of the voting has a value to him, not because he expect the concrete benefit from the election results, when the winning party or candidate will implement their policy). To examine this is the objective of this thesis. First of all the existing theories on the citizens' turnout motivations are reviewed, analyzed and classified, then the feasible model of the citizens motivation to vote are constructed on the basis of the extended rational choice theory. The main distinction is made between the instrumental and expressive voters turnout motivations. Thought in this thesis it is not aimed to evaluate the expressive motivations normatively, the possible sequences of the voting, when the turnout is conditioned by this kind of reasons, is objectively discussed. The conclusion is made that the broader outcomes of the expressive motivations highly depends on the specific kind of motivation from this group, but generally, one could state, that expressive motivations (certain kinds of them) can damage democratic quality, but definitely helps to sustain this kind of political regime. For the further analysis along the constructed turnout motivations model, the block of the survey questions was designed. The representative population survey was held in the end of March – beginning of the April of 2008 and the data provided by it is used in the succeeding research. Eight possible turnout motivations are defined: two instrumental (going to vote first of all because of the intension to elect the representatives of the voters interest, and the intension through the results of the election to resolve the topical issue voter cares about) ant six expressive motivations (going to vote because of the sense of civic duty, loyalty to the preferred political party or candidate, desire just to express one's will in the state ruling processes, solidarity to other members of one's social environment, pleasure to socialize with other community members during the voting process and going to the pools just for entertaining). In order to separate these two highly related motivation groups, the cleavage is incorporated and the concrete conditions which have to be fulfilled during the survey data's analysis in order to claim the prime existence of one or another motivation are defined. As expected, the existence of the expressive turnout motivations among Lithuanian voters is confirmed. Among them the most common, most popular motivations are going to the pools because of the desire to express the loyalty and support for the preferred political party or candidate (even if it is not expected that they can win), to express one's will in the state governing process, and going to the pools just because of the sense of duty. The more popular instrumental motivation, as it is found, is going to vote because of the desire to elect ones representative, but the most often both of the instrumental motivations are reported. Making the comparison, with some precaution one could say that the expressive motivations of turnout are even more often than the instrumental among Lithuanian voters.

In this master thesis, regarding the recently in the Lithuania observed lack of citizens interest in politics and trust in the elected representatives, the hypothesis is held, that the Lithuanians voters decide to go to the pools on the basis of expressive motivations (the expressive motivations to go to vote in this theses are defined as the motivations, when citizen decide to go to the pools first of all because the very act of the voting has a value to him, not because he expect the concrete benefit from the election results, when the winning party or candidate will implement their policy). To examine this is the objective of this thesis. First of all the existing theories on the citizens' turnout motivations are reviewed, analyzed and classified, then the feasible model of the citizens motivation to vote are constructed on the basis of the extended rational choice theory. The main distinction is made between the instrumental and expressive voters turnout motivations. Thought in this thesis it is not aimed to evaluate the expressive motivations normatively, the possible sequences of the voting, when the turnout is conditioned by this kind of reasons, is objectively discussed. The conclusion is made that the broader outcomes of the expressive motivations highly depends on the specific kind of motivation from this group, but generally, one could state, that expressive motivations (certain kinds of them) can damage democratic quality, but definitely helps to sustain this kind of political regime. For the further analysis along the constructed turnout motivations model, the block of the survey questions was designed. The representative population survey was held in the end of March – beginning of the April of 2008 and the data provided by it is used in the succeeding research. Eight possible turnout motivations are defined: two instrumental (going to vote first of all because of the intension to elect the representatives of the voters interest, and the intension through the results of the election to resolve the topical issue voter cares about) ant six expressive motivations (going to vote because of the sense of civic duty, loyalty to the preferred political party or candidate, desire just to express one's will in the state ruling processes, solidarity to other members of one's social environment, pleasure to socialize with other community members during the voting process and going to the pools just for entertaining). In order to separate these two highly related motivation groups, the cleavage is incorporated and the concrete conditions which have to be fulfilled during the survey data's analysis in order to claim the prime existence of one or another motivation are defined. As expected, the existence of the expressive turnout motivations among Lithuanian voters is confirmed. Among them the most common, most popular motivations are going to the pools because of the desire to express the loyalty and support for the preferred political party or candidate (even if it is not expected that they can win), to express one's will in the state governing process, and going to the pools just because of the sense of duty. The more popular instrumental motivation, as it is found, is going to vote because of the desire to elect ones representative, but the most often both of the instrumental motivations are reported. Making the comparison, with some precaution one could say that the expressive motivations of turnout are even more often than the instrumental among Lithuanian voters.

The work was made by Daiva Cereskiene, Political sociology master's degree student of VPU Social sciences faculty Sociology and political sciences department. The subject of the work is: Academic youth provision in respect of political values (VPU case). The director of the work is Doc. V. Senkus. The work size is 67 pages. The chosen topic is an important source in rising every time a new looks in the hope that this generation will be characterized by a stronger pro - democracy values, more and more active in civic and political activities than older generations. However, studies indicate that the young generation of Lithuanian population are different from those of older generations in particular, low electoral turnout and poor support for the political community, the younger generation also does not stand a higher activity of public organizations, movements and activities than the older generation, young people still characterized communal solidarity and philanthropic provisions than the older population also raises the question - what determines the success of the political values of political life, political career? The negative aspects of the problem lies in the public opinion to public officials and top representatives of the political will of behavior, which affects many other negative consequences, distrust of power, corruption, low level of participation in elections, noncitizenship, emigration, etc. The paper aims - to reveal the attitudes of young people in political values and to determine which of two factors - lifestyle / cycle or changes in securities - is more important for young people explaining the low level of political participation and confidence in government. The subject of research - Academic Youth provision of political values. The object of research – The young academic peoples of Vilnius Pedagogical University. Objectives: 1. Summarized the values conception, the theoretical aspects and formation and evolution of values in politics in Lithuania since the restoration of independence. 2. To review the political values of academic youth assessments. 3. Discuss the factors that influence young people's attitudes to political values. 4. On the basis of political values of academic youth provisions in the investigation, disclosure of the youth of political values. The research hypothesis: 1. Families, one of the most important factors in formation value orientations – was proved. The analysis of survey data, we can conclude that the families of the respondents conveyed values: freedom, independence, democracy, equality, justice, patriotism and economic well-being is educated and is a very important aspect of bringing up the younger generation and making them public, humane, national, ethical, moral approach to many areas of life, as well as of the same family. 2. Today's youth are the academic focus of the wealth and the pursuit of personal wealth, leaving aside political values – was proved. So, as we see from the aggregated data, the values of academic youth in the context of values play quite an important place. Unfortunately academic patriotism of youth fades as the assessment of value, arguing that the State itself willy-nilly or skeptical of politicians makes job decisions. Therefore, by assessing the current economic situation, and finally a value in Lithuania, academic and youth tend to give priority to the material well-being and personal values. 3. It is likely that the media, as an important participant in the process of political communication, have an impact on shaping the political value orientations – was proved. Thus, we conclude that the media an important factor in shaping value orientations. Because the media can influence and attract large audiences, politicians send press releases, political advertising commissions, participating in various shows and so on. It is therefore very important for academics to young people to be critical thinking. For those able to assess the knowledge regarding the validity of the information and the detection of weak, less-reasoned arguments, teaching young people are generally able to understand the weak link in the existing management systems and their weaknesses, but also of social development issues. Thus, the current world characterized by information overload every young person should develop a critical and reflective thinking, assessing and adopting a selection of media, politics and education of participants and promoted the formation of information about political values. The work methods: Scientific, regulatory and technical literature analysis. Empirical research is quantitative. The research was made on 2011 April in Vilnius Pedagogical University. Work structure. The work consists of an introduction, theoretical part, which considers: the concept of property descriptors, the factors that influence young people's attitudes to political values. The practical part presents a research and data analysis. Then presented the final conclusions, bibliography, summaries in Lithuanian and English languages, and accessories. In summary, was found that the highest academic youth being disappointed made by the political will to conduct unethical behavior patterns are often turned away from public spaces for participation and political values, the priority of providing material assets, and personal well-being of the guaranteed values. Academic young people deliberately choose the most important studies to help find a good paying job to help build personal wealth. There are no perspectives to create personal well-being in Lithuania, an increasing number of young people in the academic study of personal wealth venturing abroad, which, according to university students, a more measured man. Insights from the sequence by the finding that young academic, the political will of the highest policy, turned away from public spaces, and hence of political values, and give priority to personal well-being into action.

The work was made by Daiva Cereskiene, Political sociology master's degree student of VPU Social sciences faculty Sociology and political sciences department. The subject of the work is: Academic youth provision in respect of political values (VPU case). The director of the work is Doc. V. Senkus. The work size is 67 pages. The chosen topic is an important source in rising every time a new looks in the hope that this generation will be characterized by a stronger pro - democracy values, more and more active in civic and political activities than older generations. However, studies indicate that the young generation of Lithuanian population are different from those of older generations in particular, low electoral turnout and poor support for the political community, the younger generation also does not stand a higher activity of public organizations, movements and activities than the older generation, young people still characterized communal solidarity and philanthropic provisions than the older population also raises the question - what determines the success of the political values of political life, political career? The negative aspects of the problem lies in the public opinion to public officials and top representatives of the political will of behavior, which affects many other negative consequences, distrust of power, corruption, low level of participation in elections, noncitizenship, emigration, etc. The paper aims - to reveal the attitudes of young people in political values and to determine which of two factors - lifestyle / cycle or changes in securities - is more important for young people explaining the low level of political participation and confidence in government. The subject of research - Academic Youth provision of political values. The object of research – The young academic peoples of Vilnius Pedagogical University. Objectives: 1. Summarized the values conception, the theoretical aspects and formation and evolution of values in politics in Lithuania since the restoration of independence. 2. To review the political values of academic youth assessments. 3. Discuss the factors that influence young people's attitudes to political values. 4. On the basis of political values of academic youth provisions in the investigation, disclosure of the youth of political values. The research hypothesis: 1. Families, one of the most important factors in formation value orientations – was proved. The analysis of survey data, we can conclude that the families of the respondents conveyed values: freedom, independence, democracy, equality, justice, patriotism and economic well-being is educated and is a very important aspect of bringing up the younger generation and making them public, humane, national, ethical, moral approach to many areas of life, as well as of the same family. 2. Today's youth are the academic focus of the wealth and the pursuit of personal wealth, leaving aside political values – was proved. So, as we see from the aggregated data, the values of academic youth in the context of values play quite an important place. Unfortunately academic patriotism of youth fades as the assessment of value, arguing that the State itself willy-nilly or skeptical of politicians makes job decisions. Therefore, by assessing the current economic situation, and finally a value in Lithuania, academic and youth tend to give priority to the material well-being and personal values. 3. It is likely that the media, as an important participant in the process of political communication, have an impact on shaping the political value orientations – was proved. Thus, we conclude that the media an important factor in shaping value orientations. Because the media can influence and attract large audiences, politicians send press releases, political advertising commissions, participating in various shows and so on. It is therefore very important for academics to young people to be critical thinking. For those able to assess the knowledge regarding the validity of the information and the detection of weak, less-reasoned arguments, teaching young people are generally able to understand the weak link in the existing management systems and their weaknesses, but also of social development issues. Thus, the current world characterized by information overload every young person should develop a critical and reflective thinking, assessing and adopting a selection of media, politics and education of participants and promoted the formation of information about political values. The work methods: Scientific, regulatory and technical literature analysis. Empirical research is quantitative. The research was made on 2011 April in Vilnius Pedagogical University. Work structure. The work consists of an introduction, theoretical part, which considers: the concept of property descriptors, the factors that influence young people's attitudes to political values. The practical part presents a research and data analysis. Then presented the final conclusions, bibliography, summaries in Lithuanian and English languages, and accessories. In summary, was found that the highest academic youth being disappointed made by the political will to conduct unethical behavior patterns are often turned away from public spaces for participation and political values, the priority of providing material assets, and personal well-being of the guaranteed values. Academic young people deliberately choose the most important studies to help find a good paying job to help build personal wealth. There are no perspectives to create personal well-being in Lithuania, an increasing number of young people in the academic study of personal wealth venturing abroad, which, according to university students, a more measured man. Insights from the sequence by the finding that young academic, the political will of the highest policy, turned away from public spaces, and hence of political values, and give priority to personal well-being into action.

The Alt-Right had appeared out of nowhere in modern political discourse. The Alt-Right had managed to be called out as a threat by politicians and media outlets, despite the fact that the term is obscure and could mean different both political and nonpolitical ideas and movements. Existing somewhere between real life and The Internet, both as a neo-nazi threat and harmless youths on The Internet platforms posting black humor memes, this political unit manages to be recognized as a threat without being united, having no central political program and, according to some authors, purely based on The Internet. Issue is being complicated that the term "Alt-Right" has several different meanings and those meanings have changed over time as a reaction to political events. This creates an interesting problem, that a both existing and not existing political unit is powerful enough able to be recognized as a threat. This paper delves into the content created by publicly announced content creators of the less radical side of Alt-Right, the Alt-Light. By choosing the ones with the highest reach and quality content, Paul Joseph Watson, Lauren Southern and Milo Yiannopoulos and applying Network Society and Subculture theories, this paper works as a qualitative research to find central conflict tenets and opponents of The International Alternative Right, in the content created on YouTube between 2015-06-15 to 2018-11-06, Donald Trump's presidential bid announcement and USA Midterm Elections. This research might inject some clarity into the ideas of this elusive political unit. After that, Framing theory was applied, to find one central frame that binds different conflict ideas into one political story, thus allowing to see the main point on what The International Alternative Right are basing their content. The research has been split into several research goals – to find out what conflict ideas are shown in the content, what frames are used to describe said conflict ideas, what counter-power and subculture are being created by the said ideas, and what is a possible time shift of said found conflict ideas. After analysing the videos using a qualitative content analysis, several conflict ideas were found: Islam, Ideology, Media, Establishment, H. Clinton and her team, Feminism, Protests, Political Correctness, Social Justice Activism, Culture and Academia. Found conflict tenets were sorted out by time and compared in the timeframe, to see if any of them are a reaction to political events, or created randomly according to the content creators' wishes. The results show that the biggest shift was the disappearance of H. Clinton topic after 2016 USA Presidential Election, and that most of the other topics correlated to the content creators' wishes, such as Lauren Southern's highest channel activity in 2017, or M. Yiannopoulos new talk show at the beginning of 2018. Both counter-power and subculture found were based on "resistance" topic, as if it was required to resist encroaching political opponents and ideas. They both display this trait by giving criticism to political opponents much more than suggesting their own political ideas. Main media frame that was revealed after the analysis is that the Western Civilization is being besieged by various political opponents from all sides. This is the central idea that binds all other political opponent ideas together. End recommendations for researchers is to find out and codify the actual meaning of the term "The International Alternative Right" because the vagueness of the title still might cause a challenge to policy makers and academics. It is easier to find out the opponents of this political unit than the meaning itself, which might force a conclusion that The International Alternative Right is a title to be stuck on non-mainstream hardly-understood right-wing ideas, not a codified political ideology. Research conclusions might be skewed by the author's prior knowledge of the topic.

The Alt-Right had appeared out of nowhere in modern political discourse. The Alt-Right had managed to be called out as a threat by politicians and media outlets, despite the fact that the term is obscure and could mean different both political and nonpolitical ideas and movements. Existing somewhere between real life and The Internet, both as a neo-nazi threat and harmless youths on The Internet platforms posting black humor memes, this political unit manages to be recognized as a threat without being united, having no central political program and, according to some authors, purely based on The Internet. Issue is being complicated that the term "Alt-Right" has several different meanings and those meanings have changed over time as a reaction to political events. This creates an interesting problem, that a both existing and not existing political unit is powerful enough able to be recognized as a threat. This paper delves into the content created by publicly announced content creators of the less radical side of Alt-Right, the Alt-Light. By choosing the ones with the highest reach and quality content, Paul Joseph Watson, Lauren Southern and Milo Yiannopoulos and applying Network Society and Subculture theories, this paper works as a qualitative research to find central conflict tenets and opponents of The International Alternative Right, in the content created on YouTube between 2015-06-15 to 2018-11-06, Donald Trump's presidential bid announcement and USA Midterm Elections. This research might inject some clarity into the ideas of this elusive political unit. After that, Framing theory was applied, to find one central frame that binds different conflict ideas into one political story, thus allowing to see the main point on what The International Alternative Right are basing their content. The research has been split into several research goals – to find out what conflict ideas are shown in the content, what frames are used to describe said conflict ideas, what counter-power and subculture are being created by the said ideas, and what is a possible time shift of said found conflict ideas. After analysing the videos using a qualitative content analysis, several conflict ideas were found: Islam, Ideology, Media, Establishment, H. Clinton and her team, Feminism, Protests, Political Correctness, Social Justice Activism, Culture and Academia. Found conflict tenets were sorted out by time and compared in the timeframe, to see if any of them are a reaction to political events, or created randomly according to the content creators' wishes. The results show that the biggest shift was the disappearance of H. Clinton topic after 2016 USA Presidential Election, and that most of the other topics correlated to the content creators' wishes, such as Lauren Southern's highest channel activity in 2017, or M. Yiannopoulos new talk show at the beginning of 2018. Both counter-power and subculture found were based on "resistance" topic, as if it was required to resist encroaching political opponents and ideas. They both display this trait by giving criticism to political opponents much more than suggesting their own political ideas. Main media frame that was revealed after the analysis is that the Western Civilization is being besieged by various political opponents from all sides. This is the central idea that binds all other political opponent ideas together. End recommendations for researchers is to find out and codify the actual meaning of the term "The International Alternative Right" because the vagueness of the title still might cause a challenge to policy makers and academics. It is easier to find out the opponents of this political unit than the meaning itself, which might force a conclusion that The International Alternative Right is a title to be stuck on non-mainstream hardly-understood right-wing ideas, not a codified political ideology. Research conclusions might be skewed by the author's prior knowledge of the topic.

The Alt-Right had appeared out of nowhere in modern political discourse. The Alt-Right had managed to be called out as a threat by politicians and media outlets, despite the fact that the term is obscure and could mean different both political and nonpolitical ideas and movements. Existing somewhere between real life and The Internet, both as a neo-nazi threat and harmless youths on The Internet platforms posting black humor memes, this political unit manages to be recognized as a threat without being united, having no central political program and, according to some authors, purely based on The Internet. Issue is being complicated that the term "Alt-Right" has several different meanings and those meanings have changed over time as a reaction to political events. This creates an interesting problem, that a both existing and not existing political unit is powerful enough able to be recognized as a threat. This paper delves into the content created by publicly announced content creators of the less radical side of Alt-Right, the Alt-Light. By choosing the ones with the highest reach and quality content, Paul Joseph Watson, Lauren Southern and Milo Yiannopoulos and applying Network Society and Subculture theories, this paper works as a qualitative research to find central conflict tenets and opponents of The International Alternative Right, in the content created on YouTube between 2015-06-15 to 2018-11-06, Donald Trump's presidential bid announcement and USA Midterm Elections. This research might inject some clarity into the ideas of this elusive political unit. After that, Framing theory was applied, to find one central frame that binds different conflict ideas into one political story, thus allowing to see the main point on what The International Alternative Right are basing their content. The research has been split into several research goals – to find out what conflict ideas are shown in the content, what frames are used to describe said conflict ideas, what counter-power and subculture are being created by the said ideas, and what is a possible time shift of said found conflict ideas. After analysing the videos using a qualitative content analysis, several conflict ideas were found: Islam, Ideology, Media, Establishment, H. Clinton and her team, Feminism, Protests, Political Correctness, Social Justice Activism, Culture and Academia. Found conflict tenets were sorted out by time and compared in the timeframe, to see if any of them are a reaction to political events, or created randomly according to the content creators' wishes. The results show that the biggest shift was the disappearance of H. Clinton topic after 2016 USA Presidential Election, and that most of the other topics correlated to the content creators' wishes, such as Lauren Southern's highest channel activity in 2017, or M. Yiannopoulos new talk show at the beginning of 2018. Both counter-power and subculture found were based on "resistance" topic, as if it was required to resist encroaching political opponents and ideas. They both display this trait by giving criticism to political opponents much more than suggesting their own political ideas. Main media frame that was revealed after the analysis is that the Western Civilization is being besieged by various political opponents from all sides. This is the central idea that binds all other political opponent ideas together. End recommendations for researchers is to find out and codify the actual meaning of the term "The International Alternative Right" because the vagueness of the title still might cause a challenge to policy makers and academics. It is easier to find out the opponents of this political unit than the meaning itself, which might force a conclusion that The International Alternative Right is a title to be stuck on non-mainstream hardly-understood right-wing ideas, not a codified political ideology. Research conclusions might be skewed by the author's prior knowledge of the topic.

The Alt-Right had appeared out of nowhere in modern political discourse. The Alt-Right had managed to be called out as a threat by politicians and media outlets, despite the fact that the term is obscure and could mean different both political and nonpolitical ideas and movements. Existing somewhere between real life and The Internet, both as a neo-nazi threat and harmless youths on The Internet platforms posting black humor memes, this political unit manages to be recognized as a threat without being united, having no central political program and, according to some authors, purely based on The Internet. Issue is being complicated that the term "Alt-Right" has several different meanings and those meanings have changed over time as a reaction to political events. This creates an interesting problem, that a both existing and not existing political unit is powerful enough able to be recognized as a threat. This paper delves into the content created by publicly announced content creators of the less radical side of Alt-Right, the Alt-Light. By choosing the ones with the highest reach and quality content, Paul Joseph Watson, Lauren Southern and Milo Yiannopoulos and applying Network Society and Subculture theories, this paper works as a qualitative research to find central conflict tenets and opponents of The International Alternative Right, in the content created on YouTube between 2015-06-15 to 2018-11-06, Donald Trump's presidential bid announcement and USA Midterm Elections. This research might inject some clarity into the ideas of this elusive political unit. After that, Framing theory was applied, to find one central frame that binds different conflict ideas into one political story, thus allowing to see the main point on what The International Alternative Right are basing their content. The research has been split into several research goals – to find out what conflict ideas are shown in the content, what frames are used to describe said conflict ideas, what counter-power and subculture are being created by the said ideas, and what is a possible time shift of said found conflict ideas. After analysing the videos using a qualitative content analysis, several conflict ideas were found: Islam, Ideology, Media, Establishment, H. Clinton and her team, Feminism, Protests, Political Correctness, Social Justice Activism, Culture and Academia. Found conflict tenets were sorted out by time and compared in the timeframe, to see if any of them are a reaction to political events, or created randomly according to the content creators' wishes. The results show that the biggest shift was the disappearance of H. Clinton topic after 2016 USA Presidential Election, and that most of the other topics correlated to the content creators' wishes, such as Lauren Southern's highest channel activity in 2017, or M. Yiannopoulos new talk show at the beginning of 2018. Both counter-power and subculture found were based on "resistance" topic, as if it was required to resist encroaching political opponents and ideas. They both display this trait by giving criticism to political opponents much more than suggesting their own political ideas. Main media frame that was revealed after the analysis is that the Western Civilization is being besieged by various political opponents from all sides. This is the central idea that binds all other political opponent ideas together. End recommendations for researchers is to find out and codify the actual meaning of the term "The International Alternative Right" because the vagueness of the title still might cause a challenge to policy makers and academics. It is easier to find out the opponents of this political unit than the meaning itself, which might force a conclusion that The International Alternative Right is a title to be stuck on non-mainstream hardly-understood right-wing ideas, not a codified political ideology. Research conclusions might be skewed by the author's prior knowledge of the topic.

The Swiss Confederation is characterised by a long constitutional evolution that can be divided into several important periods: the Old Swiss Confederacy (13–14 C.), Helvetica (1798–1848), Mediation (1803–1814), Restoration (1815–1830), Regeneration (1830–1848) and development since 1874. It can be stated that Switzerland adopted a modern, democratic constitution early; this state is the oldest democratic republic in Europe. In 1874, many amendments to the effective Constitution were made and a lot of gaps in legal regulation came to light, which led to the opinion that in order to remove those shortcomings, a few specific amendments were no longer sufficient; therefore, it was decided to make substantial changes to the Constitution. The new Constitution was approved by the people and the cantons in the referendum of 18 April 1999 and came into effect on 1 January 2000. The most significant features of this Constitution include the entrenchment of the principles of democracy, federalism, and of the state of law and social welfare. Pursuant to the principle of division of governmental powers, the governing of the state is carried out by the following federal institutions: the Federal Assembly, the Bundesrat and the Federal Court. The Federal Assembly, which takes into consideration the rights of the people and the cantons in its decision-making, is the supreme governing power of the Federation; it is granted superiority over the other powers, the Bundesrat and the Federal Court. This can be explained by the fact that its members are elected by the people in direct and democratic elections, and that it is assigned exclusive powers in the fields of legislation and supervision of other institutions. Nevertheless, the aforementioned position expressing the superiority of the Parliament does not change the essence of the principle of division of governmental powers that has long been the foundation of the Swiss Constitutions.elected according to the proportional representation system. The term of office is four years. The Council of States is made up of 46 canton deputies. Their term of office and system of election is determined by the individual cantons. The Federal Assembly can only exercise its assigned powers when matching decisions are made by the councils meeting separately. To exercise certain powers (election of members of the Bundesrat, the Federal Chancellor, Federal Court judges and the General; resolution of conflicts of competence between the supreme institutions of the Federation; granting clemency) they meet together and act as the United Federal Assembly. Activity of the members of the Federal Assembly is based on the principle of the free mandate. It is notable that the members of the Federal Assembly may retain their previous position during their term of office but, in order to ensure transparency in non-parliamentary ties and activities, they must disclose their interest ties. The Federal Assembly together with the Bundesrat are institutions that are fairly independent from each other, governing the state with regard to strategic issues, legislation, planning and formation of the budget and implementation of foreign policy; together they allow to describe Switzerland's form of government as exceptional, having some features of both the parliamentary and the presidential form of government. ; Straipsnyje analizuojama Šveicarijos Konfederacijos parlamento teisinė padėtis pagal šiuo metu šalyje galiojančią 1999 m. balandžio 18 d. referendume priimtą Konstituciją, įsigaliojusią 2000 m. sausio 1 d. Trumpai apžvelgus konstitucionalizmo raidą šalyje, pirmiausia aptariami pagrindiniai Konstitucijoje įtvirtinti valstybinės santvarkos ir politinės visuomenės pamatus grindžiantys principai, be abejo, lemiantys ir parlamento statusą šalyje, konstatuojant, kad Šveicarija yra demokratinė, federalinė, socialinė ir teisinė valstybė. Remiantis Konstitucijoje implicitiškai įtvirtintu valdžių padalijimo principu, atskleidžiama parlamento vieta valstybės valdžią įgyvendinančių institucijų sistemoje, akcentuojant jo viršenybę kitų institucijų atžvilgiu. Aptarus palamento – Federalinio susirinkimo – struktūrą, apžvelgiami jį sudarančių rūmų – Nacionalinės tarybos ir Kantonų tarybos – ypatumai. Toliau straipsnyje apžvelgiami parlamento įgaliojimai, pagrindiniai jo veiklos principai bei narių teisinio statuso esminiai bruožai.

Relevance of the research. Recognition and education of children and teenagers gifted in sporting activity is an important part of the attainment of particular results in sports. Identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports is a process, when athletes are recognised at the early stage of their development and have a possibility to attain high results in adulthood (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Vaeyens, Lenoir, Williams, Philippaerts, 2008). It means that individually or in combination, their physical, physiological, psychological and social features, as well as technical capabilities can help to predict their potential in the future (Williams, Reilly, 2000). Some scientists maintain that aiming to achieve high results in sports gifted athletes should be selected by appropriate methods at an early age and involved into a long and systematically planned training (Sevim, 2007; Bompa, Haff, 2009). However, recognition of young gifted athletes is a complex process, since the results of teenagers' physical development, as well as their value-based provisions, attitudes and motives change in the process of growing and development (Callender, 2010; Gonçalves, Rama, Figueriredo, 2012). According to some scientists (Byrne, Davenport, Mazanov, 2007), adolescence is a specific and rather complicated age period, when rapid and big changes occur not only in physical development, but also in psycho-social maturity. Therefore, recognition and selection of children and teenagers gifted for sports is a multi-faceted process, when it is important not only to evaluate an athlete's present appearance considering their physical, physiological, psychological, cognitive and sociological features, and technical capacities, but also evacuating such important aspects as social, emotional, motivational and temperamental factors (Pruna, Tribaldos, Bahdur, 2018). Whether the talents will be disclosed depends not only on an athlete's innate capabilities, but also on the educational factors affecting them. A great influence is made by the coach and educational environment created by the school, which allows developing and growing an athlete's personality (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Pensgaard, Roberts, 2002). However, it is not the school that affects the educational environment and motivational climate. The attitude of family members towards physical activity, their support for an athlete, the coach and his/her ability to appropriately plan the training content, teammates, facilities, attention from the media and other people, as well as values and social provisions also contribute to this process (Hassandra, Goudas, Chroni, 2003; Lenzen, Brouwers, Dejardin et al., 2004). An effective programme of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports can help to recognize talents at an early stage, which can become a vitally important element when trying to enhance successful competitiveness of the country (Vaeyens, Gullich, Warr, Philippaerts, 2009). The programmes of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports facilitate the process of athlete selection, which maximizes the number of gifted persons (Anshel, Lidor, 2012). Early recognition of gifted athletes can attract funding and training opportunities for athletes having the greatest potential for success (Durand-Bush, Salmela, 2001). Countries are concerned with creating research-based methods to select the most gifted athletes that could successfully compete on the international sports arena. Over the past two decades, the increasing number of studies have been accomplished trying to understand the issues concerning experience in the identification and education of children and teenagers gifted for sports (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Abbott, Button, Pepping et al., 2005; De Bosscher, De Knop, Van Bottenburg, Shibli, 2006; Pearson, Naughton, Torode, 2006; Lidor, Cote, Hackfort, 2009; Anshel, Lidor, 2012; Roth, 2012; Brouwers, De Bosscher, Sotiriadou, 2012; Nijs, Gallardo-Gallardo, Dries, Sels, 2014; Swann, Moran, Piggott, 2015). However, despite considerable achievements in the process of identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports, a universally recognized model of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports does not exist Hohmann, 2001; Abbott, Collins, 2004; Vaeyens, Lenoir, Williams, Philippaerts, 2008; Davids, Araujo, Vilar, Pinder, 2013; Louzada, Maiorano, Ara, 2016). There are cases when decisions concerning the selection of athletes are made subjectively, without scientific validation (Regnier, Salmela, Russell, 1993; Williams, Franks, 1998; Abbott, Button, Pepping, Collins, 2005), whereas a lot of potentially gifted athletes are not selected due to inappropriate selection criteria or applying no selection criteria at all, as well as due to athletes changing a sports branch or a large number of drop-outs from sports (Abbott, Collins, 2004; MacNamara, Collins, 2011; Tranckle, Cushion, 2006; Winfried, 2001). It is important that children and teenagers get interested in sports, are selected to appropriate sport branches, as well as attempts are made so that they do not break their sporting career too early (Schiffer, 2013); every year approximately 35% of young athletes quit sports and it is not clear if they ever resume their sporting activity again (Purcell, 2005; Breunner, 2012). Therefore, the application of these selection criteria and a large drop-out of athletes from sports can be partly justified in countries with high population. The principle of natural selection can have a greater influence. In the case of a small country (for instance, Lithuania), such a selection is not suitable. Trying to avoid subjectivity, the majority of the latest scientific studies in sports science are related to the investigation of the influence of innate (natural) and acquired (educated) features on sporting results (Baker, Bagats, Büsch, Schorer, 2012; Coutinho, Mesquita, Fonseca, De Martin-Silva, 2014; Davids, Baker, 2007). With the increasing competition among athletes over the past period (De Bosscher et al., 2006) and sports becoming a political and commercial phenomenon (Green, Oakley, 2001), there appears a necessity for timely and appropriate choice of a specific branch of sports, which would help to achieve good results in the future. Different methods and programmes of selecting the most capable athletes are applied all over the world. In the majority of countries, selection models consisting of several stages are applied, which rely on a coach's competence, test results and analysis of competition results, whereas the selected athletes are invited to learn and do sports in specialised schools. Similarly to some other countries, in Lithuania concern about (self-) education of children gifted for sports has led to the emergence of sports gymnasiums. Panevėžys Raimundas Sargūnas Sports Gymnasium is one of the three general education schools of Lithuania that implement basic and general education alongside with sports education, and in which a part of sports education in the field of specialized education aims at training students that have special educational needs due to their giftedness in sports for high excellence and results (Order No. V-1010 of the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania, 24 October 2014). The programme outlines the knowledge, abilities and attitudes that athletes should acquire to comply with physical, technical, tactical requirements, as well as requirements for fitness and achievements. The purpose of Panevėžys Raimundas Sargūnas Sports Gymnasium gives a possibility to analyse the gymnasium as a case revealing the aspects of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports, which can help to better understand what educational preconditions are created and how to select teenagers gifted for sports and to disclose their talents, as well as to help create and improve practical models for schools educating teenagers gifted for sports. Therefore, the research question was formulated: how does the selection of teenagers gifted for sports occur and how are the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports created? The problem-based question and the fact that a universal and effective model of the selection of children and teenagers gifted for sports does not exist, highlight the research object, i. e. the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. The aim of the research is to reveal the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. The research objectives: 1. To theoretically validate the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. 2. To identify the educational factors and notice of the choice of sporting activity by athletes. 3. To explore the physical and functional fitness of athletes and its dynamics. 4. To determine the attitudes of athletes as educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. 5. To determine the attitudes of coaches as educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Scientific novelty and practical significance of the doctoral research ● The validated educational factors that influence the selection of teenagers gifted for sports allow better understanding of the factors of choosing a sporting activity and survival in sports as educational preconditions for the development of capabilities. ● The determined dynamics of physical and functional fitness of teenage athletes in an educational environment beneficial to the development of their innate capabilities for sports helps to understand the dynamics and multi-dimensionality of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports as a process, as well as problematic control of its components when identifying and developing their capabilities. The case of one of the three sports gymnasiums of Lithuania has been explored in terms of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports – such studies have not been performed in Lithuania so far. ● The results of the theoretical and empirical research complement the theory of sports science with innovative and original data on the expression of the educational preconditions affecting the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Practical significance. The educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports that affect athletes' decision to choose a sporting activity from other spheres of supplementary education have been analysed and generalised. The determined peculiarities of motivation will help coaches to select appropriate pedagogical and psychological tools to motivate athletes to seek for high results in sports. The educational factors stimulating and aggravating athletes' selection and motivation to seek for high results in sports have been distinguished during the research, the role of a coach as one of educational factors has been revealed in the process of selecting and training athletes – these findings will allow a more purposeful planning of the (self-) development of coaches' competences and provision of all the necessary support concerning the selection of athletes to them. The analysis of the changes in the results of athletes' physical and functional fitness will give a possibility to make a more thorough selection of teenagers gifted for sports to 12 sports branches, as well as to train them more purposefully and effectively for national and international competitions. The research data can be applied in compiling model characteristics of different age periods and different sports branches by specifying training programmes and evaluating the changes in athletes' individual fitness. The research results can be used by the administration, coaches and other employees of athletes' educational centres, federations and sports schools. CONCLUSIONS 1. The search and selection of gifted children is a complex, dynamic, long-lasting, and special educational process that depends on a variety of factors interacting and constantly changing in the process. The factors influencing the selection and results in the sporting activity can be divided into four groups: genetic-physiological, psychological, social, and educational factors. The genetic potential, anthropometric data and physical abilities are essential indicators for the identification and selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Psychological features, such as perseverance, self-confidence, positive attitude, devotion, dedication, strong intrinsic motivation, concentration, attentiveness, and emotional control, are important in selecting gifted teenagers. Social factors include sports policy, culture, natural conditions, geographical location of the country, various opportunities, specific tendencies in the development of modern sports, and support rendered to the participants of the educational process. Educational factors – educational environments, parent support, practice, the coach and teammates, have an educational impact on athletes and can influence their decision making, motivation, habits, training and skills.Therefore, the selection of gifted teenagers should be specific to each sports branch and include a multi-disciplinary approach when clearing out athletes' motives, the attitudes of athletes and coaches, as well as implementing the monitoring athletes. 2. Regardless of gender and a group of sports branches, the main factors that motivate the choice of sports activities include educational (motivation of the coach, parents and friends) and internal cognitive motives (desire to master a sports technique). The least important motives involve material (possession of own inventory, good facilities for training), geographical (a sports school close to home), not being admitted into another sports branch, or lack of other choices. The choice of a sport from other areas of supplementary education is determined by a desire to be physically fit and a desire to engage in leisure activities. The least important motives are the desire to become famous and the desire to be attractive. Intrinsic motivation is more pronounced than extrinsic.The boys' external motivation is stronger than that of girls. Amotivation is more characteristic of the girls. The internal and external motivation is more expressed by the athletes of team sports; external motivation in individual sports appears to be the weakest, whereas the weakest intrinsic motivation and the strongest amotivation is revealed in duelling sports. 3. The results of physical development, physical fitness and functional capacity of stronger athletes are not always statistically significantly different from those of other athletes or control group athletes. A part of the indicators of stronger athletes are better, which leads to an assumption that alongside with psychosocial abilities, social factors, educational factors, and high motivation, they are essential to achieve high results. The correlation study reveals which indicators need to be taken into account and developed when selecting teenagers gifted for sports and achieving high results. 4. The most important factors for teenagers' decision to start doing sports and choose a sports branch include the surrounding environment, where the most important roles are ascribed to the coach, family members and friends. The genetic-physiological and psychological factors that are affected by the coaching and environmental factors are considered as the main factors determining success in sports. The coach is identified as the most important educational factor in the selection of gifted teenagers, whereas a favourable climate, motivating influence of the coach, his/her competence and ideal conditions help to disclose the athletes' talents and achieve high results. While choosing a sport and training, the self-educational factor is distinguished seeking to change oneself, as well as to change own or others' future relating it to sports. The factors that reduce the motivation of athletes and thus prevent the full potential of talented athletes, as well as leading them to end their sporting careers are highlighted: stabilisation of their progress in the results, injuries and high loads of physical activity. 5. The coaches distinguish the importance of psychological and physiological factors in selecting teenagers gifted for sports. The coaches consider the teenagers to be prospective athletes who have a strong internal and external motivation to train, innate capabilities, and physical abilities that are influenced by environmental factors, coaching competence, and practice. The role of the coach as the most important educational factor is highlighted in the search for gifted athletes among those already in the sport or referring to the competence of other coaches, recommending athletes who can achieve higher results in other sports branches. Identifying gifted teenagers-athletes, the coaches look for dedicated, hardworking and goal-seeking athletes with strong motivation. Family members and peers are recognised as educational factors that have a significant impact on athlete selection. The research also highlights the problems faced by coaches in the selection process. These are physiological and psychological changes in the body and the priorities of teenage athletes, which are influenced by their surrounding environment.

Relevance of the research. Recognition and education of children and teenagers gifted in sporting activity is an important part of the attainment of particular results in sports. Identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports is a process, when athletes are recognised at the early stage of their development and have a possibility to attain high results in adulthood (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Vaeyens, Lenoir, Williams, Philippaerts, 2008). It means that individually or in combination, their physical, physiological, psychological and social features, as well as technical capabilities can help to predict their potential in the future (Williams, Reilly, 2000). Some scientists maintain that aiming to achieve high results in sports gifted athletes should be selected by appropriate methods at an early age and involved into a long and systematically planned training (Sevim, 2007; Bompa, Haff, 2009). However, recognition of young gifted athletes is a complex process, since the results of teenagers' physical development, as well as their value-based provisions, attitudes and motives change in the process of growing and development (Callender, 2010; Gonçalves, Rama, Figueriredo, 2012). According to some scientists (Byrne, Davenport, Mazanov, 2007), adolescence is a specific and rather complicated age period, when rapid and big changes occur not only in physical development, but also in psycho-social maturity. Therefore, recognition and selection of children and teenagers gifted for sports is a multi-faceted process, when it is important not only to evaluate an athlete's present appearance considering their physical, physiological, psychological, cognitive and sociological features, and technical capacities, but also evacuating such important aspects as social, emotional, motivational and temperamental factors (Pruna, Tribaldos, Bahdur, 2018). Whether the talents will be disclosed depends not only on an athlete's innate capabilities, but also on the educational factors affecting them. A great influence is made by the coach and educational environment created by the school, which allows developing and growing an athlete's personality (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Pensgaard, Roberts, 2002). However, it is not the school that affects the educational environment and motivational climate. The attitude of family members towards physical activity, their support for an athlete, the coach and his/her ability to appropriately plan the training content, teammates, facilities, attention from the media and other people, as well as values and social provisions also contribute to this process (Hassandra, Goudas, Chroni, 2003; Lenzen, Brouwers, Dejardin et al., 2004). An effective programme of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports can help to recognize talents at an early stage, which can become a vitally important element when trying to enhance successful competitiveness of the country (Vaeyens, Gullich, Warr, Philippaerts, 2009). The programmes of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports facilitate the process of athlete selection, which maximizes the number of gifted persons (Anshel, Lidor, 2012). Early recognition of gifted athletes can attract funding and training opportunities for athletes having the greatest potential for success (Durand-Bush, Salmela, 2001). Countries are concerned with creating research-based methods to select the most gifted athletes that could successfully compete on the international sports arena. Over the past two decades, the increasing number of studies have been accomplished trying to understand the issues concerning experience in the identification and education of children and teenagers gifted for sports (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Abbott, Button, Pepping et al., 2005; De Bosscher, De Knop, Van Bottenburg, Shibli, 2006; Pearson, Naughton, Torode, 2006; Lidor, Cote, Hackfort, 2009; Anshel, Lidor, 2012; Roth, 2012; Brouwers, De Bosscher, Sotiriadou, 2012; Nijs, Gallardo-Gallardo, Dries, Sels, 2014; Swann, Moran, Piggott, 2015). However, despite considerable achievements in the process of identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports, a universally recognized model of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports does not exist Hohmann, 2001; Abbott, Collins, 2004; Vaeyens, Lenoir, Williams, Philippaerts, 2008; Davids, Araujo, Vilar, Pinder, 2013; Louzada, Maiorano, Ara, 2016). There are cases when decisions concerning the selection of athletes are made subjectively, without scientific validation (Regnier, Salmela, Russell, 1993; Williams, Franks, 1998; Abbott, Button, Pepping, Collins, 2005), whereas a lot of potentially gifted athletes are not selected due to inappropriate selection criteria or applying no selection criteria at all, as well as due to athletes changing a sports branch or a large number of drop-outs from sports (Abbott, Collins, 2004; MacNamara, Collins, 2011; Tranckle, Cushion, 2006; Winfried, 2001). It is important that children and teenagers get interested in sports, are selected to appropriate sport branches, as well as attempts are made so that they do not break their sporting career too early (Schiffer, 2013); every year approximately 35% of young athletes quit sports and it is not clear if they ever resume their sporting activity again (Purcell, 2005; Breunner, 2012). Therefore, the application of these selection criteria and a large drop-out of athletes from sports can be partly justified in countries with high population. The principle of natural selection can have a greater influence. In the case of a small country (for instance, Lithuania), such a selection is not suitable. Trying to avoid subjectivity, the majority of the latest scientific studies in sports science are related to the investigation of the influence of innate (natural) and acquired (educated) features on sporting results (Baker, Bagats, Büsch, Schorer, 2012; Coutinho, Mesquita, Fonseca, De Martin-Silva, 2014; Davids, Baker, 2007). With the increasing competition among athletes over the past period (De Bosscher et al., 2006) and sports becoming a political and commercial phenomenon (Green, Oakley, 2001), there appears a necessity for timely and appropriate choice of a specific branch of sports, which would help to achieve good results in the future. Different methods and programmes of selecting the most capable athletes are applied all over the world. In the majority of countries, selection models consisting of several stages are applied, which rely on a coach's competence, test results and analysis of competition results, whereas the selected athletes are invited to learn and do sports in specialised schools. Similarly to some other countries, in Lithuania concern about (self-) education of children gifted for sports has led to the emergence of sports gymnasiums. Panevėžys Raimundas Sargūnas Sports Gymnasium is one of the three general education schools of Lithuania that implement basic and general education alongside with sports education, and in which a part of sports education in the field of specialized education aims at training students that have special educational needs due to their giftedness in sports for high excellence and results (Order No. V-1010 of the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania, 24 October 2014). The programme outlines the knowledge, abilities and attitudes that athletes should acquire to comply with physical, technical, tactical requirements, as well as requirements for fitness and achievements. The purpose of Panevėžys Raimundas Sargūnas Sports Gymnasium gives a possibility to analyse the gymnasium as a case revealing the aspects of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports, which can help to better understand what educational preconditions are created and how to select teenagers gifted for sports and to disclose their talents, as well as to help create and improve practical models for schools educating teenagers gifted for sports. Therefore, the research question was formulated: how does the selection of teenagers gifted for sports occur and how are the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports created? The problem-based question and the fact that a universal and effective model of the selection of children and teenagers gifted for sports does not exist, highlight the research object, i. e. the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. The aim of the research is to reveal the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. The research objectives: 1. To theoretically validate the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. 2. To identify the educational factors and notice of the choice of sporting activity by athletes. 3. To explore the physical and functional fitness of athletes and its dynamics. 4. To determine the attitudes of athletes as educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. 5. To determine the attitudes of coaches as educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Scientific novelty and practical significance of the doctoral research ● The validated educational factors that influence the selection of teenagers gifted for sports allow better understanding of the factors of choosing a sporting activity and survival in sports as educational preconditions for the development of capabilities. ● The determined dynamics of physical and functional fitness of teenage athletes in an educational environment beneficial to the development of their innate capabilities for sports helps to understand the dynamics and multi-dimensionality of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports as a process, as well as problematic control of its components when identifying and developing their capabilities. The case of one of the three sports gymnasiums of Lithuania has been explored in terms of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports – such studies have not been performed in Lithuania so far. ● The results of the theoretical and empirical research complement the theory of sports science with innovative and original data on the expression of the educational preconditions affecting the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Practical significance. The educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports that affect athletes' decision to choose a sporting activity from other spheres of supplementary education have been analysed and generalised. The determined peculiarities of motivation will help coaches to select appropriate pedagogical and psychological tools to motivate athletes to seek for high results in sports. The educational factors stimulating and aggravating athletes' selection and motivation to seek for high results in sports have been distinguished during the research, the role of a coach as one of educational factors has been revealed in the process of selecting and training athletes – these findings will allow a more purposeful planning of the (self-) development of coaches' competences and provision of all the necessary support concerning the selection of athletes to them. The analysis of the changes in the results of athletes' physical and functional fitness will give a possibility to make a more thorough selection of teenagers gifted for sports to 12 sports branches, as well as to train them more purposefully and effectively for national and international competitions. The research data can be applied in compiling model characteristics of different age periods and different sports branches by specifying training programmes and evaluating the changes in athletes' individual fitness. The research results can be used by the administration, coaches and other employees of athletes' educational centres, federations and sports schools. CONCLUSIONS 1. The search and selection of gifted children is a complex, dynamic, long-lasting, and special educational process that depends on a variety of factors interacting and constantly changing in the process. The factors influencing the selection and results in the sporting activity can be divided into four groups: genetic-physiological, psychological, social, and educational factors. The genetic potential, anthropometric data and physical abilities are essential indicators for the identification and selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Psychological features, such as perseverance, self-confidence, positive attitude, devotion, dedication, strong intrinsic motivation, concentration, attentiveness, and emotional control, are important in selecting gifted teenagers. Social factors include sports policy, culture, natural conditions, geographical location of the country, various opportunities, specific tendencies in the development of modern sports, and support rendered to the participants of the educational process. Educational factors – educational environments, parent support, practice, the coach and teammates, have an educational impact on athletes and can influence their decision making, motivation, habits, training and skills.Therefore, the selection of gifted teenagers should be specific to each sports branch and include a multi-disciplinary approach when clearing out athletes' motives, the attitudes of athletes and coaches, as well as implementing the monitoring athletes. 2. Regardless of gender and a group of sports branches, the main factors that motivate the choice of sports activities include educational (motivation of the coach, parents and friends) and internal cognitive motives (desire to master a sports technique). The least important motives involve material (possession of own inventory, good facilities for training), geographical (a sports school close to home), not being admitted into another sports branch, or lack of other choices. The choice of a sport from other areas of supplementary education is determined by a desire to be physically fit and a desire to engage in leisure activities. The least important motives are the desire to become famous and the desire to be attractive. Intrinsic motivation is more pronounced than extrinsic.The boys' external motivation is stronger than that of girls. Amotivation is more characteristic of the girls. The internal and external motivation is more expressed by the athletes of team sports; external motivation in individual sports appears to be the weakest, whereas the weakest intrinsic motivation and the strongest amotivation is revealed in duelling sports. 3. The results of physical development, physical fitness and functional capacity of stronger athletes are not always statistically significantly different from those of other athletes or control group athletes. A part of the indicators of stronger athletes are better, which leads to an assumption that alongside with psychosocial abilities, social factors, educational factors, and high motivation, they are essential to achieve high results. The correlation study reveals which indicators need to be taken into account and developed when selecting teenagers gifted for sports and achieving high results. 4. The most important factors for teenagers' decision to start doing sports and choose a sports branch include the surrounding environment, where the most important roles are ascribed to the coach, family members and friends. The genetic-physiological and psychological factors that are affected by the coaching and environmental factors are considered as the main factors determining success in sports. The coach is identified as the most important educational factor in the selection of gifted teenagers, whereas a favourable climate, motivating influence of the coach, his/her competence and ideal conditions help to disclose the athletes' talents and achieve high results. While choosing a sport and training, the self-educational factor is distinguished seeking to change oneself, as well as to change own or others' future relating it to sports. The factors that reduce the motivation of athletes and thus prevent the full potential of talented athletes, as well as leading them to end their sporting careers are highlighted: stabilisation of their progress in the results, injuries and high loads of physical activity. 5. The coaches distinguish the importance of psychological and physiological factors in selecting teenagers gifted for sports. The coaches consider the teenagers to be prospective athletes who have a strong internal and external motivation to train, innate capabilities, and physical abilities that are influenced by environmental factors, coaching competence, and practice. The role of the coach as the most important educational factor is highlighted in the search for gifted athletes among those already in the sport or referring to the competence of other coaches, recommending athletes who can achieve higher results in other sports branches. Identifying gifted teenagers-athletes, the coaches look for dedicated, hardworking and goal-seeking athletes with strong motivation. Family members and peers are recognised as educational factors that have a significant impact on athlete selection. The research also highlights the problems faced by coaches in the selection process. These are physiological and psychological changes in the body and the priorities of teenage athletes, which are influenced by their surrounding environment.