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This article examines approaches towards studying generations. Millenials are highlighted as a specific object of research. Given their considerable inner diversity and non-uniformity, Russian millenials can be considered to be a holistic generation, which differs from elder generations in terms of social orientations and behavioral characteristics. The social self-identification of Russian millenials is examined, while identity criteria for various youth groups are defined. It is revealed that their self-assessment of status is considerably elevated when compared to elder generations, the former being based on somewhat different criteria. Despite the fact that material well-being, as is the case with elder generations, plays a key role in self-evaluation of status, millenials' self-identification is also based on education level and professional status, which might indicate their willingness to accept the values of a meritocratic society. Millenials' social capital is developed using sources provided by the new information-communication environment, with said sources being more diverse and attainable than ever before. Thanks to these new opportunities for developing social capital, the latter can be used much more efficiently in various environments. Millenials declare their high degree of solidarity with elder generations, while accepting a considerable amount of monetary and non-monetary assistance from the latter. Meanwhile they are extremely sympathetic to various forms of charity and volunteerism, while often participating in such activity themselves. In general, you can say that millenials are rather tightly linked to the system of social exchanges, while being prepared to assume the role of independent subjects of social activity. This article is based on data from a study titled "Differentiation of youth groups: economic activity, demographic behavior, social practices", conducted by the Institute for Social Analysis and Forecasting (Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) in 2019. The sample, which represents Russia's population from age 18 to 35, consisted of 3.5 thousand respondents.

In Hungary, during 2010-2015 the growing xenophobic attitudes are noticed in the society, and right radical extremist groups gain power. The aim of the article is to identify the most significant factors that encourage xenophobia in Hungary. The types of right organizations and their electoral performance are determined. Our hypothesis is that the activity of right extremist organizations influences the formation of xenophobic social practices in Hungary. By means of factor analysis the author identified the main directions and forms of activity of right radicals, determined the value of socio-economic dynamics of Hungary, characterized the attitudes of society, the law and the ruling elite to the problems of xenophobia and right radicalism. Among the most influential factors we should name: open propaganda of nationalist ideas; constitutional priority to the interests of ethnic Hungarians; parliamentary membership of the Movement "For a Better Hungary"; condoning by the ruling elite, the courts and the police of the right radical activity. The paper presents the trend in the contemporary Hungary: the public demonstrates intolerance to right radicalism in cases of criminal behavior, but for the most part is loyal to its ideologies. Except for oppositional human rights organizations and ethnic communities, a significant part of Hungarian society often shows nearly complete indifference to the issues of xenophobia, racial and ethnic discrimination. The author described five groups of factors that stimulate the reproduction of xenophobic attitudes and practices among various groups of the population: "historical", institutional, socioeconomic, legal and political. The paper uses empirical data of public opinion polls conducted by leading research centers in Hungary, as well as statistical data of public authorities, civil society institutions.

The authors of this article base their reasoning on the fact that company towns are a special type of city space. In order to successfully implement programs for supporting and developing company towns, one must take into account the specific features inherent to the social-territorial community in question. Drawing attention to individual movement practices, them being activities in space, allows for identifying specifics and patterns in that particular social space where they are practiced, and the production of which they are contributing to. The study of the moving practices of industrial company town residents, which in scientific literature is represented by a very limited amount of studies, bears considerable potential for research, since it allows for tracing the entire process of space reproduction. Mobility has a systemic and routine character, being based on specific activity stereotypes and implicit "background expectations". As a result they are rather difficult to register using classic survey methods. The authors of this article base their reasoning on the assumption that studying social movement practices requires the examination of those situations which violate the established social order. The article takes into consideration publications from the "VK" social network as a description for such "situations". As such, the empirical base for the study consists of messages from open-access virtual territorial communities. The authors analyze communities that publish local news from three company towns in Sverdlovsky region (Pervouralsk, Krasnoturyinsk and Revda). The main distinction of the chosen data source is that publications appear upon user initiative, which rules out any influence the researcher might have on the meaning of the message. Content-analysis results allow for drawing a conclusion on the leading role of the automobile for company town residents, as well as on their dissatisfaction with public transport services. Also, the study allows for identifying the city space peculiarities inherent to Ural region company towns, which are defined by the locals' mobility practices and also reproduced by said practices. According to the authors, these peculiarities are as follows: regarding a company town as a closed social-territorial community, perceiving such a city in the vein of outdated, unsafe space and obsolete infrastructure, as well as a certain tension existing between the population and local authorities within the city's social space.

The subject of this research – tolerance-intolerance social practices in the modern world. The article analyzes the impact of the application of the positive norms and norms of enforcement at the tolerance-intolerance practices. Identity social construction features while applying tolerance-intolerance practices are analyzed. Tolerance-intolerance practices formation features in the modern transformable world and their interdependence were revealed, as well as the features of their manifestation in the Potestarian and legal cultures.Problem formulation. In which forms tolerance is shown and should be shown in the transformable world, in which new challenges and risks are: still growing threat of terrorism, labor migration flow increasing, emergence of new forms or modernization of the old forms of social identities construction (ISIL - hereinafter acts as an example), increased flow of refugees due to the increased flow of military conflicts around the world? All these increased challenges and risks should be analyzed not only theoretically, but also corresponding social technologies of tolerance-intolerance practices regulation should be developed.The following tasks were solved during the research:1. To analyze the influence of application of positive norms and norms of enforcement at the tolerance-intolerance practices.2. To reveal tolerance-intolerance practices functioning features in the modern transformable world and their interaction.The following results were obtained during the research: 1. the consumption of standardized cultural products, partially solves the problem of the foreign in the construction of social identities;2. the negative manifestations of the Institute of Tolerance functioning will lead to increased social tensions, "erosion" of social norms and preferences will be given to separate groups, this all will lead to the intolerance practices formation;3. accepting the foreign in the tolerance practices won't solve the problem facing the society, but only transfer its solution for the future.4. tolerance-intolerance can act as two cyclical poles of social practices, which are used by different societies and countries at the different stages of its development. ; Предмет данного исследования – социальные практики толерантности-интолерантности в современном мире. В статье дан анализ влияния применения позитивных норм и норм принуждения на практики толерантности-интолерантности. Проанализированы особенности социального конструирования идентичности в ходе осуществления социальных практик толерантности-интолерантности. Выявлены особенности формирования практик толерантности-интолерантности в современном трансформирующемся мире и их взаимозависимость, а также особенности их проявления в потестарной и правовой культурах. ; Предмет даного дослідження – соціальні практики толерантності-інтолерантності в сучасному світі. У статті було проаналізовано вплив застосування позитивних норм і норм примусу на практики толерантности-інтолерантності. Проаналізовані особливості соціального конструювання ідентичності в ході здійснення соціальних практик толерантности-інтолерантності. Виявлені особливості формування практик толерантності-інтолерантності в сучасному світі, що трансформується, і їх взаємозалежність, а також особливості їх прояву в потестарній і правовий культурах.

Article retractedAbstract: In Hungary and Slovakia during 2010-2015 there has been an increase in xenophobic attitudes in society; rightwing and extremist groups are activating there as well. The purpose of this article is to compare the most signifi cant factors which encourage xenophobia. Previously we have identifi ed the types of right-wing organizations and found out their electoral characteristics. We assume that the activities of right-wing extremist organizations infl uence the formation of xenophobic social practices in Hungary and Slovakia, which arise from the range of factors. In this article we used empirical data gained as a result of public opinion polls conducted by the leading research centers in Hungary and Slovakia, by international organizations, as well as statistics of public authorities and civil society institutions. By means of factor analysis, we identifi ed the main directions and forms of activity of right-wing radicals; determined the value of socio-economic dynamics of the country's development; characterized the attitude of society, the law and the ruling elite to the problems of xenophobia and right-wing radicalism. Among the most infl uential factors we identifi ed: open propaganda of nationalist ideas; constitutional priority of the ethnic majority interests; parliamentary status of rightwing parties; condoning the activities of right-wing radicals by the ruling elite, the courts and the police. The comparison of factors stimulating xenophobic practices in Hungary and Slovakia didn't confi rm the hypothesis of common signifi cant infl uence of the economic crisis, lack of education and political passivity on the formation of xenophobic practices among young people. The professional frustration of provincial youth discovered itself as a cumulative socioeconomic factor. ; Статья отозванаАннотация: В Венгрии и Словакии на протяжении 2010-2015 гг. отмечается рост ксенофобских настроений в обществе, активизируются праворадикальные и экстремистские группировки. Цель статьи заключается в сопоставлении наиболее существенных факторов, стимулирующих ксенофобию в двух странах. Предварительно мы предприняли попытку типологизировать праворадикальные организации и выяснить их электоральные характеристики. Наше предположение состоит в том, что деятельность праворадикальных и экстремистских организаций оказывает влияние на формирование ксенофобских социальных практик в Венгрии и Словакии, которое обусловлено рядом факторов. В работе использованы эмпирические данные, полученные в ходе социологических опросов, проведенных ведущими исследовательскими центрами Венгрии и Словакии, международными организациями, а также статистические данные органов государственной власти, институтов гражданского общества. Средствами факторного анализа нами определены основные направления и формы деятельности правых радикалов; определено значение социально-экономической динамики развития стран; охарактеризовано отношение общества, закона и правящей элиты к проблемам ксенофобии и правому радикализму. К числу наиболее влиятельных факторов можно отнести: открытую пропаганду националистических идей; конституционный приоритет интересов этнического большинства; парламентский статус праворадикальных партий; попустительство деятельности правых радикалов со стороны правящей элиты, судов и полиции. Сопоставление фактор стимулирующих ксенофобские практики в Венгрии и Словакии отчасти не подтвердило распространенную гипотезу о существенном влиянии экономического кризиса, дефицита образования и политической пассивности на формирование ксенофобских практик в молодежной среде. Кумулятивным социально-экономическим фактором обнаружила себя профессиональная фрустрация провинциальной молодежи.

The author analyzes the works of foreign and Ukrainian researchers, emphasizing there is need to theorize this concept. In Ukrainian and foreign discourses, much attention is paid to empirical studies of IDP, but there are no work in which the nature of this phenomenon is explained by theories and concepts. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to conceptualize the concept of IDP. This concept has been actively used since the beginning of the 1990s, despite the fact that about 10 million people were drawn to forced labor or expelled from their country for racial, religious or political reasons during the Second World War. The author highlights two unchanging characteristics of the IDP phenomenon: the involuntary nature of the movement, migration inside of the national borders. IDP is much broader than the refugee concept, it involves displacement because of certain natural disasters and development projects. IDP differs from the concept of an economic migrant by means of the nature of migration. For IDP, it is characteristic of pushing migration, for the economic migrants is attractive way of migration. The article also describes the phenomenon of protracted internal displacement. The author considers certain theories trough that IDP can be investigated. It should be noted, that there are practically no theoretical approaches among the migration theories that are devoted exclusively to the conceptualization of the phenomenon of internally displaced persons, because most theories deal with interstate migration. Migration theories have been adapted to the issues of IDP in this paper. Among them: push / pull theory, the theory of migration systems (networks), the concept of a three-stage migration process. The article emphasizes that these theories can be used for studying IDPs, but not in the dimensions of «the country of departure – the country of arrival», but in the «regional» dimension of a particular country. Also among the theories are fruitful for consideration IDPs: A. Maslow's theory of self-actualization, the theory of categorization by H. Tajfel and J. Turner, the theory of acculturation (adaptation) J. Berry, the theory of the trauma of social changes by P. Sztompka, the theory of inculturation. The author make a conclusion on the necessity of further comprehensive sociological research on IDPs and the using of a disciplinary approach. ; В статье рассматривается феномен вынужденной внутренней миграции, а именно такого его последствия, как возникновение определенной группы населения – внутренне перемещенные лица (ВПЛ). Обоснована необходимость концептуализации понятия «внутренне перемещенные лица». Термин «внутренне перемещенное лицо» рассмотрено в перспективе его возникновения и дальнейшего становления как категории теоретизирования и социальной практики; проведено его разграничение с понятиями «беженец» и «экономический мигрант»; выделены два основных неизменных критерия, характеризующих внутреннее перемещение и рассмотрено понятие «затяжное внутреннее перемещение».Выделены наиболее распространенные направления изучения ВПО, что представлено в иностранных и отечественных исследованиях. Проанализированы теории миграции, которые были адаптированы к проблематике вынужденной внутренней миграции. Показано эвристический потенциал определенных социологических теорий, а именно – теории самоактуализации А. Маслоу, теории категоризации Г. Тежфела и Дж. Тернера, теории аккультурации (адаптации) Дж. Берри, теории травмы социальных изменений П. Штомпки, теории инкультурации, которые могут составить основу для создания отдельной концептуальной рамки исследований по вынужденному перемещению и внутренне перемещенных лицах. ; У статті розглядається феномен вимушеної внутрішньої міграції, а саме такого його наслідку, як виникнення певної групи населення – внутрішньо переміщені особи (ВПО). Обґрунтована необхідність концептуалізації поняття «внутрішньо переміщені особи». Термін «внутрішньо переміщена особа» розглянуто в перспективі його виникнення та подальшого становлення як категорії теоретизування та соціальної практики; проведено його розмежування з поняттями «біженець» та «економічний мігрант»; виділені два основних незмінних критерія, що характеризують внутрішнє переміщення та розглянуто поняття «затяжне внутрішнє переміщення». Виділено найбільш поширені напрямки вивчення ВПО, що представлено в іноземних та вітчизняних дослідженнях. Проаналізовано теорії міграції, які були адаптовані до проблематики вимушеної внутрішньої міграції. Показано евристичний потенціал певних соціологічних теорій, а саме – теорії самоактуалізації А. Маслоу, теорії категорізації Г. Тежфела та Дж. Тернера, теорії акультурації (адаптації) Дж. Беррі, теорії травми соціальних змін П. Штомпки, теорії інкультурації, що можуть скласти основу для створення окремої концептуальної рамки досліджень щодо вимушеного переміщення та внутрішньо переміщених осіб.

The article examines the history of modernization processes in the world's social and political practice.The author analyzes the theories of modernization, the researchers' views on the peculiarities of modernization processes and the main problems faced by the states that have embarked on the path of transformation.Attention is paid to the conceptual basis of modernization processes: concepts of evolutionism, diff usionism, modern theories of socio-cultural dynamics. Political modernization can be regarded as a process of changing the political system. The main directions of the political modernization processes are: the changes of the political system, stabilization of political relations, institutional adaptation to the current realities and modern challenges, sustainable economic growth and democracy. States are going through a process of modernization in accordance with their goals, objectives and level of development.The concept of political modernisation is one of the key notions in the policy arrangements approach. It tries to capture those structural transformations in political domains in contemporary societies, which have or may have consequences for day-to-day policy practices. In turn, developments within certain policy practices may contribute to or contradict these structural transformations.

в статье проведен сопоставительный анализ экономических и правовых подходов к процессу разгосударствления. Использован системный подход для определения основных субъектов ; участвующих в процессе реформирования социальной сферы ; выявления последствий принимаемых политико-правовых решений. ; a comparative analysis of economic and legal approaches to the process of denationalization is carried out in this article. A systematic approach was used to identify the main actors involved in the process of reforming the social sphere to identify the consequences of political and legal decisions.

The article presents an overview of the work of the international scientific and practical conference Literary Digital Archive as Cultural Practice and Social Experience, held on October 20, 2022 at the Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences and dedicated to the results of a research project carried out at IMLI with the support of a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (RNF) - Transcript: Politics and Literature. Digital Archive of Literary Organizations of the 1920s-1930s. The essence of the project consisted in digitizing transcripts of meetings of proletarian writers' unions and placing them in a specially prepared digital database. Turning to these sources allows the literary critic to focus on the functions of literary institutions: production, communication, consumption and distribution of material and symbolic goods. The speakers noted the prospects of an extensive path - the expansion of the material involved in digitization, and the intensive development of the project. The discussion of the results ended with general support for the idea of publishing the next volume of the Literary Legacy, dedicated to the history of proletarian writers' unions, the output of which would crown the historical and literary research vector set by the project Transcript: Politics and Literature.

Introduction. Regulation of social adaptation of migrants is one of the most important issues of state migration and social policy. One of the problems in the process of adaptation of migrants is the lack of a systematic approach to solving the problems faced by migrants in the host society. Therefore, it is necessary to study social work practices with migrants and their families to identify the most effective ones. The analysis of social work with migrants in state institutions of culture and social protection and in non-profit organizations reveals the situation with social work with migrants in Russia and identifies problems in the process of adaptation and integration of migrants into Russian society.Methodology and sources. Data for the sociological study in the form of expert interviews were collected using a qualitative method for evaluating social work practices with migrants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2018–2019 in St Petersburg, Moscow, and Kazan with employees of professional centers for work with migrants, scientists specializing in the study of migration processes in their various aspects, and organizers of regular events (seminars, conferences) on this topic. The sample (30 experts) was formed by the snowball method. The number of expert interviews allowed us to cover a variety of social work practices both in government structures and in nonprofit organizations.Results and discussion. The results of the study showed that various practices are used in social work with migrants in Russia. A distinctive feature of these practices is the dominant focus on socio-cultural adaptation and integration. The effectiveness of social work practices with migrants and their families can be defined in specific changes: improving awareness and legal literacy of foreign citizens, increasing their legal protection, simplifying access to health and education services, accessibility of assistance in finding housing and employment, the possibility of improving professional skills and knowledge of the language, culture, and history of Russian society.Conclusion. Expert assessments revealed the most effective practices of social work with migrants used in Russia: legal advice, orientation courses, mobile counseling points where migrants can get advice from a social worker, a lawyer, and a doctor, and mobile applications integrated with state and non-state organizations. The results obtained show that the role of non-profit organizations (national cultural organizations for the preservation and development of cultures, the House of Friendship of Peoples) that use social practices to help migrants and their families adapt more effectively to the conditions of the host society is growing. ; Введение. Регулирование социальной адаптации мигрантов – один из значимых вопросов для миграционной и социальной политики государства. Между тем проблемным компонентом процесса адаптации является отсутствие системного подхода к решению возникающих у мигрантов проблем внутри принимающего общества. В связи с этим необходимо исследование современных практик социальной работы с мигрантами и их семьями для выявления наиболее эффективных из них. Анализ социальной работы с мигрантами в государственных учреждениях культуры и социальной защиты, а также в некоммерческих организациях позволяет сформировать представление об общем состоянии социальной работы с мигрантами в современной России и выявить проблемы в ходе адаптации и интеграции мигрантов в российское общество.Методология и источники. Данные для социологического исследования в форме экспертных интервью были собраны с использованием качественного метода оценки практик социальной работы с мигрантами. Полуструктурированные интервью (в количестве 30) были проведены в 2018–2019 гг. в Москве, Санкт-Петербурге и Казани с руководителями и сотрудниками центров по работе с мигрантами, с учеными, изучающими миграционные процессы, организаторами регулярных мероприятий (семинаров, конференций) на эту тему. Выборка (30 экспертов) формировалась методом снежного кома. Количество экспертных интервью позволило охватить разнообразные практики социальной работы как в государственных структурах, так и в некоммерческих организациях.Результаты и обсуждение. Результаты исследования показали, что в социальной работе с мигрантами в современной России применяются различные практики, отличительной особенностью которых является доминирующая направленность на социокультурную адаптацию и интеграцию. Эффективность практик социальной работы с мигрантами и их семьями может быть определена в конкретных изменениях: улучшение информированности и правовой грамотности иностранных граждан, повышение уровня их правовой защищенности, упрощение доступа к услугам здравоохранения и образования, доступность помощи в поиске жилья и трудоустройстве, возможность повышения профессиональной квалификации и расширения знаний о языке, культуре и истории российского общества.Заключение. Экспертные оценки определили наиболее эффективные практики социальной работы с мигрантами, используемые в России: юридические консультации, мобильные консультационные пункты, адаптационные курсы, а также мобильные приложения, разработанные государственными и негосударственными организациями. Зафиксировано возрастание роли некоммерческих организаций (национальных культурных организаций по сохранению и развитию культур, Домов дружбынародов), использующих социальные практики, которые помогают мигрантам и их семьям эффективнее адаптироваться к условиям принимающего общества.

The article deals with the analysis of social justice as a universal value that determines the evaluation of social practices in all the spheres of social life. But the study of such an evaluation of society in the sphere of interethnic relations is faced with a number of theoretical problems. The authors show that when evaluating interethnic relations in accordance with the criterion of social justice, due to the ambiguous interpretation of their meaning, it is necessary to rely on an interdisciplinary approach. An important area of this analysis is the correlation of the theoretical understanding of ethnicity and the practice of state building in the context of the cultural diversity of the population. Two strategies for achieving social justice in the sphere of interethnic relations are shown: the building of the SU ethno-nations and the building of the RF nation with securing civil rights in the sphere of the implementation of ethno-cultural identity and providing conditions for the development of ethno-cultural diversity.

Today people with HIV and AIDS are a social group, which is considered as an object of social work, an object of implementation of social technologies. The special characteristics of this group, their stigmatization and the peculiarities of the socio-legal and socio-medical status have led to the need for a legal and human rights approach in social practice, one of the possible social technologies where there can be social and legal patronage. This article is devoted to the disclosure of the features of the situation in the sphere of the spread of HIV and AIDS in Russia and the Perm Region, the analysis of the technology of social and legal patronage in the work with the group under consideration and the practice of its application in the Perm Region.

Analyzing the practices of development, application and research in managerial
social technologies, the author reveals a number of essential problems in their further
development. The revealed problems are combined into three groups: the problems of
theory and methodology, the problems of development and the problem of practical
application. Basing on the analysis of modern managerial social technologies, the
author suggests comprehensive and universal classification that uses the two criteria:
the content of technology and its functional relevance. The applied research taken by
the author and described in the article reveals that managerial social technologies as a
phenomenon are widespread in contemporary managerial practice. However the
practice is irregular and not systematic, while its efficiency is still low.