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Seminario Interuniversitario de Pedagogía Social (29è : 2016 : Girona) ; Llibre d'actes del Congrés Internacional XXIX Seminari Interuniversitari de Pedagogia Social, celebrat a Girona els dies 14 al 16 de setembre de 2016

The text focuses on the analysis of the social policies of the Bolivarian Revolution, which have been developed as Social Missions, framing them in the philosophy of the political left and its conception of equality. Since 2003, the Social Missions brought a new way of understanding the notions of social policy and social inclusion, moved the bureaucracy of the State and were built based on the notion of urgency to combat poverty and inequality. They focus mainly on the principles of equality and social justice. The missions express an access to the social policy that has an emotional ingredient, its response to social demands is produced by non-institutional mechanisms, which try to strengthen or create a personal bond between the complainants and the political leaders together with their officials closest. ; El texto se centra en el análisis de las políticas sociales de la Revolución Bolivariana, que se han desarrollado como Misiones Sociales, enmarcándolas en la filosofía de la izquierda política y su concepción de igualdad. Desde 2003, las Misiones Sociales trajeron una nueva manera de entender las nociones de política social e inclusión social, conmovieron la burocracia del Estado y se construyeron con base en la noción de urgencia para combatir la pobreza y la inequidad. Se enfocan principalmente en los principios de igualdad y justicia social. Las misiones expresan un acceso a la política social que tiene un ingrediente emocional, su respuesta a las demandas sociales se produce por mecanismos no institucionales, que intentan fortalecer o crear un vínculo personal entre las y los sujetos demandantes y los líderes políticos junto con sus funcionarios más cercanos. Summary The text focuses on the analysis of the social policies of the Bolivarian Revolution, which have developed as Social Missions, framing them in the philosophy of the political left andits conception of equality. Since 2003, the Social Missions brought a new way of understanding the notions of social policy and social inclusion, moved the state bureaucracy and were built based on the notion of urgency to combat poverty and inequality. They focus primarily on the principles of equality and social justice. The missions express access to social policy that has an emotional ingredient, its response to social demands is produced by non-institutional mechanisms that try to strengthen or create a personal link between the plaintiffs subjects and political leaders along with his closest officials.

This paper proposes a reflection on the concept of social network in three dimensions: as an intersubjective binding process, as practices of cooperation and support for those making social advocacy, and as a way to interweave meanings that interpret and explain the daily life of individuals, groups and organizations. Likewise, we present the political dimension of social networks within the framework of participative democracy from which Social Work clarifies and sustains the notion of network as an interpretative framework for some methodologies of social intervention. ; Este artículo propone una reflexión sobre el concepto de red social en tres dimensiones: como proceso vincular intersubjetivo, como prácticas de colaboración y apoyo a quienes hacen gestión social, y como entrelazamiento de los significados que interpretan y explican la cotidianidad de individuos, grupos y organizaciones. Así mismo, presenta la dimensión política de las redes sociales en el marco de la democracia participativa a partir de la cual el trabajo social esclarece y sustenta la noción de red como marco interpretativo de algunas metodologías de intervención social.

By the year 2030 there will be twice as many retirees in the United States as today but only 18 percent more workers. This aging of the population will place considerable financial strain on the United States social security system; relatively few workers will be taxes to pay the benefits of relatively many retirees. Because of this change in demographics, the Social Security Administration will not be able to pay scheduled social security benefits as outlined by current law. Therefore, it is imperative that the government act soon to address the looming fiscal imbalance of the social security program. The Senate Aging Committee and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) both encourage Congress to take a Rawlsian perspective when evaluating social security reform measures that are intended to cope with changing demo- graphics. In their estimation, a desirable reform should not only balance the budget, but it should also protect benefits for the economically vulnerable. In this paper, I examine the relationship between John Rawls theory of social justice and the US social security system. I then provide fifteen possible social security reforms that are consistent with Rawls theory. I conclude with an analysis of the political feasibility of the various reforms considered. As a special example, the mathematical model used to generate the results for three of the reforms is included at the end of the paper.

As global integration process creates changes and new problem areas around individuals, people try to apply new ways for resilience. One of the methods used in this frame is social organization. Also, one of the most important tools of social organization in today's world is social media which emerge as a result of new communication technologies. The aim of this study is to reveal the role of social media in organizing society. In this context, social organization and social media were primarily defined. Some examples of the use of social media in social action and social organization have been emphasized. Data for the study was collected by using an online questionnaire. Research population of the study was Facebook users in Turkey. The sample of the study uses the convenience incidental sampling. The opinions about the role of social media in the social organization of Facebook users were examined. According to the results of the study, 72% of the participants agree that social media is a powerful tool in organizing social actions. 40% of the respondents think that social media contributes in strengthening democracy. It might be said that participants believe in the power of social media, but they never thought that this power will remain permanent.

Algunes opinions consideren que tot el teatre és social; i això és així perquè sense el grup no existeix, és un acte de comunicació entre persones: actors i públic. En alguns formats de teatre social, la divisió entre públic i actors es trenca expressament per a generar rerlexió i canvi. El teatre és un recurs que ens permet articular propostes d'expressió amb llenguatges ben diversos com la dansa, la plàstica, la música, l 'expressió corporal, oral i escrita, vinculades en un projecte comú en que els participants poden trobar el millor espai per a desenvolupar-se. Es presenten algunes experiències en les que es podrien emmarcar dins el que anomenem teatre social. ; Algunas opiniones consideran que todo el teatro es social; y esto es así porque sin el grupo no existe, es un acto de comunicación entre personas: actores y público. En algunos formatos de teatro social, la división entre público y actores se rompe expresamente para generar reflexión y cambio. El teatro es un recurso que nos permite articular propuestas de expresión con lenguajes muy diversos como la danza, la plástica, la música, la expresión corporal, oral y escrita, vinculadas en un proyecto común en que los participantes pueden encontrar el mejor espacio para desarrollarse. Se presentan algun as experiencias en las que se podrían enmarcar dentro de lo que llamamos teatro social. ; Some consider that all theatre is social. Without a group theatre, an act of communication between people-actors and public- does not exist. In some social theatre formats, the division between public and actors is expressly broken down to generate reflection and change. Theatre is a resource that lets us desingn different forms of expression in very diverse languages. Dance, the plastic arts, music and corporal, oral anda written expression, forged into a single project where participants can find the best space to develop. Some experiences are presented that could be classified within what is termed social theatre.

Ce texte a été proposé dans le cadre du séminaire « Cohésion sociale : théories, méthodes et politiques », organisé par l'équipe de recherche "Greco" (CNRS, Centre Maurice Halbwachs), le 17 janvier 2011. L'auteure y est intervenue dans le cadre d'un débat avec Pierre-Yves Cusset (Centre d'analyse stratégique) sur la question : « Faut-il parler de lien social ou de cohésion sociale ? ». ; Notre hypothèse est que le lien social est un des éléments constitutifs fondamentaux de la cohésion sociale, celui-ci ne s'y réduisant pas. Il constitue une donnée nécessaire mais non suffisante de la cohésion. Ainsi la cohésion sociale mobilise des facteurs qui ne sont pas pertinents, lorsque se trouve apprécié l'état du lien social, tels que l'homogénéité culturelle ou socioéconomique, l'équité ou la non discrimination et, de façon centrale, les institutions de l'État social (Guibet Lafaye et Kieffer, 2011). Nous montrerons l'irréductibilité de ces deux notions en procédant à une analyse des différentes interprétations qui, historiquement, ont été proposées de la notion de cohésion sociale.

Abstract: "To begin this editorial we would like to mention some concepts related to the purpose of this viewpoint. In 1948 Rudolph Virchow, the eminent author of cell pathology, launched the revolutionary concept of Social Medicine: "Medicine is a social science whose politics is nothing more than medicine on grand scale." Referring to physicians he wrote, "Physicians are the natural advocates of the poor and the social problems fall for the most part under their jurisdiction". Regarding these thoughts, I will like to add the following words: "If the disease is a social evil, medicine must be a social good". To day these notions about medicine and social security should be evaluated in relation to the innovative practice of organ transplantation, medical achievement actively developed since 1960."

All parts of human communication existence has been improved through the use of new media technologies and especially through the use of social media which is reflected directly and indirectly on social innovations sui generis. Social innovation should be the game of ideas of equal interaction of different subject using the special life within the life that exists in the virtual world of new technologies. To able to use social media in proper way within social innovation process we have to take into the account that social media are: cheapest form of interaction; accessibility – everybody can be involved within social innovation through social media networks – previously it was reserved only for the organizations well equipped with equipment and personnel. Social media can be used for producing opportunities for creative construction of a new model of citizen participation through education within social innovation process while, in the same time, journalists becomes a mediators of democratic participations of citizens. Social networks have emerged as a critical factor in information dissemination, search, marketing and influence discovery. The capacity of any society to create of steady flow of social innovations depends on a huge amount of presumptions even to be able to link and interact, in proper way, of social media and social innovation, but it is very difficult to control social media, regardless how skilled individuals are involved as a starting point of social innovation dissemination. So, where is the solution? Within the society as the whole, having in mind that manipulation should be replaced with transparency and responsibility of each step of social innovation process through social media. Why? The one word is the answer – it creates TRUST. Creation of transparency and responsibility is both, direct and indirect creation of the most important issues for the proper existence of society – TRUST in the existence system. The most important for connecting people, ideas and resources, within the field of the use of digital technology, are the intermediaries. Namely, those are the social networks which will connect people, ideas and resources for the social innovations, through social media and interacting with them. Of course, within Social media and Social innovations the most important intermediaries are the people, depending on their wishes and capabilities to do the change and to be a change – for the benefit of the society as the whole.

All parts of human communication existence has been improved through the use of new media technologies and especially through the use of social media which is reflected directly and indirectly on social innovations sui generis. Social innovation should be the game of ideas of equal interaction of different subject using the special life within the life that exists in the virtual world of new technologies. To able to use social media in proper way within social innovation process we have to take into the account that social media are: cheapest form of interaction; accessibility – everybody can be involved within social innovation through social media networks – previously it was reserved only for the organizations well equipped with equipment and personnel. Social media can be used for producing opportunities for creative construction of a new model of citizen participation through education within social innovation process while, in the same time, journalists becomes a mediators of democratic participations of citizens. Social networks have emerged as a critical factor in information dissemination, search, marketing and influence discovery. The capacity of any society to create of steady flow of social innovations depends on a huge amount of presumptions even to be able to link and interact, in proper way, of social media and social innovation, but it is very difficult to control social media, regardless how skilled individuals are involved as a starting point of social innovation dissemination. So, where is the solution? Within the society as the whole, having in mind that manipulation should be replaced with transparency and responsibility of each step of social innovation process through social media. Why? The one word is the answer – it creates TRUST. Creation of transparency and responsibility is both, direct and indirect creation of the most important issues for the proper existence of society – TRUST in the existence system. The most important for connecting people, ideas and resources, within the field of the use of digital technology, are the intermediaries. Namely, those are the social networks which will connect people, ideas and resources for the social innovations, through social media and interacting with them. Of course, within Social media and Social innovations the most important intermediaries are the people, depending on their wishes and capabilities to do the change and to be a change – for the benefit of the society as the whole.

The social sciences contextualize the study of the social movements, considering that they provide and underlie theories and social methods that allow to observe the political, historical, and territorial configuration processes of such movements. In this context, it is appropriate to explore the scope of disciplines, the social theory, and the method in order to explain the theoretical contact elements and discipline of the social sciences along with the social movements, which are understood as objects of study. ; Las ciencias sociales contextualizan el estudio de los movimientos sociales, considerando que aportan y fundamentan teorías y métodos sociales que permiten observar los procesos de configuración política, histórica y territorial de estos movimientos. En este contexto es apropiado recorrer el ámbito de las disciplinas, de la teoría social y del método para explicar los elementos de contacto teórico y disciplinar de las ciencias sociales con los movimientos sociales, entendidos como objetos de estudio

Background: The social and economic woes that have inflicted many countries around the world are testimony to the inadequacy of current institutional makeup of societies where individualism and market forces by and large have taken the leading role in directing societies' choices and resources. Problems of inequities in health and wealth, the widening gaps between the rich and the poor, employment insecurities, the growing social exclusion of the marginalized, and the looming environmental concerns are acute as ever. At the same time, the progressive social forces and the counter-balancing capacity of governments are being undermined by the prevailing neo-liberal forces. This sobering state of affairs can only lead to more problems and a growing frustration on the part of those who seek alternatives to the status quo, which have actually produced better results in certain countries. Objective: This study takes the position that the involvement of democratic collective institutions (e.g., local organizations and governments at all levels) in setting societal priorities and directing resources towards achieving those priorities would avoid or mitigate many of the socioeconomic problems facing us today. It aims to show that comprehensive social policy could prevent the emergence of such problems and contain the problems that remain, effectively working as a social vaccine. Methods: The study uses macroeconomic panel data and socioeconomic indicators from OECD countries to empirically examine the relationships between indicators of social wellbeing on the one hand, and measures of social policy on the other, while controlling for relevant macroeconomic covariates. Results: The empirical results indicate that better population health outcomes are consistently associated with stronger social policies, including social spending on health and non-health services. Also, they show lower poverty rate is associated with higher social spending. Lower crime rate is also associated with higher social spending, but it is strongly country-specific. Conclusion: Although improving social wellbeing and social protection are morally justified in their own right, the evidence presented in this study suggests that even a purely rational view concerned with the societal costs and benefits of public policy should find social policy an effective tool or vaccine against population ill-health, poverty, and crime.

The social sciences contextualize the study of the social movements, considering that they provide and underlie theories and social methods that allow to observe the political, historical, and territorial configuration processes of such movements. In this context, it is appropriate to explore the scope of disciplines, the social theory, and the method in order to explain the theoretical contact elements and discipline of the social sciences along with the social movements, which are understood as objects of study. ; Las ciencias sociales contextualizan el estudio de los movimientos sociales, considerando que aportan y fundamentan teorías y métodos sociales que permiten observar los procesos de configuración política, histórica y territorial de estos movimientos. En este contexto es apropiado recorrer el ámbito de las disciplinas, de la teoría social y del método para explicar los elementos de contacto teórico y disciplinar de las ciencias sociales con los movimientos sociales, entendidos como objetos de estudio

ABSTRACT: Social diversity refers to all human manifestations of variety and rupture against the singlesubject and the undimensional modern society. Its wide recognition in Latin America by governments of the region, from the second half of the twentieth century to today, has transformed it into unquestionable social evidence and a category of scholarly analysis. We are therefore, helping its naturalization and institutionalization as an expression of uniqueness and rupture from society within a Western perspective. On this historical moment, the question to ask is: Where will so much recognition lead? This article aims at reflecting on the complexity associated with the social and political recognition of social diversity, warning us about or issues to be resolved in relation to our human subjectivity given that objectively it appears its recognition is resolved, and presenting a critical analysis of interculturality as a horizon for Latin American social work. ; RESUMEN: La diversidad social se refiere a todas aquellas manifestaciones humanas de variedad y ruptura frente al sujeto único y la sociedad unidimensional moderna. Su amplio reconocimiento en América Latina por parte de los gobiernos de la región, desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX y lo que va del XXI, le ha transformado en una evidencia social incuestionable y en categoría de análisis académico. Asistimos, por tanto, a una naturalización e institucionalización de esta, como expresión de singularidad y ruptura con lo social dentro de la perspectiva occidental. En este momento histórico de apogeo, la cuestión por preguntar es: ¿Hacia dónde conducirá tanto reconocimiento? Este artículo se propone reflexionar acerca de la complejidad que reviste el reconocimiento social y político de la diversidad social, advierte sobre o asuntos por resolver en lo que atañe a nuestra subjetividad humana ya que objetivamente parece estar resuelto su reconocimiento y realiza un análisis crítico de la interculturalidad como ámbito para el Trabajo Social latinoamericano.

International audience ; In France, thestructuring of the social and Solidarity Economy (ESS) is the result of two long-term dynamics: the consolidation of a Historical Social Economy (ESH), composed of large cooperatives, associations and mutuals, throughout the 20th century; the emergence, during the 1970s-2000, of a New Social Economy (NES) composed above all of new generation cooperatives and associations.Social Political Economy (SPE) refers to the two thought currents attached to ESH and NES, whose legitimacy is based on a convergence of their academic production and institutional recognition.The process of isomorphism-banalisation, which over the decades has affected companies adjacent to the cooperative, mutellist and associationist movements, has been helped by the gradual erosion of the key principles of SPE (non-profit-making, dual quality, free membership, democratic governance).Employer associations have thus been exposed in recent years to the rapid diffusion-extension of entrepreneurial and managerial standards.The State promotes a new tutelary/competitive order through the dissemination of control-evaluation rules and the introduction of public quasi-markets.This evolution corresponds to a transmutation of SPE, which reveals the attributes of a Social Business Economy(SBE).Constituting a third sector distinct from the market-capitalist economy and the public economy, SBEhas been confirmed by the creation of a Nonprofit Sector composed of non-profit organizations (NPOs).NPOs are mainly employer associations in France.Starting from the economic Market and State failures, neo-institutionalist theory provides rational explanations for the presence of private non-profit organizations with a social/societal vocation.A similar theoretical argument highlights the institutional failures of NPOs, leading to a renewed conception of Social Business Economy (SBE)and the emergence of the socialfirm category.Therefore, the purpose of our contribution is to examine the model of the social firm in relation to SBE.This perspective leads to the presentation of different social enterprise figures as possible variations.Our approach leads to the complex transformations analysis of the Social Political Economy into a Social Business Economy. ; En France, la structuration de l'économie sociale et solidaire (ESS) résulte de deux dynamiques de longue période: la consolidationd'une économie sociale historique (ESH), composée de coopératives, d'associations et de mutuelles de grande taille,tout au long du XXèmesiècle; l'émergence, au cours des années 1970-2000, d'une nouvelle économie sociale (NES) composée avant tout de coopératives et d'associations de nouvelle génération.L'économie sociale politique (ESP)se réfère aux deux courants de pensée attachés à l'ESH età la NES, dont la légitimité prend appui sur une convergence de leur production académique et unereconnaissance institutionnelle.Le processus d'isomorphisme-banalisation, qui a touché au fil des décenniesles entreprises attenantes aux mouvements coopérativiste, mutelliste et associationiste,s'est accompagnéde l'effacement progressif des principes clés de l'ESP(non lucrativité, double qualité, libre adhésion, gouvernance démocratique). Les associations employeurs sont ainsi exposées ces dernières années à la diffusion-extension rapide des normes entrepreneuriales et gestionnaires. L'Etat promeut un nouvel ordre tutélaire/concurrentiel par la diffusion de règles de contrôle-évaluation et l'instauration dequasi-marchés publics. Cette évolution correspond à une transmutation de l'ESP, qui laisse transparaitre les attributs d'une économie sociale d'entreprise(ESE). Constitutive d'un troisième secteur distinct de l'économie marchande-capitaliste et de l'économie publique, l'ESEs'est affirmée parla constitution d'un Nonprofit Sectorcomposé d'organisations à but non lucratif (OBNL). Les OBNL s'avèrent pour l'essentiel en France des associations employeurs.Partant des défaillances économiques du Marché et de l'Etat, la théorie néo-institutionnalistefournit des explications rationnelles à la présence d'organisations privées non lucratives à vocation sociale / sociétale. Un argumentairethéorique de la même veine fait ressortir les défaillances institutionnelles des OBNL, conduisant à une conception renouvelée del'économie sociale d'entreprise (ESE) et l'émergence de la notiondefirme sociale. Aussi, l'objet de notre contribution est-ild'interroger le modèle de la firme sociale au regard de l'économie sociale d'entreprise (ESE).Cette mise en perspective conduit à présenter différentes figures d'eentreprise sociale comme déclinaisons possibles. Notredémarche permet de déboucher sur une analyse fouillée des transformationscomplexesde l'économie sociale politique en économie sociale d'entreprise