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Demography and socio-economic stratification are two crucial factors that determine language contact outcomes ranging from areal convergence in heteroglossic small-scale societies to structurally arrested standard languages in monoglossic nation-states. Between these idealized poles, creoles, koines, lingua francas, urban sociolects and other languages with large communities of later learners are sites of intense contact and change, particularly in the Global South. Next to core linguistics, the study of social factors in language contact draws on methods of historical research, political economic analysis, and increasingly, linguistic data sciences. Dramatic socio-economic and demographic transformations in the next few decades are likely to alter the presently still limited understanding of how social factors shape language contact and change.

Recognition of the influence of social and cultural factors in disease goes back to antiquity, though specification of the ways in which this influence is exerted still lacks pre cision. The effects of the social order on health and disease are many and varied. Social definitions determine the actions which persons and societies take in the face of given symptoms and disorders. Social practices may exert their effects di rectly on the organism and its physical capacities or may operate primarily through psychological processes which are linked to the maintenance of bodily equilibriums. In either instance, these effects tend to be nonspecific as to disease. Social status, variations in life styles, adaptation to new or stressful situations, work group structure, and family patterns have been found to be associated with differences in the in cidence of a variety of diseases. The intricacies of dealing with social factors in disease and the ramifications for the larger society are plainly seen in the case of smoking.

Recognition of the influence of soc & cultural factors in disease goes back to antiquity, though specification of the ways in which this influence is exerted still lacks precision. The effects of the soc order on health & disease are many & varied. Soc definitions determine the actions which persons & societies take in the face of given symptoms 9L disorders. Soc practices may exert their effects directly on the organism & its physical capacities or may operate priniarily through psychol'al processes which are linked to the maintenance of bodily equilibriums. In either instance, these effects tend to be nonspecific as to disease. SS, variations in life styles, adaptation to new or stressful situations work group structure, & fam patterns have been found to be associated with diff's in the incidence of a variety of diseases. The intricacies of dealing with soc factors in disease & the ramifications for the larger society are plainly seen in the case of smoking. AA.

Personality disorders are pathological amplifications of normal personality traits. Although the form of personality pathology largely depends on underlying traits, which are under strong genetic influence, different social structures tend to reinforce some traits and discourage others. The most important social factors in the personality disorders are those risk or protective factors that influence the process by which traits are amplified. Modernity, most particularly an increasing rate of social change, is acting as a major stressor for individuals with many types of personality structure. The mechanisms most probably involve negative effects on family functioning, as well as a diminishing availability of buffering factors in the larger community.