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Visualization of social strata in the media space. - Visual communication is gaining in importance today. The perception of the world around us is mediated by visual images. The visual image cannot be fully expressed by verbal means; it is perceived as a whole, not sequentially. To depict social strata, their detailed definition is necessary, which would make it possible, through indices, icons and symbols, to express culturally specific codes that will create specific cognitive images for the participants in communication. Due to their ideological function, visual images justify unequal power relations in society. It turns out that visualization is an integral part of the endless semiosis of stratification processes and the formation of class identity. However, any visual image is a construct and can be deconstructed. Therefore, through visualization, it is possible to deconstruct or reconstruct the system of social stratification.

Given the massive scale of internal migration in China, access to health services and other health issues not only matter to rural-urban migrants but also have important implications to broad public health concerns. Based on a case study of a particular migrant enclave in Beijing, the study investigates issues concerning environmental health risks of migrants, their health seeking behaviours, and the constraints they encountered in accessing health services with respect to the social strata among migrants. It is argued that the main obstacles to accessing health services are not only the shortage of financial resources among rural-urban migrants, but lie in the institutional blind spot regarding health security provision, rural-urban dualism and a unique household registration system in China. Implications for policy changes are also discussed. (J Contemp China/GIGA)

The objective of this study is to determine the variables that create inequality for children from disadvantaged social strata in their process of compulsory education. The study was carried out in Erzincan, which is a significant city located in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey, in 2017. Nearly, 117 parents from disadvantaged social strata participated in the study. Disadvantaged children face the most serious problems in education. Those families were poor and disadvantaged Romanies, so their children did not attend the school. The study reveals that the inhabitants of a disadvantaged social stratum of this study mostly come from the ethnic origin of Romanies. This study was designed in a descriptive research model and carried out with face‐to‐face interview method. The semi‐structured interview form of "Educational Inequalities in Disadvantaged Social Strata" was used in this study. The semi‐structured interview form has been developed for this study. The study also reveals that 76 percent of disadvantaged families are not able to receive any proper economic support from the state they needed for their children. The disadvantaged families claim that authorities have never told them the true meaning, significance, and functions of compulsory education. In addition, the study reveals that the biggest obstacles are having poorly educated parents and financial insecurity for disadvantaged families in terms of their social, economic, and individual growth. The study reveals that the lack of continuous cash transfers to the students of disadvantaged strata creates social injustice and inequality in compulsory education. It is highly recommended that continued economic support should be given for the students from disadvantaged families to meet their basic psychological and human needs.

What is the relationship between social stratification and arts participation? Because the barriers to both participation and consumption vary, the relationship between the social strata and arts participation may differ from the relationship between social strata and arts consumption. Using three pooled waves of the Taking-Part survey ( N = 78,011), I estimate latent class and multinomial logistic models to examine the association between education, social status, social class, and income with patterns of arts participation. Five latent clusters are observed and both social status and social class are insignificantly associated with each cluster. In contrast, education remains strongly correlated with most forms of arts participation. These results indicate that arts participation, as a constituent part of 'lifestyle', is not primarily explained through social status or social class but rather through education.

Der Beitrag untersucht soziale Klassen, soziale Schichten und soziale Mobilität. Er beginnt mit einer begrifflichen Einordnung dieser drei Konzepte. Soziale Klassen bezeichnen die Stellung von Menschen im ökonomischen System der Gesellschaft. Soziale Schichtung ist die vertikale Gliederung der Gesellschaft als Ausdruck von hierarchisch interpretierten sozioökonomischen Ungleichheiten und den damit legitimierten ökonomischen und sozialen Privilegien. Soziale Mobilität ist der dynamische Aspekt der Zugehörigkeit von Menschen zu Klassen oder Schichten. Vor diesem Hintergrund erläutert die Arbeit das Verhältnis von Klasse und Schicht, das Entstehen von Klassen und Schichten, sowie die Idee der sozialen Mobilität. Anschließend werden Forschungsgrundlagen und Empirie der neueren Zeit zu diesen drei Konzepten untersucht. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Überlegung zur neueren Entwicklungen der Klassen- und Schichtungsforschung, welche sich vor allem auf die "neue Unübersichtlichkeit" bezieht. (ICG)