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"Venezuela: 4th & 5th republics" (Neira Fernández, Enrique) ; Presentation ; I. Conceptual frame ; Challenges and modernization ; Reforms of the state ; Governance ; Genuineness ; Decentralization ; Democracy ; Leadership ; Militarism ; Democratic caesarism ; Populism ; Violence ; Revolution ; Socialism ; II. The fourth republic (Before Chávez) ; A look back ; The economic thing ; The social thing ; The political thing ; The ethical thing ; III. The fith republic (In the times of Chávez) ; Introduction ; The strong man ; The process. Political ideology ; The process. Characteristics ; The beautiful revolution ; Gusty future ; Conclusion. The quadrature of the circle ; neira@intercable.net.ve ; Nivel analítico

Editorial. ; Debate: A propósito del socialismo del siglo XXI. ; El socialismo científico. ; Recordando algunas de las enseñanzas básicas del marxismo. ; What is scientific-philosophical socialism-i.e., marxism? ; Lee, Franz J. T. ; Algunos aportes para el debate sobre la construcción del socialismo en Venezuela. ; Contributions to the debate on the construction of socialism in Venezuela. ; Villegas, Silvio ; Socialismos en el siglo XXI: Debate insensato. ; Socialisms in the XXI century: Senseless debate. ; Mata Mollejas, Luís ; El socialismo y las mujeres: Una mirada desde nosotras. ; Women and socialism: A look from us. ; García R., Carmen Teresa ; ¿El ecosocialismo como vía hacia el ecomunismo? ; Una propuesta pragmática. ; Ecosocialism as a way toward ecommunism? ; A pragmatic proposal. ; Capriles Arias, Elías Manuel ; El socialismo chino: ¿Una referencia histórica para la construcción del socialismo del siglo XXI en Venezuela? ; Chinese socialism: A historical reference for the construction of XXI century socialism in Venezuela? ; Cejas Armas, Ismael ; Rearmando la memoria: El primer debate socialista acerca de nuestros afroamericanos. ; Reconstructing our memory: The first socialist debate regarding our afro-americans. ; Melgar Bao, Ricardo ; La experiencia socialista en África. ; Experience of socialism in Africa. ; Lugemalila Ishemo, Shubi ; Caleidoscopio ; Lo político en la integración. ; Politics and integration. ; Cardozo, Elsa ; Reminiscencias. Poemas desde el sur. ; Reminiscences. Poems from the South. ; Quang Thieu, Nguyen y Chinnaswamy, Mudnakudu ; Traductor: Hill, Rowena ; Diálogos ; Diálogo con Alan Woods. ; De la teoría a la experiencia de las masas. ; Mata, María Gabriela ; Reseñas ; Kumar, Corinne (editora): Asking, we walk: the south as new political imaginary. ; Reseñado por: Lucena Molero, Hernán ; Brigue, Jonuel: Para ti me cuento a China. ; Reseñado por: Mata, María Gabriela ; Documentos ; La revolución temprana. ; Puliti, Giandomenico ; Réplicas ; 167-183 ; s.ishemo@btinternet.com ; semestral ; Nivel analítico

Richard Wright was a pioneer in American Literature whose relationship with socialism helped to define him as a person and as a writer. The inspiration behind his literary accomplishments and their impact on his contemporaries can be understood by tracing two of the most important themes in his life, socialism and identity. This article describes the evolution of his relationship with socialism in order to better understand the writer and his best known works in their social and political context. This exercise can also help us to gain a clearer understanding of the cultural and social implications of socialist ideology in the United States after the First World War.

La nueva dinámica del poder político y el desarrollo económico en Venezuela hay que entenderlos en el contexto de La Nueva geometría del Poder, el necesario reacomodo territorial, el fortalecimiento del poder popular, Comunal y de los Núcleos de Desarrollo Endógeno. En Venezuela el desarrollo endógeno es un mecanismo dentro del proceso para la construcción de nuestro socialismo. Por lo tanto este debe partir por el debate teórico y filosófico de los fundamentos que deben sustentar esta nueva economía y sociedad. Por eso el propósito de este trabajo tiene que ver con los cambios ocurridos en la administración publica, la dialéctica entre centralización y descentralización, la ocupación del territorio en Venezuela, y los espacios alcanzados por la organización popular, para entender el papel que juegan en el desarrollo armónico de las comunas y la sociedad socialista. ; The new dynamics of political and economic development in Venezuela must be understood in the context of The New Geometry of Power, the necessary territorial rearrangement, strengthening of popular power, communal and the Nucleus of Endogenous Development. In Venezuela, endogenous development is a mechanism within the process of the construction of our socialism. Therefore, the former must commence with the theoretical and philosophical discussion of the fundamentals that should under pin this new economy and society. Thus the purpose of this paper is to analyze the changes in the public administration, the dialectic between centralization and decentralization, the occupation of the territory in Venezuela, and the spaces achieved by the popular organization, in order to understand the role they play in the harmonious development of the communes and socialist society.

El ensayo explora los principios básicos y los supuestos teóricos del socialismo raizal propuesto por el sociólogo colombiano Orlando Fals Borda. Este socialismo es presentado como una propuesta enraizada en la Investigación Acción Participativa (IAP), haciendo énfasis en su origen en las experiencias históricas revolucionarias de los pueblos originarios y diversos sectores populares de América Latina. Igualmente, se resalta su contenido popular, humanista, democrático y epistémico. El ensayo también explora sus acercamientos y sus diferencias con el pensamiento de Marx. ; The essay explores the basic principles and the theoretical assumptions of the rooted socialism proposed by the Colombian sociologist Orlando Fals Borda. This socialism is shown as a deep-rooted proposal on the Participative Action Research (PAR), setting emphasize in its origin on the revolutionary historical experiences of the native and diverse popular areas of Latin-America. Likewise, its popular, humanist, democratic and epistemiccontents are highlighted. The essay also explores its encounters and its differences to the thoughts of Karl Marx.Key words: Socialism, rooted, culture, popular, epistemology, revolutions.

The industrialization models of ECLAC, developed during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, and those of Ecuador, implemented by the 21st-century socialist government, are similar in their attempt to industrialize through the substitution of imports and government expenditure. In both cases, the economic policies focused on a closed economy, with high tariff barriers, and a strong role of the state as the main actor in the economy. The article uses a comparative method of analysiswhich emphasizes the outcomes of both of the periods studied. The results show that the models applied brought the same problems; imbalance in external trade and rising public debt. An alternative premise is suggested, that the models applied are the main causes of the debt crisis in the 1980s and the increasing public debt in the government of Rafael Correa. ; The industrialization models of ECLAC, developed during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, and those of Ecuador, implemented by the 21st-century socialist government, are similar in their attempt to industrialize through the substitution of imports and government expenditure. In both cases, the economic policies focused on a closed economy, with high tariff barriers, and a strong role of the state as the main actor in the economy. The article uses a comparative method of analysis which emphasizes the outcomes of both of the periods studied. The results show that the models applied brought the same problems; imbalance in external trade and rising public debt. An alternative premise is suggested, that the models applied are the main causes of the debt crisis in the 1980s and the increasing public debt in the government of Rafael Correa.

This document addresses the problematical interpretation about the rising of national-socialism, the actions by the nazi party as a political actor and executor of the Shoah. It is inspired in the historiographical methodology presented by Enzo Traverso (2012) in his book: History as a battlefield. Traverso both moderates and debates with different historians who, at the same time, analyze those topics from different perspectives. We will focus in two main issues central to those debates: the rising of the national-socialism, and the Shoah as a remaining impact on the self-representation of the German society. And as an additional assumption, how challenging it is for a historian specialized in genocides, to maintain its objectivity. The period considered for this study is the XXth century. The final goal is: to position teleological interpretations in a current view, related to the existing difficulties of political and social history, about the use of memory as a historiographical resource. ; Este trabajo aborda las problematizaciones interpretativas del surgimiento del nacionalsocialismo, la actuación del nazismo como actor político y ejecutor de la Shoá. Se inspira en la metodología historiográfica que presenta Enzo Traverso (2012), en su libro: La historia como campo de batalla. Traverso modera y debate con historiadores, quienes, a su vez, analizan dichos temas desde perspectivas diferentes. Seleccionaremos dos ejes centrales de dichos debates: el surgimiento del nacionalsocialismo y la Shoá como impacto remanente en la autorepresentación de la sociedad alemana. Y como conjetura adicional, cuán complejo resulta ser para el historiador de genocidios, mantener su objetividad. El campo de este trabajo, tiene como corte temporal al siglo XX. El objetivo final, por decantación, es posicionar las interpretaciones teleológicas, en una mirada actual de las dificultades vigentes en la historia política y social, acerca del uso de la memoria como recurso historiográfico.

Este artículo analiza la relación existente en Venezuela entre el "socialismo del siglo XXI" y el proceso de descentralización iniciado en 1989 y que fue elevado a principio organizador del Estado por la Constitución aprobada en 1999. Se realiza un estudio de las normas jurídicas vinculadas a la temática, de diversos discursos presidenciales en los que se alude a tal relación, y de las políticas implementadas que conciernen a la descentralización. Se llega a la conclusión, primero, que el "socialismo del siglo XXI" es contrario a la descentralización; segundo, que la confrontación a esta última ha sido constante en el discurso oficial, incluso anterior a la definición del presidente Chávez como socialista; tercero, que la progresiva concentración del poder en manos del presidente no sólo se ha llevado a cabo en detrimento de los otros poderes públicos (judicial y legislativo), sino que ha sido afectada la propia descentralización; y, cuarto, que algunos dispositivos políticos representativos de tal socialismo son opuestos a la descentralización. ; This paper analyses the relation that prevails in Venezuela between the "21st century socialism" and the decentralization process initiated in 1989, which was defined as an organizational principle of the State by the Constitution approved in 1999. It is realized a study about the juridical norms linked with this thematic, the several presidential speeches in which it is mentioned such relation, and the implemented policies concern to the decentralization. It is concluded, first, that the "21st century socialism" is opposed to the decentralization; second, that the confrontation with the latter have been constant in the official discourse, even previously to the definition of President Chavez as a socialist; third, that the progressive concentration of power into the hands of the president not only has been carried out in damage of the other public powers (judicial and legislative), but that the own decentralization has been affected; and quarter, that some representative political devices of such socialism are opposed the decentralization. ; 237-260 ; acasellam@cantv.net ; trimestral