У статті осмислюються проблеми і протиріччя у відносинах влади та інтелігенції в умовах кризи радянської політичної системи 1965-1985 рр. Наводяться факти, які свідчать про напруженому протистоянні, яке було обумовлено особливостями офіційної політики. ; В статье осмысливаются проблемы и противоречия в отношениях власти и интеллигенции в условиях кризиса советской политической системы 1965–1985 гг. Приводятся факты, которые свидетельствуют о напряженном противостоянии, которое было обусловлено особенностями официальной политики. ; The article deals with problems and contradictions in the relationship of authorities and intelligentsia under the conditions of crisis of soviet political system in 1965–1985. Facts that testify to the tense opposition which was dependent on the peculiarities of official policy are given.
У статті характеризується криза командно-адміністративної системи Польщі у 1981–1988 рр. та спроби модернізації режиму комуністичною владою шляхом здійснення економічних і політичних реформ. ; In the article the crisis of the comandno-administrative system of Poland in 1981–1988 years and attempts of modernization of regime by communist power by realization of economical and political reforms are described.
Religious revival occupies an important place in the overall process of democratic transformation. Return society to traditional spiritual values has caused interest to the essence of Christian social thought. In modern Ukraine Christian socialism may become one of departing point of a national idea generation. Christian thinkers Russian of emigration worked on the problem of overcoming of distortions the materialistic totalitarian of socialist ideas. Ideas of social justice in the Ukrainian society acquire new meaning and require the corresponding theoretical study. Creative heritage figures of Christian philosophy Russian abroad may become the basis of the study. Modern scholars of the creative heritage of the Russian emigration have gained a certain material and identified research areas for further research.Theory of Christian socialism in Russia is the result of finding a solution to the complex issues of economic, social and political development of the Russian Empire.Development ideas of Christian socialism in Russia was based on the Orthodox doctrine. Russian intelligentsia in finding solutions to social problems for a long time did not pay attention to religious issues. In beginning XX century certain groups of intellectuals and clerics begin to cooperation. This is caused by the ideological influence of religious and social ideas of V. Soloviev, F. Dostoevsky and L. Tolstoy and the events of the First Russian revolution.Christian socialism as a political phenomenon has received the most theoretical justification in Russia and France. Practical implementation of the program provisions Christian socialism took place in major Western European countries. Russia has failed to use achieve its own of social thought for improving the prosperity of and quality of life. Active development of of theoretical propositions of Christian socialism among Russian emigration engaged historian and philosopher G. Fedotov, theologian and S. Bulgakov Orthodox priest, philosopher and religious thinker S. Frank. Religious idealism influenced the political conception of philosophy N. Berdyaev and I. Ilyin, economist and public figure Struve, lawyer N. Alekseev and many other outstanding Russian scientists emigrants. Theologian S. Bulgakov criticizes the socialism. Emphasizes that socialism put forward the idea of the struggle for personal and economic interests of the class. Socialism and Christianity should complement each other. Christianity the spirituality fills the socialism. Socialism provides an economic basis to achieve the Christian ideal of universal brotherhood and love.Socialism of totalitarian society deprives a person of economic independence. State takes freedom of choice and provides stability to society and the people. But there is a serious contradiction. Socialism itself wants to become a religion. Bulgakov distinguishes three types of socialism. Materialistic socialism builds heaven on earth. Atheistic socialism has been fighting against religion itself becomes a religion. Christian socialism creates the material conditions of human spiritual development. Private property is essential for the organization of economic life of society. The task of Christians is to explain objectives of socialism, which carries the idea of Christian brotherhood and love. Christianity must be protected from the influence of social vices economy, powers and property. The problem of protecting the ideals of religion is important for all religions and ideologies. A true Christian should pray, think and act in a Christian manner. Christianity should permeate all aspects of society. True socialism is realized in a free society.In the opinion of S. Frank full implementation of the principles of Christian love can be under the domination of private property and social inequality. In the implementation of Christian justice plays a major role motivation and means. Social stability and high standard of living are the result of setting the boundaries of economic freedom. Scientific analysis of the problems of Christian socialism will help in finding ways to overcome totalitarian deformations of socialist ideas. ; Проведен анализ идеи позитивного соотношения христианства и социализма С. Булгакова. Отмечены характерные черты разработанной философом концепции материалистического, атеистического и христианского социализма. Определены особенности политической теории С. Франка. Подчеркнута важность свободы как обязательного условия духовной жизни. Освещены взгляды религиозных мыслителей на проблему реализации социальной справедливости. Определено отношение теоретиков христианского социализма к проблемам собственности и экономической свободы. ; Проведено аналіз ідеї позитивного співвідношення християнства і соціалізму С. Булга-кова. Зазначено характерні риси розробленої філософом концепції матеріалістичного, атеїстичного і християнського соціалізму. Окреслено особливості політичної теорії С. Франка. Підкреслено важливість свободи як обов'язкової умови духовного життя. Висвітлено погляди релігійних мислителів на проблему реалізації соціальної справедли-вості. Визначено відношення теоретиків християнського соціалізму до проблем власності й економічної свободи.
This article firstly focuses on the initial recognition, in the final period of the second Yugoslavia, of the existence of social inequalities, as the first serious symptoms of abandoning the ideology of social equality and socialism as a whole. Moreover, the nationalist mobilization was used as a lever for restoration of capitalism as a typical class society. After that it briefly outlines two post-war periods of structuring social opportunities in societies in the West, and partly also in the East. The first period is designated primarily by egalitarian tendencies, which is manifest in increased popularity of critical and radical trends in social sciences. The second period, which still lasts, is quite opposite in orientation, and this is, in turn, manifest in ever greater relevance of social Darwinism as a discursive foundation of a series of sciences. The next, and largest, part of the article is dedicated to an attempt at explaining the permanence of social inequalities, and the author stresses the inexhaustible character of Rousseau's question regarding the origin of social inequalities. In the present-day quest for an answer to that question, certain similarities are noticeable between (neo) evolutionism and (neo) Marxism. Although Marx himself stressed the correspondence of his conception of class struggles in history with Darwin's conception of struggles for survival in nature, but also took into account the differences (between natural evolution and human history), the conclusion on the identity of their conceptions imposes itself through observations about the constant defeat of the proletariat in age-long struggles against the oppressors, which continue to this very day in the epoch of neo-liberal global capitalism. Reflecting on possibilities of a generally different outcome in the struggles for a more just society, the author finds that there are two interrelated prerequisites to their existence. The first has to do with connecting the theory and practice of liberalism and socialism with the aim of establishing a balance between the mechanisms of individual freedom and competition on the one hand, and social sensitivity or solidarity on the other. The second prerequisite is the construction of a world democratic state. Its political interest and scope of governing would neutralize the key concept (and self-reproduction mechanism) of social Darwinism -- inclusive fitness. Quite simply, the latter means to favour "one's own" group while humiliating or excluding the other. In a society with a globally ruling government, the division between "one's own" and "somebody else's" parts of the world -- the boundaries of which are nowadays all too often shifted to and fro as a consequence of the erratic character of expansion and contraction of the market and the breaking out of conflagrations of war, producing a permanent Hobbesian "state of nature" -- would make way for wisdom of governing and for work of all for the benefit of all. Adapted from the source document.
In this article, the processes of re-stratification in Serbia during the period from the end of the 1980s until recent times are analyzed on the basis of findings of several empirical investigations. In the first part of the text, the author points out that a systemic change implies not only quantitative changes in the control and distribution of social resources, but also changes in the way of constituting the basic social groups, and the forms of their relations, which means that the groups themselves (ruling elites, middle classes, and even manual workers) in socialism and in capitalism must be defined differently. In the second part of the text, attention is drawn to the changes in three areas of the stratificational system in Serbia: mobility, economic differentiation and value orientations. In the field of social mobility, an increase of self-recruitment of all basic classes is established, but also, in particular, a strengthening of barriers between manual workers and higher social strata. Furthermore, the author points out an increase in economic differentiation, and a growing importance of private property to this differentiation (the singling out of major private entrepreneurs on the top of the material status hierarchy). It is shown that, on the level of values, all classes (including the ruling class and the middle class) are characterized by inconsistency, in terms of a pronounced presence of statist-distributive values, which hampers the process of consolidation of a new institutional and normative (market and pluralistic) order in Serbia. Adapted from the source document.
The article attempts to analyze the ideological and conceptional features of the press of Russophiles and Socialists and pays attention to the "Ukrainian question" in their political agenda. Keywords: Russophiles, Socialism, Russkij Ispolnitel'nyj Komitet, Volja Naroda, Gyzn', Russkij Golos, history of Ukraine ; Проаналізовано ідейно-концептуальні особливості преси москвофілів-"соціалістів", виокремлено основну проблематику. Увагу звернено на "українське питання" у політичній програмі москвофілів-"соціалістів". Ключові слова: галицькі москвофіли, соціалізм, "Русский исполнительный комитет", "Воля народа", "Жизнь", "Русскій голос", історія України.
The article analyzes the political situation in the East of Ukraine, studies the causes of armed conflict in the region. The purpose of this article is to assess the mass public expectations of new state formations in the east of Ukraine with regard to socialist transformation and correlation of these expectations with the strategic installations ruling in Russia. The first semantic unit of the article substantiates that Donbass in its current form is a product of Soviet industrialization, and therefore the mass consciousness is characterized by nostalgia for the recent past. It is with the socialism that calls for social justice, equality, democracy, against theft, corruption, oligarchs and private property are connected. Although these provisions are not recorded under the heading of "building socialism in the DNR and LNR", residents of these political formations in all their undertakings are inclined to see the very socialist component. The self-government is forced to reckon with the mood of the masses, sharing socialist rhetoric at least "in the outer form". The article analyzes the program of socio-political movement "New Russia Party". The second semantic unit of the article studies the strategy of conservative modernization in Russia, which includes: first, consolidation of the elites; second, uncompromising struggle with the moral justification for violations of the written law; and third, movement towards realistic legislation. The course for conservative modernization does not imply socialist methods in public administration and functioning of the economy. Thus, there is a real contradiction between the political expectations of some residents of the DNR and the LNR for the restoration of socialism and the real transformations in Russia itself, which have no relation to the socialist transformation. ; Статья посвящена анализу политической ситуации на Востоке Украины, исследованию причин военного конфликта в данном регионе. Проанализирована программа общественно-политического движения "Партия Новороссия", исследована стратегия консервативной модернизации в России, которая включает в себя: во-первых, консолидацию элит, во-вторых, бескомпромиссную борьбу с нравственным оправданием нарушений писаного закона, в-третьих, движение к реалистичному законодательству. Автор приходит к выводу о существовании реального противоречия между политическими ожиданиями некоторых жителей ДНР и ЛНР на реставрацию социализма и реальными преобразованиями в самой России, которые не имеют никакого отношения к социалистическим. ; Стаття присвячена аналізу політичної ситуації на Сході України, дослідженню причин військового конфлікту в даному регіоні. Проаналізована програма суспільно-політичного руху "Партія Новоросія". Досліджено стратегію консервативної модернізації в Росії, що включає в себе: по-перше, консолідацію еліт, по-друге, безкомпромісну боротьбу з моральним виправданням порушень писаного закону, по-третє, рух до реалістичного законодавства. Автор доходить висновку про існування реального протиріччя між політичними сподіваннями деяких жителів ДНР та ЛНР на реставрацію соціалізму й реальними перетвореннями в самій Росії, які не мають жодного відношення до соціалістичних.
In article author analyze transformation of Ivan Franko view's on social and poli-tical system on the ground of publicism. Also presented integrated conception of world outllook's evolution from socialist to nationalist ideals. Key words: Ivan Franko, world outlook, social and political ideals, Ukrainian nation, publicism, socialism, conception. ; Проаналізовано поетапну трансформацію суспільно-політичних поглядів Івана Франка в контексті його публіцистики. Подається цілісна концепція еволюції світогляду від соціалістичних до національних ідеалів. Ключові слова: Іван Франко, світогляд, суспільно-політичні ідеали, укра-їнська нація, публіцистика, соціалізм, концепція.
Стаття присвячена комплексному аналізу процесу реформування в КНР наприкінці ХХ ст., зокрема, основних напрямів, цілей, завдань, особливостей політики модернізації й відкритості. Досліджено головні аспекти «соціалізму з китайською специфікою», політико- правову ідеологію реформ і вплив традиційних конфуціанських цінностей. Завдяки детальному вивченню значної кількості монографічної літератури встановлено методи, характер та особливості перетворень у КНР. ; Статья посвящена комплексному анализу процесса реформирования в КНР в конце ХХ в., в частности, основных направлений, целей, заданий, особенностей политики модернизации и открытости. Исследованы главные аспекты «социализма с китайской спецификой», политико-правовая идеология реформ, влияние традиционных конфуцианских ценностей. Благодаря исследованию значительного массива монографической литературы определены методы, особенности и характер преобразований в КНР. ; The article is devoted the complex analysis of the reform process in China in the late twentieth century, in particular, main directions, purposes, tasks, peculiarities of the policy of modernization and openness. Examines the main aspects of «socialism with Chinese characteristics», political-legal ideology of the reforms, the influence of traditional Confucian values. Thanks to the detailed study of a significant number of monographic literatures established methods, character, and peculiarities of transformations in the PRC. Today in China there is a transition to innovative model of development. Against this background, growing influence of China. At the same time, the implementation of many projects inland economic cooperation opens up opportunities. China is trying to restore its Imperial status as one of the major players in the global political system through the integration of modern technology, market economy non-democratic system controlled by the Communist party and bureaucracy. This is the phenomenon of the practice of modernization in China. The basis of constructing a model of «socialism with Chinese characteristics» was based on ideas about the appropriate real possibilities of the slow pace of economic progress; use in specific conditions of an agricultural country low criteria, simplified forms and methods of modernization; the development of «own way» reforms. The identity of Chinese socialism is closely linked with commitment to the 2 Chinese traditions of Confucianism. Harmony in social relations, collectivism and mutual aid in human relations, respect for knowledge has influenced ideas about the state and the law, behavioral model. The system of Confucian values remained largely dominant thanks to the versatility, flexibility and usability principles.
Стаття присвячена комплексному аналізу процесу реформування в КНР наприкінці ХХ ст., зокрема, основних напрямів, цілей, завдань, особливостей політики модернізації й відкритості. Досліджено головні аспекти «соціалізму з китайською специфікою», політико- правову ідеологію реформ і вплив традиційних конфуціанських цінностей. Завдяки детальному вивченню значної кількості монографічної літератури встановлено методи, характер та особливості перетворень у КНР. ; Статья посвящена комплексному анализу процесса реформирования в КНР в конце ХХ в., в частности, основных направлений, целей, заданий, особенностей политики модернизации и открытости. Исследованы главные аспекты «социализма с китайской спецификой», политико-правовая идеология реформ, влияние традиционных конфуцианских ценностей. Благодаря исследованию значительного массива монографической литературы определены методы, особенности и характер преобразований в КНР. ; The article is devoted the complex analysis of the reform process in China in the late twentieth century, in particular, main directions, purposes, tasks, peculiarities of the policy of modernization and openness. Examines the main aspects of «socialism with Chinese characteristics», political-legal ideology of the reforms, the influence of traditional Confucian values. Thanks to the detailed study of a significant number of monographic literatures established methods, character, and peculiarities of transformations in the PRC. Today in China there is a transition to innovative model of development. Against this background, growing influence of China. At the same time, the implementation of many projects inland economic cooperation opens up opportunities. China is trying to restore its Imperial status as one of the major players in the global political system through the integration of modern technology, market economy non-democratic system controlled by the Communist party and bureaucracy. This is the phenomenon of the practice of modernization in China. The basis of constructing a model of «socialism with Chinese characteristics» was based on ideas about the appropriate real possibilities of the slow pace of economic progress; use in specific conditions of an agricultural country low criteria, simplified forms and methods of modernization; the development of «own way» reforms. The identity of Chinese socialism is closely linked with commitment to the 2 Chinese traditions of Confucianism. Harmony in social relations, collectivism and mutual aid in human relations, respect for knowledge has influenced ideas about the state and the law, behavioral model. The system of Confucian values remained largely dominant thanks to the versatility, flexibility and usability principles.