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This article reports findings from research about trans* citizenship in 14 post-socialist countries. It evidences substantial deficits concerning trans policy making, and a lack of policy debate in this area. Most examined countries have a lack of protocols for official gender change in birth certificates, IDs, passports and other documents. Usually there are no guidelines, measures and procedures defining the standards of healthcare for trans persons. Practice concerning healthcare varies widely, and trans people and advocates exercise agency in negotiating access to care. The article suggests that trans citizenship studies need to foreground legal and social aspects of citizenship, as these are highlighted in the post-socialist context. Policy implications are discussed in relation to key citizenship debates including those concerning challenges to normative models of citizenship.

The growing body of experience with socialist planning & economic management in developing countries makes the study of the problems of advanced socialist societies potentially useful for understanding transformation in peripheral socialist societies. The European members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) have in recent years faced a crisis in central planning marked by a slowdown of economic growth, with vested institutional interests impeding reform. The possibilities of improving investment & management efficiency in the USSR without major institutional reforms are considered, & great scope is seen for such improvements. The conditions of peripheral socialist societies are examined, & the lesser capabilities of the state in such countries in comparison with the advanced socialist countries noted. Investment problems in Mozambique are considered, & compared to those in CMEA countries. Planning & market relations need to be judiciously handled in terms of calculating the likely effect of any policy. 31 References. F. S. J. Ledgister

"Ronald Inglehart zufolge, bewegen sich Länder stärker in Richtung post-materialistischer Werte, wenn ihr BIP pro Kopf ansteigt. Diese Form der Messung wirft jedoch eine Reihe von Problemen auf. Zuallererst ist es schwierig zu sagen, ob ein Land objektiv mehr oder weniger materialistisch ist als ein anderes. Ursprünglich umfasste Ingleharts Analyse aus dem Jahre 1970 auch bloß sieben OECD-Länder, von denen man eine gemeinsame Wertedimension behaupten könnte. Legt man jedoch dieselben Indikatoren innerhalb einer anderen Kultur (Osteuropa) an, könnten sie durch die Öffentlichkeit verschieden interpretiert werden. Zweitens, wie Inglehart mit Verweis auf die Ölkrise von 1979 zugibt, reagieren diese Indikatoren sensibel auf ökonomische Kurzzeit-Schwankungen. Der Autor dieses Beitrags behauptet, dass durch Ingleharts eigene Logik diese Indikatoren innerhalb des post-sozialistischen Kontextes augenblicklich zu sensibel sind. Diese Sensibilität untergräbt die Gültigkeit seiner Messung. Diese beiden Schwierigkeiten werfen die Frage auf, ob es überhaupt möglich ist, West- und Osteuropa am materialistisch / post-materialistischen Kontinuum zu vergleichen." (Autorenreferat)

Because market socialism segregates the economy & society & does little to end market mystification, it is an inadequate & probably nonfunctional alternative to true Marxist socialism. It is argued that market mystification arising from a lifetime of buying, selling, & viewing advertising causes the citizens of capitalist societies to accept market ideology as the only reality & to aim their social & economic discontent away from the market & political leaders. Market ideology holds that extreme individualism, economic competition, & full commodification are legitimate, just, & natural. The mystification of production, exploitation, distribution, & consumption creates the illusion that workers are free, resulting in depoliticization. Thus, the capitalist market itself, invisibly or at least opaquely, makes unlikely the politics that would dismantle it & instead produces a social movement approach seeking only small reforms to level consumption differentials. In contrast, a Marxist approach gives a full account of class difference & market machinations, privileging the working class because of its interest in & power to end capitalist oppression. It is concluded that real socialist consciousness requires rejecting the market outright. E. Blackwell

This volume is composed of interviews with entrepreneurs from Bulgaria, Estonia, Macedonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russian Karelia, and reveals both unique patterns and striking similarities in entrepreneurial activities during the administrative economy of socialism and the period of post-socialism. The book challenges simultaneously the common way of conceptualizing entrepreneurship, the commonly held belief that there were no entrepreneurs under socialism, and the commonly held idea of post-socialism as an antidote to socialist order. The stories of start-up entrepreneurs of the post-social

Problems of central planning in Eastern Europe; implications for developing socialist societies.