Suchergebnisse

Victor Sokolov's article «Genesis and features of the functioning of illegal libraries in Ukraine: historical and socio-political factors» examined the peculiarities of formation, characteristics and peculiarities of illegal libraries, as well as socio-political factors, social conditions and main directions of these collections, mainly in Ukraine. The purpose of the proposed article is to identify and study the characteristics of illegal libraries, study their types, analysis and generalization of information about the peculiarities of the creation and operation of these collections in Ukraine, as well as characteristics of the main forms and directions of their activities. In his work, the author widely used general scientific and historical research methods: comparisons, analogies, deductions, descriptive, analytical, typological methods, as well as historical-comparative, historical-genetic and other methods of scientific research. The author proved that the most developed were the illegal libraries of political organizations and circles, which collected literature from various fields of knowledge, but most of them were publications in the social sciences (history, philosophy, sociology, etc.). Many illegal libraries, including marxist organizations and circles, were interconnected in centralized systems. In terms of the number of books, the funds of some illegal libraries of political organizations can be compared with the funds of public, church-parish, county and township libraries. However, most of them had up to 300 books. However, their activities had a certain impact on the socio-political life of society, on the formation of consciousness, cultural and educational level, mostly, the lower strata of the population. It was found that in the context of police persecution, «employees» of illegal libraries quickly adapted to new circumstances and needs of readers and often changed the forms, methods, principles of work in order to steadily pursue the main line of these collections – to disseminate certain ideas and principles of public life. Illegal libraries often operated under the guise of self-education, literary and artistic, public, women's, family and leisure, educational and other societies and clubs. In general, they were characterized by the presence of almost all organizational and structural subsystems that had official public libraries: they had a fund of various types of documents, a catalog, a contingent of readers, facilities, library staff and documentation. In illegal libraries, for the first time, active forms and methods of book promotion were born, which were used and researched during communication with users of book collections, whose reading needs were also periodically studied. It was found that illegal libraries, including political organizations and circles, performed both educational and ideological tasks, and organizational (they became organizational centers of political struggle, in particular the premises of illegal libraries were a place of appearances, a point of agitation and propaganda, storage of revolutionary literature, etc.). A study of the history of illegal libraries, in particular, political organizations, educational and cultural-educational societies, proves that certain democratic, progressive elements of library development were formed in their activities, some of which were inherited and developed by domestic library science and practice. ; Досліджено історичні фактори виникнення та особливості функціонування нелегальних бібліотек в Україні у ХІХ–ХХ ст. Виявлено та охарактеризовано основні види і специфіку їх культурно-просвітницької та бібліотечної діяльності. Проаналізовано своєрідність організаційної роботи нелегальних бібліотек в умовах підпільного існування, соціально-політичні чинники їх розвитку у загальному контексті історичних подій та особливостей політичного та культурно-освітнього життя суспільства. Висвітлено суспільне значення функціонування нелегальних бібліотек, місце і роль їх бібліотечної та культурно-просвітницької діяльності у поширенні читання, знань, просвітництва та у піднесенні загального рівня свідомості та політичної культури соціально активних, переважно нижчих, прошарків населення, а також у розвитку бібліотечної справи країни в цілому.

Статтю присвячено аналізу змісту і практичної реалізації польськогоетосу громадського служіння як певної системи ціннісно-світоглядних іморальних установок, що реалізовувалися через повсякденні практики.Вітчизняні науковці О. Ніколаєнко, Є. Сінкевич, Г. Штан, Ю. Поліщук,О. Буравський досліджували проблеми польських суспільно-політичних ігромадських рухів у контексті модерних трансформацій в українськихтеренах, показали взаємообумовленість специфіки розв'язання «польсь-кого питання» Віднем і Санкт-Петербургом та зростання громадськоїактивності поляків, а також вплив на генезис національних рухів іншихнедержавних народів, що опинилися під владою Габсбургів і Романових.Автор дійшов висновку, що модерні стратегії громадського служіння по-єднали шляхетські корпоративні традиції із новою ідеєю активної жит-тєвої позиції кожного поляка, що сприяло збереженню національної іден-тичності, виробленню нових форм і методів боротьби за відновленнявтраченої державності. ; The article is devoted to the analysis of the content and practical implementation of the Polish ethos of service for the community as a certain system of value-ideological and moral attitudes that were implemented through everyday practices. The author concluded that the ethos of community service had represented a set of values and worldview that had been a synthesis of traditions of shlyachta's republicanism of the Commonwealth, in particular in the sphere of public activity as a manifestation of patriotism, with the new European ideas of individualism and active life position of individual members ofsociety. The absence of legal channels for the implementation of national and political rights and freedoms of Poles had caused the increasing of activity in the cultural, educational, business, charity, and other spheres of public life. It led toa further demarcation between public and private spheres of social life, the increasing role of the Polish traditional social institutions, in particular the Catholic Church and the family.The ideology of positivism and the ideas of "organic working", which spread in Polish society after the defeat of the January uprising of 1863, made an important influence on the idea of working for the community. The most common forms of social activity of the Poles in this period were the foundation of various charitable societies, the opening of illegal schools, in particular boarding houses for girls. First of all, at the expense of the public, the number of Polishperiodicals increased, sports and cultural associations, mutual aid societies were founded, etc. Throughout this period, the working for the community was seen as the duty of every conscious Pole, whose implementation would bring aboutthe restoration of the Polish state.

New and dominant trends in the world's tourist market are determined by economic factors as well as by the outcomes of recent political changes. This is particularly true about Europe, the largest tourist market throughout the world, which has seen significant developments (e.g. the collapse of the totalitarian Soviet bloc, the democratization of societies in the former communist countries, the formation of the European Union, etc.). The changes have led to the globalization of tourism supply and demand based on the ongoing integration of new countries and entire regions into the international tourist market. The paper aims to highlight the impact that these developments have had on defining tourism development trends in the 21st century, and to demonstrate how tourism products are used to meet customers' motivations, needs and expectations. The first part of the paper discusses the leading trends and their role in guiding the development of world tourism. The final section focuses on the megatrends that have emerged in the 21st century (especially international) tourist industry. ; Нові тенденції в готельному бізнесі і туристичному ринку обумовлені економічними факторами, а також похідною геополітичних змін, які нещодавно мали місце в світі. Це, зокрема найбільший туристичний ринок, яким є Європа, де відбулися значні події (в тому числі крах тоталітарної радянської системи, демократизація суспільства в колишніх соціалістичних країнах, зростання Європейського Союзу і т.д.). Ефектом цих змін є глобалізація поставок туризму і попиту, на основі інтеграції в міжнародну торгівлю нових туристичних країн й цілих географічних регіонів. Метою даної статті є показати, як вони використовуються для визначення тенденцій у розвитку туризму і гостинності в цьому столітті.

The paper studies the coexistence of positive and negative factors in the development of human culture as a whole and individual communities. Nowadays there is a large number of people desire to a stable cultural life based on compliance the rule of law and morality. At the same time the world is the unification of the many cultural features. It is often assumed that the processes of globalization have both negative factors in the cultural life (loss of small nations and communities their identity, distinct fusion of cultures in a global cultural sea etc.), and multiple benefits (development, improvement and dissemination of universal values, progress and cultural unification, etc.). It is necessary to prove that humanity as a whole and separate human community are in transition from the original regional cultural and subcultural development to global development, conquered tough conditions worldwide cultural field. Today there are two main points of view on the problem of balance and coexistence of negative and positive globalization processes in contemporary cultural paradigm. On the one hand, the is observed slow (and in some cases, and rapid) destruction of regional cultures and subcultures (and global level – local, local, local subcultures) of traditional cultural establishments, enterprises, organizations and institutions. They are acting usually in established cultural markers, concepts, discourses and codes of individual communities (states, nations, etc.). On the other parties we must note rethinking and preserve their cultural identification of some communities that provide a traditional cultural uniqueness and moral stability. This indicates the need for further research, based on a recognition of the coexistence of positive and negative in different cultural institutions, phenomena and events (traditional and global societies, their essence and specificity).Human society and hence its main derivatives, including culture, are generally not guided only by positive constants and cultural matrices. Therefore in cultural history, especially in recent decades, an important place is occupied by the subculture, much of which is perceived (but not always) as negative and destructive. Transformation of humanity in our time cause and will cause strengthening of criminal subcultures, enjoying spontaneity and social change, and the inevitable destruction of stereotypes, and the collapse of the system of values and norms. Under these difficult conditions, protection and security institutions of society are sometimes unable to provide the means of traditional culture clarity, stability and consistency of value-orientations and regulatory requirements. Weakened by internal contradictions and external oppression of local subcultural and cultural traditions and norms gradually in different parts of the world are retreating not only from progressive innovations (internet and other scientific and technological advances), but questionable spiritual practices (the emergence and spread of destructive cults and totalitarian sects, etc.). Of course, not all citizens in one country can nurture the best achievements of their national culture. Very few people are guided in their thoughts and actions, primarily by national interests, devotion to national traditions, national cultural heritage and high level of national consciousness. Not all people are examples of moral purity and cultural perfection. However, most people inevitably agrees with the idea that in all the different approaches to the problem of coexistence should be common cultural rules, principles, rules and restrictions, violation of which sooner or later will adversely affect the life and work of many people. In this case, national, regional and local cultural and subcultural limits, borders and factors should remain and kept in a different world under the rule of a new world order. Moreover – national culture, ranging from the smallest local characteristics and regional subcultures have developed an important role in the new socio-economic, cultural and political conditions.It should ascertain global trend of transition of human communities from national cultures and subcultures to regional unified global cultural system. We may note, in particular, the deepening problem of coexistence of negative and positive globalization processes in contemporary cultural paradigm. Is slow (sometimes rapid) destruction of regional cultures (and global level – local, regional subcultures) traditional cultural institutions operating in the cultural constants, matrices, established cultural markers and codes of individual communities (states, nations, etc.). This raises concerns, points to the potential loss of identity and the leveling of many cultural communities. Thus, there is need for further studies, which are based on the underlying problems of culture and morality, some subcultures, ethnic cultures and universal values the global community. ; В статье исследованы вопросы сосуществования позитивных и негативных факторов развития культуры человечества в целом и отдельных сообществ. В частности, рассмотрен вопрос о реальной способности сохранить и обеспечить развитие региональных субкультур в условиях глобализационных процессов. ; У статті досліджені питання співіснування позитивних і негативних чинників розвитку культури людства в цілому й окремих людських спільнот. Зокрема, питання про реальну здатність зберегти та забезпечити розвиток регіональних субкультур в умовах глобалізаційних процесів.

The elections to representative bodies occur in accordance with established rules and regulations that are stipulated by the electoral law. Thus, the electoral law establishes the type of electoral system and conditions due to which the campaign will be held.There are several approaches to the interpretation of the nature of the electoral system in modern political science. Firstly, the electoral system is identified with the electoral formula, the mechanism of conversion of votes into mandates (seats) in parliamentary elections. "This approach – is the most appropriate in relation to stable democracies", points out russian political scientist V. Helman [3, p. 99]. Secondly, the electoral system is associated with three elements: constituency structure, the structure of voting, electoral formula [16, p. 219]. Thirdly, from the viewpoint of constitutional law terms. In this case, the electoral system means a series of established rules of behaviour, regulations of specific procedures implementation of electoral campaign, ways of determining of election results, etc. [18, p. 362; 11, p. 15]Verkhovna Rada had to solve the question according to which rules it should be chosen after the formation of an independent Ukrainian state. According to US political scientist A. Nadais a number of factors influence this choise: "the dilemma of representation or stability, strong executive or legislature, electoral traditions, political culture, etc." [13, p. 70].Very specific role is played by electoral system in societies, that are transformed (these also include Ukraine). "In these countries, the electoral system is one of the mechanisms of the transformational process, which ensures, firstly, the rotation and the formation of the political elite, secondly, structures the highest legislative body, thirdly, classifies and represents the interests of different social strata (organizing social space), fourthly, provides a civilized way of power transfer from the ruling circles to the opposition [10, p. 197].The evolution of the electoral system of Ukraine has not been completed and debates in Parliament, due to which law it has to be elected on snap elections of 2014 is a stricking example of it. The usage of mixed system in Ukrainian political realia is not effective and, therefore, the future evolution of the electoral system in Ukraine will tend to be the proportional. ; Выборы в представительные органы власти происходят по установленным правилам и нормам, которые обуславливаются законом о выборах. Таким образом, избирательный закон устанавливает тип избирательной системы и условия, в которых будет проходить избирательная компания. ; Вибори до представницьких органів влади відбуваються за встановленими правилами і нормами, які обумовлюються законом про вибори. Таким чином, виборчий закон встановлює тип виборчої системи та умови, в яких буде проходити виборча кампанія.

У статті визначено витоки сокільської ідеології та її особливості в Західній Україні, розкрито організаційну структуру українського сокільського руху. Проаналізовано основні напрями діяльності сокільських гнізд, показано вплив товариства на формування світогляду українців Галичини. Відзначено, що на ідеологію сокільських товариств мали значний вплив ідеї засновників чеського сокільства - М. Тирша та І. Фігнера. Констатовано, що ідеологи українського сокільства, відкинувши ідеї панславізму, адаптували діяльність "Сокола-Батька" до потреб національно-визвольного руху українців у межах політичної системи Австро-Угорщини та Другої Речі Посполитої. ; В статье проанализирована деятельность сокольских обществ в контексте общественно-культурных и политических процессов в Галичине. Охарактеризована организационная структура украинского сокольского движения, определены основные направления деятельности сокольских гнезд, на конкретных примерах показано сотрудничество "Сокола" с другими национально-культурными организациями, а также выявлено влияние сокольства на формирование мировоззрения украинцев Галичины. Доказано, что спортивная, национально-культурная деятельность сокольских обществ в Галичине имела важное значение для повышения уровня национального сознания, сохранения национальной памяти и консолидации украинцев. ; The paper analyzes the development of the Sokol movement in Galicia in the late 19th century - the first third of the 20th century in the context of social and cultural processes. It is proved by actual examples that Sokol societies played an important part in the moulding process of national consciousness and consolidation of the Ukrainians over the period under research against the background of anti-Ukrainian policy of Austria-Hungary and the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is stated that by combining the sports and national components in their activities, Sokol clubs became one of the centers round which Ukrainian youth were united.It is indicated that under the conditions of the lack of statehood Sokol organizations of Galicia, together with other national-cultural and sports societies, de facto performed a state function of physical training of the Ukrainians of the region. By uniting different social groups of the population through physical culture, the Sokols fostered patriotism, social activity and discipline, civic responsibility and morality, which doubtlessly promoted the rise of the national-cultural level of the Ukrainians, invigoration of the struggle for their rights in the context of the Austrian-Hungarian and Polish autocratic regime.It is proved that after the resolution of the Council of Ambassadors of the Entente states on the transfer of Eastern Galicia to Poland (1923), the Polish authorities and community tried to hinder the dissemination of Ukrainian Sokol ideas in the region, which manifested itself in prohibition of registration of Sokol clubs and their statutes etc. It is stated that the attitude of the Polish authorities to the Sokols became most apparent when the Ukrainian community celebrated the tenth anniversary of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (1928) and when the Polish government conducted a 'pacification' campaign in Galicia (1930). In the meantime a great number of Sokol societies were liquidated.The paper places a high emphasis on Sokol ideology. It is mentioned that ideologists of the Ukrainian Sokol movement, having dismissed the idea of Pan-Slavism, adapted the activities of Sokil-Batko ('Sokil-Father') to the needs of the national liberation movement of the Ukrainians within the framework of the political system of Austria-Hungary and the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is pointed out that the Sokols, as opposed to other national-cultural organizations, declared nonpartisanship and promoted the inter-confessional consent in Galicia. At the same time, the Sokols popularized sport in every way since they believed that "the spirit of man is hardened together with the physical strength, national consciousness growing".

У статті визначено витоки сокільської ідеології та її особливості в Західній Україні, розкрито організаційну структуру українського сокільського руху. Проаналізовано основні напрями діяльності сокільських гнізд, показано вплив товариства на формування світогляду українців Галичини. Відзначено, що на ідеологію сокільських товариств мали значний вплив ідеї засновників чеського сокільства - М. Тирша та І. Фігнера. Констатовано, що ідеологи українського сокільства, відкинувши ідеї панславізму, адаптували діяльність "Сокола-Батька" до потреб національно-визвольного руху українців у межах політичної системи Австро-Угорщини та Другої Речі Посполитої. ; В статье проанализирована деятельность сокольских обществ в контексте общественно-культурных и политических процессов в Галичине. Охарактеризована организационная структура украинского сокольского движения, определены основные направления деятельности сокольских гнезд, на конкретных примерах показано сотрудничество "Сокола" с другими национально-культурными организациями, а также выявлено влияние сокольства на формирование мировоззрения украинцев Галичины. Доказано, что спортивная, национально-культурная деятельность сокольских обществ в Галичине имела важное значение для повышения уровня национального сознания, сохранения национальной памяти и консолидации украинцев. ; The paper analyzes the development of the Sokol movement in Galicia in the late 19th century - the first third of the 20th century in the context of social and cultural processes. It is proved by actual examples that Sokol societies played an important part in the moulding process of national consciousness and consolidation of the Ukrainians over the period under research against the background of anti-Ukrainian policy of Austria-Hungary and the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is stated that by combining the sports and national components in their activities, Sokol clubs became one of the centers round which Ukrainian youth were united.It is indicated that under the conditions of the lack of statehood Sokol organizations of Galicia, together with other national-cultural and sports societies, de facto performed a state function of physical training of the Ukrainians of the region. By uniting different social groups of the population through physical culture, the Sokols fostered patriotism, social activity and discipline, civic responsibility and morality, which doubtlessly promoted the rise of the national-cultural level of the Ukrainians, invigoration of the struggle for their rights in the context of the Austrian-Hungarian and Polish autocratic regime.It is proved that after the resolution of the Council of Ambassadors of the Entente states on the transfer of Eastern Galicia to Poland (1923), the Polish authorities and community tried to hinder the dissemination of Ukrainian Sokol ideas in the region, which manifested itself in prohibition of registration of Sokol clubs and their statutes etc. It is stated that the attitude of the Polish authorities to the Sokols became most apparent when the Ukrainian community celebrated the tenth anniversary of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (1928) and when the Polish government conducted a 'pacification' campaign in Galicia (1930). In the meantime a great number of Sokol societies were liquidated.The paper places a high emphasis on Sokol ideology. It is mentioned that ideologists of the Ukrainian Sokol movement, having dismissed the idea of Pan-Slavism, adapted the activities of Sokil-Batko ('Sokil-Father') to the needs of the national liberation movement of the Ukrainians within the framework of the political system of Austria-Hungary and the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is pointed out that the Sokols, as opposed to other national-cultural organizations, declared nonpartisanship and promoted the inter-confessional consent in Galicia. At the same time, the Sokols popularized sport in every way since they believed that "the spirit of man is hardened together with the physical strength, national consciousness growing".

Modern Society is in the deep value-based crisis. This crisis have taken place already some time ago and is linked to a process of corruption of traditional values and transition to the new forms of cooperation of the actors of social and political processes and relations between the state and the society. There are many reasons for the modern crisis. They are: planetary sized transition to the information-oriented society, that led to destruction of value-based positions; appearance of the new leaders on the political stage; escalation of the conflict between civilizations that is well seen in inadequate interpenetration of their values and cultures; understanding of the fact that values-based orientations of so called "free" market are not absolute and cannot be used for all purposes and etc. This happens because beside the material values in the society are also consider as important the values of the ideal sides of the life such as culture, religion, way of living and a lot of other things that make up an important part of civilizational basic principles of society. Why did consumptionism that was so much raised by modern liberals still not become the highest value in most societies thou it is the key element for development of the economic policy of the state? Is it possible also taking into account analyses of value-based crises to forecast the forks of the evolution of the modern world? ; Modern Society is in the deep value-based crisis. This crisis have taken place already some time ago and is linked to a process of corruption of traditional values and transition to the new forms of cooperation of the actors of social and political processes and relations between the state and the society. There are many reasons for the modern crisis. They are: planetary sized transition to the information-oriented society, that led to destruction of value-based positions; appearance of the new leaders on the political stage; escalation of the conflict between civilizations that is well seen in inadequate interpenetration of their values and cultures; understanding of the fact that values-based orientations of so called "free" market are not absolute and cannot be used for all purposes and etc. This happens because beside the material values in the society are also consider as important the values of the ideal sides of the life such as culture, religion, way of living and a lot of other things that make up an important part of civilizational basic principles of society. Why did consumptionism that was so much raised by modern liberals still not become the highest value in most societies thou it is the key element for development of the economic policy of the state? Is it possible also taking into account analyses of value-based crises to forecast the forks of the evolution of the modern world? ; Сучасний світ знаходиться в глибокій ціннісній кризі, яка пов'язана з процесом розкладання традиційних цінностей і переходу до нових форм взаємодії акторів соціально-політичних процесів та відносин між державою та суспільством, що вже відбувався в минулому. Причин сьогоднішньої кризи досить багато: це і планетарного масштабу перехід до інформаційного суспільства, який став каталізатором зламу ціннісних координат; і поява нових лідерів на світовій політичній арені; і розвиток конфлікту цивілізацій, що проявляється в невідповідному взаємопроникненні властивих їм цінностей і культур; і розуміння того, що ціннісні орієнтації так званого «вільного» ринку не є універсальними і абсолютними і т.д. У зв'язку з обговорюваною проблемою, що стосується ролі ціннісних орієнтирів соціально-політичного розвитку, правомірно поставити питання про цілі розвитку суспільства. Адже крім виключно матеріальних благ, в суспільній свідомості значущими вважаються і чисто ідеалістичні сторони життя: культура, релігія, спосіб життя і багато іншого, що становить важливу частину цивілізаційних основ суспільства. Чому ідеологія споживання, що настільки підноситься сучасними лібералами, у багатьох суспільствах не стала найвищою цінністю, хоча і є найважливішим фактором розвитку економічної політики держави, і чи можна прогнозувати, виходячи з аналізу ціннісних криз, розвилки розвитку сучасного світу?

Problem setting. The Ukrainian diaspora in Brazil is one of the most remoted ethnic entity. Having a difficult history of emigration, Ukrainians have integrated quite well into the life of this country, but still managed to preserve its culture, language and traditions. The study of this phenomenon will help to clarify the conditions and factors that allowed Brazilian Ukrainians not to lose its mental connection with their homeland and to represent its nation with dignity outside Ukraine. Recent research and publications analysis. Various aspects of the phenomenon of the diaspora, as well as its history, place and significance in socio-economic, cultural and political life are studied by the following researchers: M. Astvartatsurova, V. Yevtukh, W. Safran, G. Sheffer and others. Issues of the Brazilian diaspora are considered by: O. Borushenko, I. Zakrevs'ka, I. Sushinska and others. Problems of national (ethnic) identity are the subject of search of such scientists as L. Bielovetska, M. Voronina, S. Sidorenko, E. Smith and others. Paper object. The aim of the article is to study the conditions and factors of preserving the ethnic identity of the Ukrainian diaspora in Brazil, as well as to clarify the role of religion, education, language in its provision. Paper main body. Today, the diaspora can be defined as an ethnic community that arises outside their homeland due to various migrations, and, due to unwillingness (or impossibility) to fully assimilate in non-ethnic societies, retains its ethnic identity (culture, language, traditions, etc.). In order to preserve, reproduce and develop, the diaspora creates certain institutions that consolidate its position and ensure interaction with the country of residence and the country of origin. One of the key features in understanding the diaspora is ethnic identity, which is defined as an individual's identification with a particular nation, awareness of their belonging to a national community based on a set of characteristics (territory, citizenship, language, ...

The author of the article shows that conflicts attract the attention of representatives of various fields of knowledge (philosophy, sociology, conflict studies, psychology, history, political science, jurisprudence, military science, culturology, art, ethnology, pedagogy and etc.), in particular, in order to develop optimal ways to resolve them at various levels of deployment of conflict confrontation between different parties. Emphasizes that conflict should be considered as one of the types of social interaction. Its participants can be individuals, human groups, organizations, institutions, societies, countries, states and so on. Phenomena of conflicts, from ancient times to the present, in various artistic forms reflect the reality of a certain era and features of historical time. Artistic understanding of the phenomena of conflicts complements, strengthens and facilitates the scientific analysis of the problems of conflicts and the dynamics of their course. Analyzes the reasons that, since cinema is one of the most popular art forms of today, combining creativity and production, cinema itself can be actively involved in the processes of deconflict of Ukrainian society. Indicates the specifics of feature film: it affects the deep layers of consciousness, touches all the strings of the human soul and at the same time reflects the current problems of today; forces the viewer to identify with the characters of the film and actively include their ideals, principles, behavior and thinking in their real lives. He concludes that cinema, given its subject matter and plot, plays a significant role in shaping both aggressive and peaceful behavior of people, ie it can contribute to either increasing the level of conflict situations in society, or their leveling. Proves that in order to reduce the level of conflict in society, it is necessary to reduce the number of films that contain open displays of violence, bloody scenes and large-scale plans of terror; it is necessary to increase the number of high-quality Ukrainian films of patriotic orientation.

The article reveals the educational and enlightening activities of the well-known Ukrainian educator, cultural and public leader in Halychyna Lev Yasinchuk in the so-called camp period of the Ukrainian emigration (1944–1949).During 1944–1949 L. Yasinchuk was in one of the Austrian camps for displaced persons, the so-called DP camps in Innsbruck. In the middle of 1940s according to various data more than 21 thousand of the Ukrainians were concentrated in the three western occupation zones of Austria, and they were natives, both from the Western Ukrainian lands and Dnieper region, and the representatives of all classes, strata of the Ukrainian society of that time – intellectuals, workers, peasants, etc. Despite their relatively short period of the existence, these camps became the centers of social, political and spiritual, cultural activity for emigrants, specific mini-societies with their inherent camp culture, which left its mark on the way of the life of the Ukrainian communities even after their settlement in new countries.The author lays the focus on L. Yasinchuk's describing the different aspects of the Ukrainian emmigrants' life in the Austrian camps, analyses his participation in organizing the mother-tongue schools, educational actions and activities, conducting the extensive propagandizing activity on disseminating the idea of a native school in the emigrant community.The paper singles out the educator's merits in establishing together with other Ukrainian activists in Innsbruck the cultural and support society "Brotherhood of Saint Andrew ", which in addition to providing financial assistance, has energetically developed in many aspects the cultural, educational, literary and artistic, religious life, active publishing activity. The activity of L. Yasinchuk as an inspector of the Ukrainian schools that functioned in the Ukrainian camps under the patronage of this society is covered.The article reveals the content of L. Yasinchuk's publications in the "Svoboda" magazine, in which the author informs the Ukrainian emigrants in the USA and Canada about the position of displaced persons in the post-war camps of Germany and Austria, appeals to the Ukrainian public and church societies, individual influential leaders with the request to provide the financial assistance, and to support the education etc.Key words: Lev Yasinchuk, Austria, displaced persons, Ukrainian emigration. camp life, national school, charity actions. ; Розкрито освітньо-просвітницьку діяльність відомого українського педагога, культурно-громадського діяча в Галичині Лева Ясінчука у так званий таборовий період української еміграції (1944–1949). Акцентовано увагу на висвітленні ним різних сторін життєдіяльності українських переселенців у австрійських таборах, проаналізовано його участь в організації рідномовних шкіл, просвітницьких акцій та заходів, проведення широкої інформаційно-пропагандистської роботи щодо поширення в емігрантському середовищі рідношкільної ідеї. Виокремлено заслуги Л. Ясінчука у створенні разом з іншими українськими активістами в Інсбруку культурно-допомогового товариства "Братства св. Андрія", яке, крім надання матеріальної допомоги, жваво розвинуло багатоаспектне культурно-освітнє, літературно-мистецьке, релігійне життя, активну видавничу діяльність. Висвітлено діяльність Л. Ясінчука як інспектора українських шкіл, які функціонували в українських таборових поселеннях під патронатом цього товариства.Ключові слова: Лев Ясінчук, Австрія, переміщені особи, українська еміграція, національна школа, благодійні акції.

This article attempts to analyze the phenomenon of «modern populism» from the position of theoretical pluralism of scientific researches of modern Western and Ukrainian political science. Challenges for the modern liberal-democratic tradition of the 21st century were socio-political phenomena – Brexit (UK), D. Trump (USA), «Yellow Vest Movement» (France), «Five Star Movement» (Italy), «Podemos» (Spain) ), Syriza (Greece), J. Haider (Austria), G. Wilders (Netherlands), V. Orban (Hungary), P. Genson (Australia), R. Erdogan (Turkey) and many other versions of modern populism. What used to be seen as a marginalphenomenonandisinherentinothererasoronlyastosomepartsoftheworld, it has to day become the basis of modern politics of the world. The 21st Century is the source of unique «research material» for contemporary political science. Political forces that have been on the back yards of political life for a longtime, using populist rhetoric on globalization, the financial and economic crisis, migration and social policy, corruption and social policy, authorities, multiculturalism, etc., to become real political players, with the support of voters, to gain access to government institutions, thus, having come to the front of the big politics.The author traces the evolution of populist discourse in science community, within which an attempt is being made to approach the categorical and conceptual definiteness of the phenomenon of «modern populism». Depending on the unique combination of specific features, it can act as an ideology, a method of political struggle, social and political movement, manipulative technology, way of political behavior, etc. Ital so makes an attempt to determine the «unified» determinants of «modern populism» such as «accumulation of discontent», «play one motions», «polarization of society», «democracy», «politics of simulacra», «national authenticity». Despite the plurality of theoretical structures presented, the undeniable quality and depth of research projects of modern scientists, in our opinion, in the recent political science space there is a short age of prognostic studies capable of simulating and calculating the consequences of the phenomenon of «modern populism» for the future, both as individual states / societies and as a whole, for the world political order; therefore, it is advisable to justify the prospect of continuing theoretical exploration and involving a broad range of contemporary humanities experts in active political science discussion.Key words: populism, modern populism, globalization, globalization challenges, anti-globalist sentiment, socio-political crisis, liberal-democratic values, democratic risks. ; В статі здійснюється спроба аналізу феномену «сучасного популізму» в ракурсі теоретичного плюралізму наукових розвідок сучасної західної та української політологічної науки. Автор простежує еволюцію популістського дискурсу в академічних колах, в рамках якого відбувається спроба наблизитись до категоріальної та концептуальної визначеності феномена «сучасний популізм». Спираючись на новітні західні та вітчизняні теоретичні конструкції автор статті пропонує власну дефініцію «сучасного популізму» – як політичного поліваріативного феномену, який в залежності від унікальної комбінації специфічних рис, може виступати в якості ідеології, методу політичної боротьби, суспільно-політичного руху, маніпулятивної технології, стилю політичної поведінки тощо, та робить спробу визначити «універсальні» детермінуючі чинники «сучасного популізму» – «акумуляція незадоволення», «гра на емоціях», «поляризація суспільства», «народовладдя», «політика симулякрів», «національна автентичність».Ключові слова: популізм, сучасний популізм, глобалізація, глобалізаційні виклики, антиглобалізм, суспільно-політична криза, ліберально-демократичні цінності, демократичні ризики. В статье осуществляется попытка анализа феномена «современный популизм» в ракурсе теоретического плюрализма новейших разведок современной западной и украинской политологической науки. Автор прослеживает эволюцию популистического дискурса в академических кругах, в рамках которого осуществляет попытку приблизиться к категориальной и концептуальной определённости феномена «современный популизм». Опираясь на новейшие западные и отечественные теоретические конструкции автор статьи предлагает собственную дефиницию «современного популизма» – как политического поливариативного феномена, который в зависимости от уникальных комбинаций специфических черт, может выступать в качестве идеологии, метода политической борьбы, общественно-политического движения, манипулятивной технологи, стиля политического поведения и т.д., – и делает попытку определения «универсальных» детерминирующих факторов «современного популизма» – «аккумуляция недовольства», «игра на эмоциях», «поляризация общества», «народовластие», «политика симулякров», «национальная аутентичность».Ключевые слова: популизм, современный популизм, глобализация, глобализационные вызовы, антиглобализм, общественно-политический кризис, либерально-демократические ценности, демократические риски. This article attempts to analyze the phenomenon of «modern populism» from the position of theoretical pluralism of scientific researches of modern Western and Ukrainian political science. Challenges for the modern liberal-democratic tradition of the 21st century were socio-political phenomena – Brexit (UK), D. Trump (USA), «Yellow Vest Movement» (France), «Five Star Movement» (Italy), «Podemos» (Spain) ), Syriza (Greece), J. Haider (Austria), G. Wilders (Netherlands), V. Orban (Hungary), P. Genson (Australia), R. Erdogan (Turkey) and many other versions of modern populism. What used to be seen as a marginalphenomenonandisinherentinothererasoronlyastosomepartsoftheworld, it has to day become the basis of modern politics of the world. The 21st Century is the source of unique «research material» for contemporary political science. Political forces that have been on the back yards of political life for a longtime, using populist rhetoric on globalization, the financial and economic crisis, migration and social policy, corruption and social policy, authorities, multiculturalism, etc., to become real political players, with the support of voters, to gain access to government institutions, thus, having come to the front of the big politics.The author traces the evolution of populist discourse in science community, within which an attempt is being made to approach the categorical and conceptual definiteness of the phenomenon of «modern populism». Depending on the unique combination of specific features, it can act as an ideology, a method of political struggle, social and political movement, manipulative technology, way of political behavior, etc. Ital so makes an attempt to determine the «unified» determinants of «modern populism» such as «accumulation of discontent», «play one motions», «polarization of society», «democracy», «politics of simulacra», «national authenticity». Despite the plurality of theoretical structures presented, the undeniable quality and depth of research projects of modern scientists, in our opinion, in the recent political science space there is a short age of prognostic studies capable of simulating and calculating the consequences of the phenomenon of «modern populism» for the future, both as individual states / societies and as a whole, for the world political order; therefore, it is advisable to justify the prospect of continuing theoretical exploration and involving a broad range of contemporary humanities experts in active political science discussion.Key words: populism, modern populism, globalization, globalization challenges, anti-globalist sentiment, socio-political crisis, liberal-democratic values, democratic risks.

Досліджено історичні фактори виникнення та особливості функціонування нелегальних бібліотек в Україні у ХІХ–ХХ ст. Виявлено та охарактеризовано основні види і специфіку їх культурно-просвітницької та бібліотечної діяльності. Проаналізовано своєрідність організаційної роботи нелегальних бібліотек в умовах підпільного існування, соціально-політичні чинники їх роз- витку у загальному контексті історичних подій та особливостей політичного та культурно-освітнього життя суспільства. Висвітлено суспільне значення функціонування нелегальних бібліотек, місце і роль їх бібліотечної та культурно-просвітницької діяльності у поширенні читання, знань, просвітництва та у піднесенні загального рівня свідомості та політичної культури соціально активних, переважно нижчих, прошарків населення, а також у розвитку бібліотечної справи країни в цілому. ; Исследованы исторические факторы возникновения и особенности функцио-нирования нелегальных библиотек в Украине в XIX–ХХ вв. Выявлены и оха-рактеризованы основные виды и специфика их культурно-просветительскойи библиотечной деятельности. Проанализированы своеобразие организационной работы нелегальных библиотек в условиях подпольного существования, социально-политические факторы их развития в общем контексте исторических событий и особенностей политического и культурно-просветительной жизни общества. Освещены общественное значение функционирования нелегальных библиотек, место и роль их библиотечной и культурно-просветительской деятельности в распространении чтения, знаний, просвещения и в повышении общего уровня сознания и политической культуры социально активных, преимущественно низших, слоев населения, а также в развитии библиотечного дела страны в целом. ; Victor Sokolov's article «Genesis and features of the functioning of illegal libraries in Ukraine: historical and socio-political factors» examined the peculiarities of formation, characteristics and peculiarities of illegal libraries, as well as socio political factors, social conditions and main directions of these collections, mainly in Ukraine. The purpose of the proposed article is to identify and study the characteristics of illegal libraries, study their types, analysis and generalization of information about the peculiarities of the creation and operation of these collections in Ukraine, as well as characteristics of the main forms and directions of their activities. In his work, the author widely used general scientific and historical research methods: comparisons, analogies, deductions, descriptive, analytical, typological methods, as well as historical-comparative, historical-genetic and other methods of scientific research. The author proved that the most developed were the illegal libraries of political organizations and circles, which collected literature from various fields of knowledge, but most of them were publications in the social sciences (history, philosophy, sociology, etc.). Many illegal libraries, including marxist organizations and circles, were interconnected in centralized systems. In terms of the number of books, the funds of some illegal libraries of political organizations can be compared with the funds of public, church-parish, county and township libraries. However, most of them had up to 300 books. However, their activities had a certain impact on the socio-political life of society, on the formation of consciousness, cultural and educational level, mostly, the lower strata of the population. It was found that in the context of police persecution, «employees» of illegal libraries quickly adapted to new circumstances and needs of readers and often changed the forms, methods, principles of work in order to steadily pursue the main line of these collections – to disseminate certain ideas and principles of public life. Illegal libraries often operated under the guise of self-education, literary and artistic, public, women's, family and leisure, educational and other societies and clubs. In general, they were characterized by the presence of almost all organizational and structural subsystems that had official public libraries: they had a fund of various types of documents, a catalog, a contingent of readers, facilities, library staff and documentation. In illegal libraries, for the first time, active forms and methods of book promotion were born, which were used and researched during communication with users of book collections, whose reading needs were also periodically studied. It was found that illegal libraries, including political organizations and circles, performed both educational and ideological tasks, and organizational (they became organizational centers of political struggle, in particular the premises of illegal libraries were a place of appearances, a point of agitation and propaganda, storage of revolutionary literature, etc.). A study of the history of illegal libraries, in particular, political organizations, educational and cultural-educational societies, proves that certain democratic, progressive elements of library development were formed in their activities, some of which were inherited and developed by domestic library science and practice.

Досліджено історичні фактори виникнення та особливості функціонування нелегальних бібліотек в Україні у ХІХ–ХХ ст. Виявлено та охарактеризовано основні види і специфіку їх культурно-просвітницької та бібліотечної діяльності. Проаналізовано своєрідність організаційної роботи нелегальних бібліотек в умовах підпільного існування, соціально-політичні чинники їх роз- витку у загальному контексті історичних подій та особливостей політичного та культурно-освітнього життя суспільства. Висвітлено суспільне значення функціонування нелегальних бібліотек, місце і роль їх бібліотечної та культурно-просвітницької діяльності у поширенні читання, знань, просвітництва та у піднесенні загального рівня свідомості та політичної культури соціально активних, переважно нижчих, прошарків населення, а також у розвитку бібліотечної справи країни в цілому. ; Исследованы исторические факторы возникновения и особенности функцио-нирования нелегальных библиотек в Украине в XIX–ХХ вв. Выявлены и оха-рактеризованы основные виды и специфика их культурно-просветительскойи библиотечной деятельности. Проанализированы своеобразие организационной работы нелегальных библиотек в условиях подпольного существования, социально-политические факторы их развития в общем контексте исторических событий и особенностей политического и культурно-просветительной жизни общества. Освещены общественное значение функционирования нелегальных библиотек, место и роль их библиотечной и культурно-просветительской деятельности в распространении чтения, знаний, просвещения и в повышении общего уровня сознания и политической культуры социально активных, преимущественно низших, слоев населения, а также в развитии библиотечного дела страны в целом. ; Victor Sokolov's article «Genesis and features of the functioning of illegal libraries in Ukraine: historical and socio-political factors» examined the peculiarities of formation, characteristics and peculiarities of illegal libraries, as well as socio political factors, social conditions and main directions of these collections, mainly in Ukraine. The purpose of the proposed article is to identify and study the characteristics of illegal libraries, study their types, analysis and generalization of information about the peculiarities of the creation and operation of these collections in Ukraine, as well as characteristics of the main forms and directions of their activities. In his work, the author widely used general scientific and historical research methods: comparisons, analogies, deductions, descriptive, analytical, typological methods, as well as historical-comparative, historical-genetic and other methods of scientific research. The author proved that the most developed were the illegal libraries of political organizations and circles, which collected literature from various fields of knowledge, but most of them were publications in the social sciences (history, philosophy, sociology, etc.). Many illegal libraries, including marxist organizations and circles, were interconnected in centralized systems. In terms of the number of books, the funds of some illegal libraries of political organizations can be compared with the funds of public, church-parish, county and township libraries. However, most of them had up to 300 books. However, their activities had a certain impact on the socio-political life of society, on the formation of consciousness, cultural and educational level, mostly, the lower strata of the population. It was found that in the context of police persecution, «employees» of illegal libraries quickly adapted to new circumstances and needs of readers and often changed the forms, methods, principles of work in order to steadily pursue the main line of these collections – to disseminate certain ideas and principles of public life. Illegal libraries often operated under the guise of self-education, literary and artistic, public, women's, family and leisure, educational and other societies and clubs. In general, they were characterized by the presence of almost all organizational and structural subsystems that had official public libraries: they had a fund of various types of documents, a catalog, a contingent of readers, facilities, library staff and documentation. In illegal libraries, for the first time, active forms and methods of book promotion were born, which were used and researched during communication with users of book collections, whose reading needs were also periodically studied. It was found that illegal libraries, including political organizations and circles, performed both educational and ideological tasks, and organizational (they became organizational centers of political struggle, in particular the premises of illegal libraries were a place of appearances, a point of agitation and propaganda, storage of revolutionary literature, etc.). A study of the history of illegal libraries, in particular, political organizations, educational and cultural-educational societies, proves that certain democratic, progressive elements of library development were formed in their activities, some of which were inherited and developed by domestic library science and practice.

The article examines the functioning of animal shelters in the European Union and effective ways to provide assistance to homeless animals in both the EU and Ukraine. A set of measures to reduce the population of homeless animals by humane methods, namely the method of "catc /sterilization/return to the street" was also analyzed. It is noted that the state policy of Ukraine aimed at euthanasia as a method of regulating the number of homeless dogs is inhumane, not modern and ineffective. Given the need to improve the legislation of Ukraine on the protection of stray animals, it is necessary to highlight, in particular, the main elements of this process, the effectiveness, harmonization and systematization of legislation of the European Union and Ukraine. These elements can affect the change of existing and the formation of new regulations. It should be borne in mind that the value lies in the quality and not in the number of acts adopted. This is what affects the ethical, cultural and moral education of society. In 2013, Ukraine ratified the 1992 European Convention for the Protection of Pets, which sets out the basic principles of treatment of pets and stray animals, in particular: the principles of keeping pets, restrictions on their use for commercial purposes, lists the permissible cases of surgery on animals and their euthanasia, measures that may be applied to stray animals, in particular to reduce their numbers and to exclude their capture for euthanasia, etc. In recent years, the topic of protecting animals from cruelty has become relevant. This is due to a significant increase in cases of cruelty to animals, namely homeless people. Animal cruelty is unfortunately becoming a norm of behavior, affects the relationship between people, plays a negative role in raising children. At the end of the twentieth century, the World Society for the Protection of Animals was created (1981) by merging two animal protection societies - the World Federation for the Protection of Animals (WFPA), founded in 1953 and the ...