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The "Hacienda Real" was one of the four major forms of political control that Spain had on its American colonies. "All you accustom to write in many letters - tells the King to the Audiencia of Charcas in 1595 - you will reduce to four different issues: Government, Justice, War and Finance" In the framework imposed on them by the colonial system, lawyers and officials dealt with great contemporary relevance of the themes of the Royal Treasury Indiana. ; La Hacienda Real fue una de las cuatro grandes formas de control político que España ejerció en sus colonias americanas. "Todo lo que acostumbráis a escribir en muchas cartas --dirá el Rey a la Audiencia de Charcas en 1595 --, lo reduciréis a cuatro materias distintas: Gobierno, Justicia, Guerra y Hacienda". En el marco que les imponía el sistema colonial, los juristas y funcionarios contemporáneos se ocuparon con gran interés de los temas de la Hacienda Real Indiana.

Contradictions between the city and countryside 1) The element that distinguishes the political process in Latin American countries is the breakdown of the harmonious relationship between the city and the countryside .After centuries of domination by patterns of rural civilization, the city has experienced, through the ahistory of these countries, a profound internal mutation, and yet its relationship with rural society has been transformed. ; Contradicciones entre la ciudad y el campo 1) El elemento que distingue el proceso politico en los paises latinoamericanos es la ruptura de la relacion arminica entre la ciudad y el campo. Despues de siglos de dominacion por patrones de civilizacion rural, la ciudad ha experimentado, a traves de la historia de estos paises, una profunda mutacion interna, y aun asi su relacion con la sociedad rural ha sido trasformada.

Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio sobre la percepción que tiene el personal docente de educacion inicial acerca de su profesión y la función que ésta representa en la sociedad. El estudio se enmarca dentro de un enfoque cualitativo y se toman como actores básicos a las docentes en educación inicial de la educación costarricense. Para obtener los resultados de la investigación, se realiza una primera etapa indagatoria de material bibliográfico con el que se elaboran el referente teórico, los cuestionarios y las entrevistas a profundidad; aplicado el juicio de expertos a los instrumentos, se procede a la aplicación de estos a las docentes de educación inicial, finalmente se trascriben las entrevistas para que sean validadas por las docentes entrevistadas. Una vez realizado el análisis de la información recolectada surgieron una serie de conclusiones que permitieron determinar que el personal se ve afectado por varias condiciones socio-laborales que inciden directamente en su labor cotidiana. Asimismo, se estableció que existen diversas oportunidades para mantenerse en actualización continua; no obstante, va a depender del interés, accesibilidad y compromiso de cada educadora el que se logre ese reto. Resalta la necesidad de que la docente esté segura de la transcendencia de su trabajo y comience a realizar un cambio en su desempeño cotidiano para contribuir con la construcción de una sociedad más solidaria, democrática y equitativa para impulsar el desarrollo humano y social. This article presents the results of a study on the perception of the initial education teachers about their profession and the function it represents in society. The study is part of a qualitative approach and actors are taken as basic education teachers in initial education in Costa Rica. For the results of the research makes an initial investigation stage of references with which elaborate the theoretical framework, questionnaires and depth interviews after applying expert opinion to the instruments we proceed to the application of same for teachers of early childhood education, eventually transcribed interviews to be validated by the teachers interviewed. Once the analysis of information collected was a series of findings to determine that the staff is affected by various social and working conditions that directly affect their daily work. It also established that there are many opportunities to keep continuously updated, however, will depend on the interest, accessibility and commitment of every educator that approaches that challenge. Highlights the need for the teacher is unsure of the significance of their work and begins to make a change in your daily performance to contribute to building a more cohesive society, democratic and equitable to promote human and social development.

Guatemala, a Central American country with a relatively small mestizo ruling class & a large Indian majority, has known outbursts of intense violence between the rulers & their subjects since its inception. Discussed is the role of the spatial & political segregation of the Indian ethnic stock in the preservation of its culture & traditions & -- most importantly -- its ethnic self-consciousness. Cultural, linguistic, economic, & social factors in the perpetuation of a distinctly Indian culture in Guatemala, & some of the advances in gaining rights for Indians that this ethnic solidarity had made possible are reviewed. S. Karganovic

A bibliography of 403 works (books & articles) dealing with the relationship of medicine to society. The works are divided into the following topics: general; evolution, crisis, & tendencies in medicine; traditional medicine; health education; the MD & society; medicine, society, & sociology; inequality, underdevelopment, & health; levels of nutrition & health; health, environment, & society; medicine & labor; & medicine & politics. S. Karganovic