Suchergebnisse

El present article explora els antecedents històrics de l'actual cicle de mobilitzacions estudiantils a Xile, que trobaríem en les reformes neoliberals de la dictadura militar i en la posterior consolidació del model d'educació mercantilitzada durant els governs democràtics, qüestió que ha generat un profund malestar en aquesta generació d'estudiants massivament endeutats. S'analitza també com el moviment social està polititzat la societat xilena, està incidint en l'agenda pública i està plantejant transformacions profundes com l'Assemblea Constituent. ; This paper explores the historical background of the current cycle of student demonstrations in Chile, which can be traced to the neoliberal reforms of the military dictatorship and the subsequent consolidation of the commercialized model of education under democratic governments, an issue that has caused a deep malaise in this generation of massively indebted students. The paper also looks at how the social movement is politicizing Chilean society, influencing the public agenda and is positing profound transformations such as the Constituent Assembly. ; El presente artículo explora los antecedentes históricos del actual ciclo de movilizaciones estudiantiles en Chile, los cuales estarían en las reformas neoliberales de la dictadura militar y en la posterior consolidación del modelo de educación mercantilizada durante los gobiernos democráticos, cuestión que ha generado un profundo malestar en esta generación de estudiantes masivamente endeudados. Se analiza también cómo el movimiento social está politizando a la sociedad chilena, está incidiendo en la agenda pública y está planteando transformaciones profundas como la Asamblea Constituyente

L'envelliment de la població és una qüestió que preocupa des de ja fa un temps les autoritats polítiques. D'aquí que, tant a nivell nacional com internacional, s'aposti per la promoció d'iniciatives adreçades a millorar la qualitat de vida de les persones grans. La promoció de les relacions intergeneracionals n'és una, per això dediquem aquest treball al tractament d'aquestes relacions. Aquesta contribució aporta algunes dades que aconsellen la promoció de les relacions entre generacions, i aposta pels programes intergeneracionals com un recurs per a fer-les possible. ; The issue of the aging of the population has been of concern to the political authorities for quite some time now, and there is a commitment at both national and international level to developing and implementing initiatives capable of improving the quality of life of older people. One of these initiatives is the promotion of intergenerational relationships, and in taking these as its subject, this paper puts forward data to support the promotion of closer relations between young and old, and identifies intergenerational programmes as a key resource for fostering these. ; El envejecimiento de la población es una cuestión que viene preocupando desde hace ya algún tiempo a las autoridades políticas. De ahí que, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, se apueste por la promoción de iniciativas dirigidas a mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas mayores. La promoción de las relaciones intergeneracionales es una de ellas, de ahí que dediquemos este trabajo al tratamiento de las mismas. Esta contribución aporta algunos datos que aconsejan la promoción de las relaciones entre generaciones, y apuesta por los programas intergeneracionales como un recurso para posibilitarlas.

La gestió de la diversitat religiosa és una política estratègica en la qual ens hi juguem bona part del nostre futur. Una política que, més enllà de les legítimes diferències polítiques, s'ha de fonamentar en dos objectius bàsics: garantir el dret al ple exercici de la llibertatreligiosa i el manteniment de la cohesió. Per aconseguir aquests objectius cal desenvolupar i estendre una nova mirada cap a la diversitat religiosa basada en el coneixementd'aquesta diversitat, en la implementació del marc legal existent i en una voluntat de crear llaços entre els diferents sectors socials. Aquesta nova mirada no es pot circumscriure a l'àmbit de les administracions, sinó que cal que arribi al conjunt de la societat ; The treatment of religious diversity is a strategic policy area in which a significant part of our future is at stake, and an area of strategicconcern that, above and beyond legitimate political differences, must be focused on two basic objectives: the guaranteeing of the right to the full exercise of religious freedom and the maintenance of cohesion. In order to achieve these objectives it is necessary to develop and disseminate a new approach to religious diversity based on knowledge and understanding of this diversity, the implementation of the existing legal framework and a willingness to for ge links between different sectors of the social fabric, and this new approach must not be confined to the realms of public administration, but must extend to take in the whole of society. ; La gestión de la diversidad religiosa es una política estratégica en la que nos jugamos buena parte de nuestro futuro. Una política que, más allá de las legítimas diferencias políticas, debe fundamentarse en dos objetivos básicos: garantizar el derecho al pleno ejercicio de la libertad religiosa y el mantenimiento de la cohesión. Para conseguir estos objetivos es necesario desarrollar y extender una nueva mirada hacia la diversidad religiosa basada en el conocimiento de esta diversidad, en la implementación del marco legal existente y en una voluntad de crear lazos entre los diferentes sectores sociales. Estanueva mirada no se puede circunscribir al ámbito de las administraciones, sino que debe llegar al conjunto de la sociedad.

A l'hora de fer balanç sobre la Cimera Mundial de la Societat de la Informació, potser el més remarcable es trobi en el terreny dels procediments, més que no pas dels resultats. És a dir, en la incorporació de mecanismes de debat i seguiment multisectorials - amb la presència de representants de la societat civil, d'interlocutors governamentals i del món empresarial- per tal de pensar els futurs desenvolupaments de la societat de la informació. Precisament, la multisectorialitat serà una de las característiques de l'Internet Governance Forum, un nou instrument internacional per debatre sobre el govern d'internet impulsat a la Cimera. ; A la hora de hacer balance sobre la Cumbre mundial de la sociedad de la información, quizás lo más remarcable se halle en el ámbito de los procedimientos, más que no en el de los resultados. Es decir, en la incorporación de mecanismos de debate y seguimiento multisectoriales -con la presencia de representantes de la sociedad civil, de interlocutores gubernamentales y del mundo empresarial- para pensar en los desarrollos futuros de la sociedad de la información. Precisamente, la multisectorialidad será una de las características del Internet Governance Forum, un nuevo instrumento internacional para debatir sobre el gobierno de internet impulsado en la Cumbre. ; When it comes to assessing the World Summit on the Information Society, the most remarkable point may lie in the field of procedures rather than results. In other words, in the incorporation of multisectoral debate and monitoring mechanisms - with the presence of civil society representatives as well as governmental and corporate interlocutors - when it comes to thinking about future developments of the information society. In fact, multisectorality will be one of the characteristics of the Internet Governance Forum, a new international instrument to discuss Internet governance as promoted at the Summit.

Els canvis dels últims anys, obliguen a repensar el model de societat. Es necessita una intervenció des de i per a la societat, amb la finalitat d'incentivar la Igualtat d'Oportunitats i la participació de tots, sigui quina sigui la seva condició social, tendència sexual, estatus econòmic, ideologia polílica o confessió religiosa, nivell cultural, etc. Aquesta realitat planteja noves demandes a les que cal donar resposta. No podem obviar l'exclusió que sofreixen diferents col·lectius, com el de les dones, en el que coexisteixen més dificultats per a fer front als reptes inherents al caràcter de la societat actual i que les situen en desavantatge pel que fa als homes. Incorporar aquesta filosofia d'intervenció pedagògico-social resulta un propòsit ambiciós i constitueix un ardu camí capa la consecució d'uns objectius i un model de societat més compromès amb els valors de ciutadania, igualtat i llibertat. ; Los cambios de los últimos años, obligan a repensar el modelo de sociedad. Se necesita una intervención desde y para la sociedad, con el fin de incentivar la Igualdad de Oportunidades y la participación de todos, sea cual sea su condición social, tendencia sexual, estatus económico, ideología política o confesión religiosa, nivel cultural, etc. Esta realidad plantea nuevas demandas a las que hay quedar respuesta. No podemos obviar la exclusión que sufren distintos colectivos, como el de las mujeres, en el que coexisten más dificultades para hacer frente a los retos inherentes al carácter de la sociedad actual y que las sitúa en una desventaja respecto a los varones. Incorporar esta filosofía de intervención pedagógico-social resulta un propósito ambicioso y constituye un arduo camino hacia la consecución de unos objetivos y un modelo de sociedad más comprometido con los valores de ciudadanía, igualdad y libertad. ; Changes in recent years have forced us to rethink our model of society. Intervention both 'by' and 'for" society is required if we are to foster equal opportunity and universal participation, irrespective of social status, sexual orientation, economic standing, political ideology and religious faith, cultural level. etc. New demands need new responses. We can no longer ignore the exclusion affecting some social groups. Women, for example, suffer more than their fair share of problems in facing the challenges inherent in a society that places them ar a disadvantage compared with men. By introducing this kind of philosophy with its pedagogical-social intervention, we are embarking on an ambirious, lengthy and difficult road rowards achieving objectives and a model of society more committed to the values of citizenship equality and freedom.

Δεν παρατίθεται περίληψη στα ελληνικά. ; This article focuses on the function of the institution of family in the framework of the Greek Orthodox society of Kos during the 18th and 19th centuries. The existence of issues which consisted violation of what was legislated according to the regulations of the Church was remarkable. Such violations were the provision of divorce after adultery and the usual records of divorces after the «common will» of the couple. In particular, during the 18th century, according to the practice of the Court of the Church in Kos, it is obvious that any case was not solved as it was legislated by the Church in the past but it was solved «ad hoc». Thus, the function of the Family Law in the provision of justice by the Court of the Church in the 18th century was based, not on already existed and objective criteria, but on solutions ad hoc («κατ' οίκονομίαν») as the terminology of Church describes them. In this case the model of the Greek Orthodox Church became flexible in order to keep the control of the local Christian society, adapted in local or even temporary needs. This situation changed during the 19th century, when the Church tried —with the support of the local «demogerontes»— to play the role of the strict supervisor in issues of violation of the Family Law.

L'historiador Lawrence M. Friedman (Chicago, 1930) és un dels principals experts en l'evolució del dret als Estats Units. Ha rebut diverses distincions. Entre les seves nombroses publicacions, destaquen A History of American Law (1973), The Horizontal Society (1999) o American Law in the 20th Century (2003). Els seus escrits han esdevingut textos de referència en el camp de la història legal. Ha estat professor a les facultats de Dret de la Universitat de Wisconsin (EUA) i de la Universitat de Saint Louis (EUA). Actualment, és professor de la Universitat de Stanford (EUA), on treballa a la Facultat de Dret, al Departament d'Història i al Departament de Ciència Política. Va visitar Barcelona per participar al Primer Fòrum de l'Associació Internacional de Sociologia i, el 8 de setembre, va pronunciar una conferència a la Facultat de Dret de la UAB. ; El historiador Lawrence M. Friedman (Chicago, 1930) es uno de los principales expertos en la evolución del derecho en los Estados Unidos. Ha recibido diversas distinciones. Entre sus numerosas publicaciones, destacan History of American Law (1973), The Horizontal Society (1999) o American Law in the 20th Century (2003). Sus escritos se han convertido en textos de referencia en el campo de la historia legal. Ha sido profesor en las facultades de Derecho de la Universidad de Wisconsin (EE.UU.) y de la Universidad de Saint Louis (EE.UU.). Actualmente, es profesor de la Universidad de Stanford (EE.UU.), donde trabaja en la Facultad de Derecho, en el Departamento de Historia y en el Departamento de Ciencia Política. Visitó Barcelona para participar en el Primer Foro de la Asociación Internacional de Sociología y, el 8 de septiembre, pronunció una conferencia en la Facultad de Derecho de la UAB. ; Historian Lawrence M. Friedman (Chicago, 1930) is one of the main experts in the evolution of law in the United States. He has received numerous prizes and is author of several works, including History of American Law (1973), The Horizontal Society (1999) and American Law in the 20th Century (2003). His works have become a reference in the field of legal history. He was professor at the University of Wisconsin Law School and at Saint Louis University School of Law before joining the Stanford Law School faculty in 1968, where he is currently professor of law at the Stanford University Department of History and the Department of Political Science. During his visit to Barcelona he participated in the First ISA Forum of Sociology and gave a conference at the UAB Faculty of Law on 8 September.

Athena Syriatou, Duty and Instinct: History in Schools in Post-war Britain 1945-1995 This article deals with the moral role of history in post-war British education, by examining the relationship between the expectations of educationalists and intellectuals from history teaching at schools, and the actual changes which did occur in the classroom on the subject of history as a result of general changes in society and education. It argues that despite the intentions of the educationalists who saw history teaching as a means of promoting ideas which were considered necessary for the moral upbringing of the nation, these ideas very often never reached the classroom or they were considerably altered, demonstrating different ideological dynamics in British society. It initially focuses on the immediate post-war decade when international is educationalists were arguing for the need of history teaching which leads to a world citizenship. The idea of an internationalist approach on history contradicted the conservative, Britocentric, Whiggish history which was finally taught at schools during that period, since there were very few new books published, while civil servants from the Ministry of Education were concerned with the more urgent problems of schools which were affected by enemy action rather than new views on history teaching. The second period which is examined is the decade of mid sixties until mid seventies. Great changes were initiated then, to cover the disparity between the two tier system of education, with the introduction of comprehensive secondary schools, which at the time were considered to contribute to further démocratisation of the welfare state. The spirit of a more tolerant, affluent and democratic society led some educationalists to propose the expulsion of history from schools and its replacement with other humanities such as sociology and behavioural studies. However, history did remain at schools during that period and in many ways it incorporated the new ideas, creating the so called 'new history' with the efforts of the progressive, non traditionalist, and often leftist historians. Problems of implementation of the new history' appeared during the following years as a result of the difference of academic standards at schools which at this period comprehensive education could not eliminate. The final period which is examined is the decade of mid eighties until mid nineties when the New Right ideology was dominant in the political scene, while a National Curriculum for all schools was deemed necessary. Educational planners of the Conservative Party argued that history should teach again traditional values, which were, according to them, intrinsic to the British nation. However, the National Curriculum for History which was drafted by educationalists coming various convictions,(nevertheless appointed by the Conservative government), was closer to the beliefs of the new history' creators, rather than the beliefs and national values that the Conservatives initially wanted to promote. ; Athena Syriatou, Duty and Instinct: History in Schools in Post-war Britain 1945-1995 This article deals with the moral role of history in post-war British education, by examining the relationship between the expectations of educationalists and intellectuals from history teaching at schools, and the actual changes which did occur in the classroom on the subject of history as a result of general changes in society and education. It argues that despite the intentions of the educationalists who saw history teaching as a means of promoting ideas which were considered necessary for the moral upbringing of the nation, these ideas very often never reached the classroom or they were considerably altered, demonstrating different ideological dynamics in British society. It initially focuses on the immediate post-war decade when international is educationalists were arguing for the need of history teaching which leads to a world citizenship. The idea of an internationalist approach on history contradicted the conservative, Britocentric, Whiggish history which was finally taught at schools during that period, since there were very few new books published, while civil servants from the Ministry of Education were concerned with the more urgent problems of schools which were affected by enemy action rather than new views on history teaching. The second period which is examined is the decade of mid sixties until mid seventies. Great changes were initiated then, to cover the disparity between the two tier system of education, with the introduction of comprehensive secondary schools, which at the time were considered to contribute to further démocratisation of the welfare state. The spirit of a more tolerant, affluent and democratic society led some educationalists to propose the expulsion of history from schools and its replacement with other humanities such as sociology and behavioural studies. However, history did remain at schools during that period and in many ways it incorporated the new ideas, creating the so called 'new history' with the efforts of the progressive, non traditionalist, and often leftist historians. Problems of implementation of the new history' appeared during the following years as a result of the difference of academic standards at schools which at this period comprehensive education could not eliminate. The final period which is examined is the decade of mid eighties until mid nineties when the New Right ideology was dominant in the political scene, while a National Curriculum for all schools was deemed necessary. Educational planners of the Conservative Party argued that history should teach again traditional values, which were, according to them, intrinsic to the British nation. However, the National Curriculum for History which was drafted by educationalists coming various convictions,(nevertheless appointed by the Conservative government), was closer to the beliefs of the new history' creators, rather than the beliefs and national values that the Conservatives initially wanted to promote.

Δεν παρατίθεται περίληψη στα ελληνικά. ; The aim of the current study is an attempt to address the problem which emerged in the Hellenic Society during the years of the inter war as well as the first post civil war period, due to the change of the calendar. The introduction, from the Hellenic Church, of the new (Gregorian) calendar in 1924 created a strong reaction among the believers wich resulted to the creation of a new movement, named Greek Religions Community of Genuine Orthodox Christians (C.O.Ch.). This conservative minority, having had a great influence, insisted in the reinstatement of the old calendar and caused important conflict in the Hellenic society. The issue is examined from a political viewpoint, since the G.O.Ch. functioned as a pressure group towards the governments, demanding the free exercise of their religious duties. The governments appeared rather uncourageous in facing the problem, as they relied on G.O.Ch's vote. However, there had been systematic chasing persecutions against their clergymen, with them arrested or sent to the exile, facts which aggravated the problem. In this article, we also attempt to analyse the ideological stigma of the G.O.Ch. movement as their moved against all innovations of West-European origin and they declared their dedication to the traditional customs. Another aspect of the issue, concerns the so-called Macedonian issue and since the Church as well as many politicians considered the G.O.Ch. as being Serving the Yugoslav propaganda between the Slavonic-speaking minority of Macedonia, given that the Serbian Church maintained the old calendar. The C.O.Ch. Church attempted to defend itself against those accusations claiming that the change of the calendar served the political plans on the northern neighbours.

Δεν παρατίθεται περίληψη στα ελληνικά. ; Panayotis Stathis, Rethinking the 1821 Greek Revolution. A reading of Ni­kos Theotokas, The Life of General Makriyannis: History and Memoirs Nikos Theotokas' most recent book on Makriyannis is a characteristic specimen of new trends in the study of the Greek revolution of 1821, which shift emphasis from battles and politics to society. Theotokas uses as main analytical categories the antithetic notions of "tradition" and "modernity". However, Theotokas follows a less rigid and more sophisticated approach of this scheme. Instead of treating people of the traditional and modern world in a static way, he explores how they interacted, and emphasizes the dynamic nature of their relationship during the transitional period of the revolution. Theotokas' study on Makriyannis comprises a double venture. On the one hand it constitutes a historical biography of the General, while on the other it examines the long process of writing (1829-1852) his memoirs. Through this parallel narrative, Theotokas reveals how Makriyannis' changing attitude towards facts stated in the memoirs is modified by the specific historical conjuncture in which each of these facts is narrated by the author. The earliest parts of the text, written in the aftermath of the revolution, comprise a mixture of traditional and modern political discourse, in which the responsibility for both the negative developments of the war and of civil conflicts is often attributed to the traditional social elites. However, under the King Otto's reign, Makriyannis' expectations concerning his new position in the post-revolutionary society were gradually disappointed. Thus, in the latter parts of the memoirs Makriyannis clearly formulates a moralistic interpretation of the political developments, according to which the outlandish, selfish and warless politicians seized power and treated unfairly the pure fighters of the revolution who gave everything for its success.

Δεν παρατίθεται περίληψη στα ελληνικά. ; Maria Damilakou, The image of the gaucho in the argentine society (1830- 1940): ideological uses and historiographie approaches This article attempts to show the different images of the gaucho, symbol of the argentine pampa, that predominated the local society as long as to associate them to the different interpretations of the historical past and the process of construction of the argentine national identity. This process required contacts, confrontations and interchanges among different social groups and sectors, such as the lower classes, the intellectual and political elites, the marginal rural element and the new coming immigrants. The construction of the gaucho's image was a long process, extended from the first half of the 19th century until the peronist years. From the «heroic son of the earth» who stood up the Spanish conquerors during the Revolution of 1810, he became the «barbarian of the desert» through the discourse of the illuminated elite that, during the second half of the 19th century, undertook the national organization of the country, its fast modernization and the creation of «obedient citizens». During the same period, the popular culture provided a different aspect of the gaucho, especially through the figures of Martin Fierro and Juan Moreira: the gaucho now became the center of a large cultural phenomenon that was picturing the rural way of life, codified common experience and expectations and became a form of resistance to the process of modernization. Later, in the 1910s, the image of the «obedient» Martin Fierro was adopted by the cultural nationalism of the period and used as the symbol of the argentine national identity and as the incarnation of the argentine essence and soul. At last, the leftwing forces adopted the gaucho as the symbol of the oppressed social groups, whereas the nationalist movements of the 1930s used his image in order to support their revisioned interpretations about the national historical past.

El franquismo fue una dictadura brutal, pero no siempre fue igual. En los años cuarenta y cincuenta se vivió en una dictadura similar a las fascistas, en un clima de guerra civil, de represión y de terror. La sociedad vivía en el miedo y/o en la sumisión. Las minorías resistentes eran heroicas, pero no modificaban el régimen político. Durante los años sesenta, ciertos sectores de la sociedad empiezan a perder gradualmente el miedo; el Estado no controla la vida social ni la cotidianidad en el uso de la lengua; se desarrolla la lucha sindical pese a la represión; el mundo universitario y cultural menosprecia el franquismo y, a finales de los años sesenta, emergen demandas y protestas sociales en los barrios populares. En este marco, los núcleos políticos, la mayoría de izquierdas y nacionalistas, empiezan a enraizarse en los ámbitos más críticos del régimen. La Transición pactada era casi inevitable. La mayoría de la sociedad no quería la continuidad del franquismo, aunque temían un cambio traumático y violento. El resultado fue un inicio democrático formal. No obstante, el franquismo institucional estaba presente en las Fuerzas Armadas, en la alta burocracia, en la Judicatura, etc. La Transición fue un inicio de democratización. ; Francoism was a brutal dictatorship, but it was not always that way. During the 1940s and 1950s, people in Spain lived under a dictatorship like that of other fascist dictatorships, in a civil war atmosphere of repression and terror. Society lived in fear and/or submission; resistant minorities were heroic, but they did not change the political regime. In the 1970s, some segments of society gradually began to lose their fear; the Spanish state no longer controlled social or daily life regarding the use of language; the fight of the trade unions grew despite State repression; universities and cultural spheres despised Francoism and, by the end of the decade, social demands and protests emerged in working-class neighbourhoods. In this context, the political cores -most of the left as well as nationalists- began to take root in the most critical areas of the regime and an 'agreed transition' became almost inevitable. Most of society did not want the Franco regime to continue, but they also feared a traumatic and violent change. The result was a formal democratic beginning. However, institutional Francoism was still present, for example, in the armed forces, the upper echelons of bureaucracy, and the Judiciary. Transition was the beginning of democratisation. ; El franquisme va ser una dictadura brutal, però no sempre va ser igual. En els anys quaranta i cinquanta es va viure en una dictadura similar a les feixistes, en un clima de guerra civil, de repressió i de terror. La societat vivia en la por i en la submissió. Les minories resistents eren heroiques, però no modificaven el règim polític. Durant els anys seixanta, sectors de la societat comencen a perdre gradualment la por; l'Estat no controla la vida social ni la quotidianitat en l'ús de la llengua; es desenvolupa la lluita sindical malgrat la repressió; el món universitari i cultural menysprea el franquisme i, a finals dels anys seixanta, emergeixen demandes i protestes socials als barris populars. En aquest marc, els nuclis polítics, la majoria d'esquerres i nacionalistes, comencen a arrelar en els àmbits més crítics del règim. La Transició pactada era gairebé inevitable. La majoria de la societat no volia la continuïtat del franquisme, encara que temien un canvi traumàtic i violent. El resultat va ser un inici democràtic formal. Tanmateix, el franquisme institucional estava present en les Forces Armades, en l'alta burocràcia, en la Judicatura, etc. La Transició va ser un inici de democratització.

Kostas Raptis, Middle classes and middle class culture in Europe, 1789-1914: approaches in modern historiographyThe history of the european middle classes from the late 18th to theearly 20th century is a very wide topic and relates to economic, social,political, gender and culture history. This essay gives a brief overviewof the main subjects regarding it. It draws mainly on (pioneer) germanspeaking,but also on english and french literature. Following the currentdebate, it points to the different social and economic groups making upthe so called ((Bürgertum», to their common characteristics, as well astheir specific culture, the ((Bürgerlichkeit)).More specifically this paper is concerned with the followin subjects:— the composition of the «Bürgertum» and the features of its maingroups (professionals, bourgeois of money and bourgeois of knowledge)— the relevant terminology in german, french and english language— the comparison between upper middle class and nobility— the social position and role of the lowermiddle classes— the relation of the bourgeoisie to liberalism and nationalism— the study of the history of the middle classes in the specific contextof a town or a city (as an urban phenomenon)— the position and role of middle class women in a bourgeois society— the middle class family— the bourgeois way of life and culture in general ; Kostas Raptis, Middle classes and middle class culture in Europe, 1789-1914: approaches in modern historiographyThe history of the european middle classes from the late 18th to theearly 20th century is a very wide topic and relates to economic, social,political, gender and culture history. This essay gives a brief overviewof the main subjects regarding it. It draws mainly on (pioneer) germanspeaking,but also on english and french literature. Following the currentdebate, it points to the different social and economic groups making upthe so called ((Bürgertum», to their common characteristics, as well astheir specific culture, the ((Bürgerlichkeit)).More specifically this paper is concerned with the followin subjects:— the composition of the «Bürgertum» and the features of its maingroups (professionals, bourgeois of money and bourgeois of knowledge)— the relevant terminology in german, french and english language— the comparison between upper middle class and nobility— the social position and role of the lowermiddle classes— the relation of the bourgeoisie to liberalism and nationalism— the study of the history of the middle classes in the specific contextof a town or a city (as an urban phenomenon)— the position and role of middle class women in a bourgeois society— the middle class family— the bourgeois way of life and culture in general

Le thème de la gouvernance culturelle est abordé sous une triple approche : approche historique ; approche par la coopération au développement et les relations internationales ; approche par la société du savoir, l'économie créative et les tic. Aujourd'hui, les politiques culturelles, en se fondant sur les droits culturels et sur une autre "gouvernance", pourront mieux répondre aux défis du monde de demain. ; El tema de la governança cultural queda englobat en un enfocament triple: l'enfocament històric, l'enfocament de la cooperació al desenvolupament i les relacions internacionals, i l'enfocament de la societat del saber, l'economia creativa i les tic. Avui en dia, les polítiques culturals, en basar-se en drets culturals i en una altra «governança», podran respondre de manera més satisfactòria als desafiaments del demà. ; El tema de la gobernanza cultural queda englobado en un enfoque triple: el enfoque histórico, el enfoque de la cooperación al desarrollo y las relaciones internacionales, y el enfoque de la sociedad del saber, la economía creativa y las tic. Hoy en día, las políticas culturales, al basarse en derechos culturales y en otra «gobernanza», podrán responder de manera más satisfactoria a los desafíos del mañana. ; The question of cultural governance is dealt with from three approaches: the historical approach, the development cooperation and international relations approach, and the knowledge society, creative economy and ict approach. Today, cultural policies, based on cultural rights and on other "governance", will be better placed to meet the challenges of tomorrow.

Δεν παρατίθεται περίληψη στα ελληνικά. ; Powerful revisionist currents are now flowing through the social sciences against what have been termed «society-centred» modes of explanation. The swift away from social determination has centred on the problem of the material referent of political motivation. This essay, talking about the language, wants to discuss some of the most problematic legacies of the social historical methodology. Linguistic turn in history focuses on the ways meaning is constituted in and through language in order to explain the world. Discourse is the organising concept term for conceptualising and practising the history of meaning. Discourse operates so as to structure thought and speech in certain ways and to preclude being structured in others. The problem of organising a social identity becomes one of representation: ideas certainly do matter, but the ways in which they matter, indeed their very existence as identifiable ideas, depend on processes of institutional and cultural mediation. That's why there is always an element of discordance between «social being» and its interpretation in «social consciousness». The disequilibrium results from the fact that their linkage is a product of human convention. People's responses to their experiences help shaped social change.