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Building upon the experience of the Convention for the elaboration of the Charter of fundamental rights and upon the suggestions of the White Paper on European Governance, this article puts forward proposals for a better involvement of the 'civil society' in the system of the European Union. It offers a general diagnosis of the misunderstandings surrounding the notion of 'civil society' and the relationship of representative democracy to participatory democracy. It then draws some lessons from the experiment in deliberative democracy which led to the drafting of the Charter of fundamental rights. Finally, it focuses on the contribution the organisations of the civil society can make to good governance in the European Union. Altogether, the proposals presented tend to encourage a better structuration of the actors of the civil society. Such a structuration, the article concludes, although it is usually considered with suspicion even by those whom it would most benefit, must be seen instead as a condition for the effective exercise of whichever participatory rights might be granted to the organisations of the civil society.

Building upon the experience of the Convention for the elaboration of the Charter of fundamental rights and upon the suggestions of the White Paper on European Governance, this article puts forward proposals for a better involvement of the 'civil society' in the system of the European Union. It offers a general diagnosis of the misunderstandings surrounding the notion of 'civil society' and the relationship of representative democracy to participatory democracy. It then draws some lessons from the experiment in deliberative democracy which led to the drafting of the Charter of fundamental rights. Finally, it focuses on the contribution the organisations of the civil society can make to good governance in the European Union. Altogether, the proposals presented tend to encourage a better structuration of the actors of the civil society. Such a structuration, the article concludes, although it is usually considered with suspicion even by those whom it would most benefit, must be seen instead as a condition for the effective exercise of whichever participatory rights might be granted to the organisations of the civil society.

Le mémoire Éthique et politiques du care. Imaginant une caring society propose une lecture de l'éthique du care en tant qu'éthique non antagoniste et non opposée à celle de la justice. Avec ce travail, on procède à montrer en quoi il est préférable de se pencher vers une harmonie entre les deux « tonalités de voix » morale, l'une inspirée par la justice et l'autre par le care, et de recentrer le concept de ce qui est important à côté de ce qui est juste au sein du choix moral. Dans un deuxième moment, nous montrons que l'éthique du care n'est pas une éthique féminine, mais que, au contraire, elle possède un caractère féministe ainsi que multiculturel. À partir de ce constat, nous ne pouvons que souhaiter un repartage des travaux du care, typiquement féminin, entre les deux sexes et entre les classes sociales, en faisant appel à une nouvelle responsabilité de la part de privilégiés. Pour réfléchir à la possibilité de réaliser des nouvelles formes de politiques du care, nous avons fait références aux contributions de philosophes tels Joan Tronto, Eva Feder Kittay, Martha Nussbaum, Amartya Sen et Philippe Pettit, en prélevant de chacun les éléments qui, comme on a essayé d'argumenter, pourraient être précieux pour imaginer une société du care. La conception holiste du care, la critique à la théorie de la justice comme équité, l'interdépendance et la vulnérabilité comme statut anthropologique, l'inclusion du care parmi les biens premiers, le concept de doula, l'approche par les capabilités et leur rapport avec le care, la liberté comme non-domination, constituent tous des conquêtes précieuses pour imaginer une caring society. A la base des propositions avancées, demeure, constante, la revendication de la nécessité d'une redistribution des professions du care et une leur reconnaissance et réhabilitation au sein de la société. En fin, dans la troisième et dernière partie, nous avons essayé de suggérer l'idée que, à travers l'attention, l'empathie et l'imagination, il est possible inventer et imaginer des nouveaux espaces du care, dont la pratique de l'assistance sexuelle serait exemple et expression.

Le mémoire Éthique et politiques du care. Imaginant une caring society propose une lecture de l'éthique du care en tant qu'éthique non antagoniste et non opposée à celle de la justice. Avec ce travail, on procède à montrer en quoi il est préférable de se pencher vers une harmonie entre les deux « tonalités de voix » morale, l'une inspirée par la justice et l'autre par le care, et de recentrer le concept de ce qui est important à côté de ce qui est juste au sein du choix moral. Dans un deuxième moment, nous montrons que l'éthique du care n'est pas une éthique féminine, mais que, au contraire, elle possède un caractère féministe ainsi que multiculturel. À partir de ce constat, nous ne pouvons que souhaiter un repartage des travaux du care, typiquement féminin, entre les deux sexes et entre les classes sociales, en faisant appel à une nouvelle responsabilité de la part de privilégiés. Pour réfléchir à la possibilité de réaliser des nouvelles formes de politiques du care, nous avons fait références aux contributions de philosophes tels Joan Tronto, Eva Feder Kittay, Martha Nussbaum, Amartya Sen et Philippe Pettit, en prélevant de chacun les éléments qui, comme on a essayé d'argumenter, pourraient être précieux pour imaginer une société du care. La conception holiste du care, la critique à la théorie de la justice comme équité, l'interdépendance et la vulnérabilité comme statut anthropologique, l'inclusion du care parmi les biens premiers, le concept de doula, l'approche par les capabilités et leur rapport avec le care, la liberté comme non-domination, constituent tous des conquêtes précieuses pour imaginer une caring society. A la base des propositions avancées, demeure, constante, la revendication de la nécessité d'une redistribution des professions du care et une leur reconnaissance et réhabilitation au sein de la société. En fin, dans la troisième et dernière partie, nous avons essayé de suggérer l'idée que, à travers l'attention, l'empathie et l'imagination, il est possible inventer et imaginer des nouveaux espaces du care, dont la pratique de l'assistance sexuelle serait exemple et expression.

Çalışmamızda öncelikle sivil toplum kavramının literatürdeki yeri aydınlatılmaya çalışılmış, bu çerçevede kavramın tarihsel gelişimine yer verilerek; "devlet", "kamusal alan", "sivil itaatsizlik" kavramlarıyla ilişkisi irdelenmiştir. Ayrıca günümüzde devletin fonksiyonlarının ve etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi bakımından bir karşılaştırma ölçütü olarak önemli bir yer tutan sivil toplum kuruluşlarının tanımına ve niteliklerine değinilerek, bu kuruluşların devlet olgusu karşısındaki konumunu belirleyen kavram olan demokrasiyle ilişkisi açıklanmıştır. ; In our study, firstly, it has been tried to explain the place of the concept of civil society in the literature, for this reason the development of the concept in the historical process has been given and its relation with the concepts of "state","public area", "civil disobedience" has been studied. Besides, dealing with the definition and the characteristics ofNGO 's that play an important part as a measure of comparison far the evaluation of the functions and the efjicincy of the state, the relation of these organisations with democracy which is the concept that determines the position of these organizations in view of the slate has been explained.

If the cyborg remains a human - repaired, augmented or diminished -, the emergence of metaphorical or real figures such as the latter as well as hybrids, robots, drones and AIs, is perhaps the expression of an anthropological major shift. Indeed, beyond the question of the enhanced humanity, transhumanism and the possibility of posthumanism, it seems topical to ask whether it is not society itself that is in the process of becoming 'cyborgised' on a global scale. In such a case, rather than listing the anthropotechnical technologies (of human modification) that have appeared since the invention of computers, it seems appropriate to anticipate and attempt to understand the ethical, political, economic and social issues emblematic of these technologies. Hence the concept of the 'hive-society', used to describe this possible major break in history marked by the advent of an organisation that is above all administered by - and sometimes for - digital machines.

International audience ; [Europe is in a "demographic winter", as the fertility rate is below the replacement level. Nevertheless, the demographic situation of France, with a fertility that has not collapsed as in Italy or Spain and a positive natural balance, unlike the data found in Germany, Italy or Greece, appears singular. We can therefore wonder whether the population of France is aging or not in terms of its evolution and prospects. In order to answer this question, it is important to specify what definition to use for the term aging and to use the neologism "gerontocroissance". The analysis also leads to the need to take into account other elements to better understand the demographic realities.] ; L'Europe se trouve dans un « hiver démographique », dans la mesure où l'indice de fécondité y est inférieur au seuil de remplacement des générations. Néanmoins, la situation démographique de la France, avec une fécondité qui ne s'est pas effondrée comme en Italie ou en Espagne et un solde naturel positif, à l'inverse des données constatées en Allemagne, en Italie ou en Grèce, apparaît singulière. On peut donc se demander si la population de la France est ou non vieillissante au regard de son évolution et des perspectives. Afin de répondre à cette question, il importe de bien préciser quelle définition utiliser pour le terme vieillissement et de recourir au néologisme « gérontocroissance ». L'analyse conduit aussi à la nécessité de prendre en compte d'autres éléments permettant de mieux comprendre les réalités démographiques.

International audience ; [Europe is in a "demographic winter", as the fertility rate is below the replacement level. Nevertheless, the demographic situation of France, with a fertility that has not collapsed as in Italy or Spain and a positive natural balance, unlike the data found in Germany, Italy or Greece, appears singular. We can therefore wonder whether the population of France is aging or not in terms of its evolution and prospects. In order to answer this question, it is important to specify what definition to use for the term aging and to use the neologism "gerontocroissance". The analysis also leads to the need to take into account other elements to better understand the demographic realities.] ; L'Europe se trouve dans un « hiver démographique », dans la mesure où l'indice de fécondité y est inférieur au seuil de remplacement des générations. Néanmoins, la situation démographique de la France, avec une fécondité qui ne s'est pas effondrée comme en Italie ou en Espagne et un solde naturel positif, à l'inverse des données constatées en Allemagne, en Italie ou en Grèce, apparaît singulière. On peut donc se demander si la population de la France est ou non vieillissante au regard de son évolution et des perspectives. Afin de répondre à cette question, il importe de bien préciser quelle définition utiliser pour le terme vieillissement et de recourir au néologisme « gérontocroissance ». L'analyse conduit aussi à la nécessité de prendre en compte d'autres éléments permettant de mieux comprendre les réalités démographiques.

Yapılan araştırmalar, sivil toplum kuruluşlarına katılımın demokrasi üstünde olumlu bir etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak Türkiye'de sivil toplum kuruluşlarına üyelik düşüktür. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de devlet ile sivil toplum kuruluşları arasındaki ilişkinin tarihine ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarına katılımı etkileyen faktörleri inceleyen literatüre dayanarak Türkiye'de sivil toplum kuruluşlarına üyeliğin düşük olmasının nedenlerini araştırmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışmada, 2015 senesinde Türkiye nüfusunu temsil eden bir örneklem ile gerçekleştirilmiş ulusal bir anket çalışması kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler, Türkiye'de kişilerin sivil toplum kuruluşlarını demokrasinin önemli öğesi olarak görmediğine işaret etmiştir. Ayrıca, devletin sivil toplum kuruluşlarını dikkate alması, sivil toplum kuruluşlarının devletten bağımsız hareket etmesi ve vatandaşların çekinmeden sivil kuruluşlarına üye olması gibi konularda katılımcıların büyük bir kısmının olumsuz düşüncelere sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de sivil toplum ve devlet ilişkilerinin problemli tarihinin kişilerin sivil toplum kuruluşlarına karşı bu olumsuz yargılara sahip olmalarına ve dolayısıyla sivil toplum kuruluşlarına üyelikten kaçınmalarına neden olduğu sonuca varmıştır. ; Previous research demonstrated that there is a positive relationship between democracy and membership in civil society organizations. Turkey is considered to be a country where membership in civil society organizations is low. Relying on the literature on the factors effecting the participation in civil society organizations and the history of the relationship between civil society organizations and the Turkish state, this article aims to investigate the factors behind low civil society organization membership in Turkey. To this end, this article benefited from a nation-wide survey conducted in 2015. Analysis showed that people in Turkey do not consider strong civil society as an important dimension of democracy. In addition, analysis revealed that a large number of people in Turkey think that: civil society organizations in Turkey are not independent from the state; the state does not see civil society as a partner in policy-making; and people are afraid of being a member of civil society organizations. This article concluded that the problematic history between civil society organizations and the Turkish state is a major reason why people in Turkey hold negative views about civil society organizations, and therefore avoid membership in these organizations.

Taha Toros Arşivi, Dosya No: 8-Kapalıçarşı ; İstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı (TR10/14/YEN/0033) İstanbul Development Agency (TR10/14/YEN/0033)

RFJ 2005 I p. 323 (Special provisions), 323 'Only a democratic civil society can constitute a democratic state, but only a democratic state can contribute to the formation of a democratic civil society.' 1 Introduction It is a major innovation in the new cantonal constitution, which has gone relatively unnoticed so far. This novelty lies in the constitutionalisation of civil society through the three articles of Title VIII Civil Society. Civil society 2 and secular community life 3 have therefore now become one of the constitutional principles of the Canton of Freiburg, after having recently been introduced into the new Constitution in Vaudoise 4, but at a time when RFJ 2005 I p. 323 (Special Provisions), 324 * ; http://doc.rero.ch/record/28370?ln=fr International audience ; RFJ 2005 I p. 323 (Special provisions), 323 'Only a democratic civil society can constitute a democratic state, but only a democratic state can contribute to the formation of a democratic civil society.' 1 Introduction It is a major innovation in the new cantonal constitution, which has gone relatively unnoticed so far. This novelty lies in the constitutionalisation of civil society through the three articles of Title VIII Civil Society. Civil society 2 and secular community life 3 have therefore now become one of the constitutional principles of the Canton of Freiburg, after having recently been introduced into the new Constitution in Vaudoise 4, but at a time when RFJ 2005 I p. 323 (Special Provisions), 324 * ; RFJ 2005 I p. 323 (Cahier spécial), 323 "Seule une société civile démocratique peut constituer un Etat démocratique, mais seul un Etat démocratique peut contribuer à la constitution d'une société civile démocratique." 1 Introduction Il est une innovation de taille dans la nouvelle Constitution cantonale qui est pourtant passée relativement inaperçue jusqu'ici. Cette nouveauté réside dans la constitutionnalisation de la société civile par les trois articles du Titre VIII Société civile. La société civile 2 et la vie associative ...

International audience ; Pour l'anniversaire des soixante-cinq ans de Juan J. Linz, ses amis, ses collaborateurs et les chercheurs à qui il a transmis sa vocation se sont réunis à New York pour célébrer les multiples facettes de sa contribution à la connaissance du politique. Les interventions discutées lors de cette réunion ontdonné naissance à la publication des Essays in Honor of Juan J. Linz, composés de quatre volumes.

International audience ; Pour l'anniversaire des soixante-cinq ans de Juan J. Linz, ses amis, ses collaborateurs et les chercheurs à qui il a transmis sa vocation se sont réunis à New York pour célébrer les multiples facettes de sa contribution à la connaissance du politique. Les interventions discutées lors de cette réunion ontdonné naissance à la publication des Essays in Honor of Juan J. Linz, composés de quatre volumes.

research ; Bu çalışma ile Ortaçağ kent devletlerinden bu yana geçen süreçte sivil toplum kavramının düşünsel temel taşları incelenmektedir. Sivil toplumun gelişme sürecinde kırılma noktası, Gramsci olarak kabul edilmiştir. Çünkü Gramsci'den önce sivil toplum ve diğer sosyal kavramların düşünülmesinde başat belirleyicinin modern devlet olgusu olduğu savunulmaktadır. Gramsci ise, sivil topluma üst yapı içerisinde yer vererek gerçek kırılma noktası olmuştur. Bu tez Bobbio tarafından ileri sürülmüştür ve çalışmamızda benimsenmiştir. Gramsci, üst yapıyı "tarihsel blok"un parçası olarak değerlendirmektedir. Gramsci sonrasında bu durum bazı kuramcılar tarafından göz ardı edilmiştir. Ancak son günlerde "tarihsel blok" ve "sivil toplum" kavramları, global kapitalizmle birlikte, yeniden, ele alınmaktadır. Global güce sahip devletler, şirketler, uluslar arası örgütler yeni bir "küresel kapitalist tarihsel blok" oluşturma çabası içindedirler. Diğer yandan ulus devletlerin yapılandırdıkları tarihsel blok hegemonik bir kriz geçirmektedir Sivil toplum, globalleşme ile yerelleşme geriliminin ortasında durmaktadır. ; The main steps of concerning the developmental process of the idea of civil society since Middle Age are examined by this paper. In this process, Gramsci is realized as to be the breaking point. Because, it is claimed that civil society and other social notions were thought in accordance with State before Gramsci. But Gramsci was real breaking point in the history of political thought because he settled civil society in the super structure. This thesis, which has been defending by Bobbio, is shared by us in this text. Gramsci evaluated superstructure as a part of historical block. This situation has not been taken into consideration by some theorists after Gramsci. However, nowadays, the notions of civil society and historical block are again forward into connection with global capitalism. The States, companies and organizations which have global power make an effort to build a new "global capitalist historical block". On the other hand, historical block which is built by nation States is going through a hegemonic crisis. Civil society stands in the middle of the tension between globalization and localization.

Günümüzde Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları, demokratikleşmenin başlıca sebebi olmasa da, demokrasinin temel taşı olarak görülmektedir. STK'ların, devlet ile arasında çift taraflı bir ilişki bulunması, başka bir deyişle, STK'lar, devletin demokrasisini daha şeffaf bir hale getirirken devletin de sivil toplum alanındaki örgütler arası güç dengesini koruması beklenmektedir. STK'lar, devlet ve toplum arasında çok yönlü bir köprü görevi görmektedir. Yurttaşların STK'lar aracılığıyla, savunuculuk faaliyetlerine ve dolayısıyla, demokratik yönetim sürecine katılmalarının toplumsal dengeye katkısı yadsınamaz. Özellikle savunu yapan sivil toplum kuruluşlarının, Doğası gereği toplumu sosyal refah açısından dönüştürme ve politika etkileme faaliyetlerine katılmaları söz konusudur. Bu noktada, sivil toplum kuruluşlarının da hak temelli savunuculuk kavramı hakkındaki anlayışları ve toplumdaki görev ve sorulumlulukları hakkındaki yaklaşımları önem kazanmaktadır. Bu nedenle, STK'ların, karar mekanizmasının en önemli bileşenlerinden biri olan yöneticilerin, hak temelli savunuculuk perspektifinden halkla ilişkiler algısının ne olduğu, iletişim politikasını doğrudan etkileyeceği için son derece önemlidir. Çalışmada, çocuk hakları alanında savunuculuk yapan yerel STK'ların yöneticilerinin, hak temellilik ve halkla ilişkiler algıları, derinlemesine görüşme yöntemiyle ölçülmüş ve betimsel olarak analiz edilmiştir. ; Today, non-governmental organizations are seen as the cornerstone of democracy, though not a leading cause of democratization. NGOs are expected to have a bilateral relationship with the state. in other words, they are expected to make the state's democracy more transparent, while the state is expected to maintain a balance of inter-organizational power in the field of civil society. NGOs act as a multidimensional bridge between the state and society. The social balance and transformation power cannot be denied. When advocacy activities are considered as the participation of citizens in the democratic management process through CSOs. Particularly the rights-based non-governmental organizations, by their nature, have the need to transform the society in favor of social welfare and influence policy. At this point, the perceptions of civil society organizations about rights-based advocacy and their duties and responsibilities in society gains importance. Therefore, the public relations perception from the perspective of rigts-based advocacy of the NGO managers, which is one of the most important component of the decision-making mechanism of the NGO, will directly affect the communication policy of the NGO. In this study, the perceptions of rights and public relations of the executives of local NGOs advocating in the field of children's rights were measured and analyzed descriptively through in-depth interviews.