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Not Available ; Improved crop production forms an integral part of the intervention proposals of the UN Millennium Project to eradicate poverty and hunger in southern Africa. The objective of this study was to collect information on socio-economic aspects and farming practices that could affect adoption of improved agricultural practices. This study highlights the importance of appreciating the complexity of agricultural systems into which development agencies and researchers want to introduce improved technologies. Farmer surveys conducted in dryland and irrigation systems in Limpopo province of South Africa were used to describe the farming communities and identify factors that may affect adoption of improved crop production practices. Surveys involved 367 farmers in seven villages between 2000 and 2003. Surprisingly the incidence of mechanised cultivation was very high. Adoption of new technology in the form of Napier grass trap crops was significantly higher amongst farmers that relied only on farming as a source of income. There were no significant relationships between adoption of improved technologies and farmer age, off-farm income and cultivation methods. These factors are used to illustrate the complexity of agricultural systems and how certain aspects may affect and the role that certain farmer profiles may play in adoption/non-adoption of improved crop production strategies. It is concluded that there may be a lack of need and political will to develop strategies to improve crop production. ; Not Available

Critical of U.S. policies.

The study is carried to identify the main socio economic cultural and political view determinants of women empowerment in the developing countries. The highest determination of the study is to analyze and identify the variables through which the process of women empowerment can be measured. This study is based on secondary data and reported to analyze the empowerment factor of women in 124 developing countries, the data was ordinal in nature and randomly selected from the population. The main investigation of this research study to analyzed the relationship of women fertility, socio-economic and political factor on the women empowerment. After conducting a cross sectional study for the most recent period, the findings of study show that the main deterrents towards women disempowerment are attributed as high fertility rates, high maternal mortality, gender inequality, lack of female's access towards education, health and economic opportunities, lack of leadership and decision making qualities. It is found that a patriarchal culture is equally responsible for women in sufferings and disempowerment. However, democracy and democratic culture can contribute well in upgrading the process of women empowerment in developing countries.

Beans is an important source of proteins and income for poor resource households. However the yied of beans has remained very low in comparion to yields obtained under ideal management conditions. This necessitated the examination of socio-economic factors influencing bean yields of smallholder farmers in eight districts of northern Uganda. A total of 1112 farmers were randomly selected from the study area and the data was subjected to descriptive statistics and regression analysis using IBM SPSS (version 20). The results indicated that 2.3% of variation in beans yield was attributed to amount of seed and acreage planted. The study further revealed that majority of the respondents (81.7%) were practicing farming and most of them were 31-40 years of age (31%). Also, 90.4% and 59.6% of the respondents had bean gardens ranging from 1 to 2 acres and sourced seeds for planting from local market respectively. While 90.4% of the farmers didn't have access to credit, 91.7% actually had access to market information. From the study, majority of the farmers (20.4%) attained yields of either 60 - 120kgs or above 240kgs per acre. It is recommended that, the government's effort to support agricultural mechanization for increased acreage and productivity be strengthened through private public partnership to quickly reach the smallholder farmers.

Abstract— Study of socio-economic factors affecting fish farmers in Aba state, Nigeria was carried out between January, 2017 to January, 2018 with the aim of identifying socio-economic factors affecting fish farming in the area and proffer solutions for potential government support towards aquaculture development in Abia State as well as to recommend ways fish farming can be improved and promoted. Abia State was visited through the assistant of the staffs of their various ministries of agriculture and natural resources as well as those from agricultural development programmes. Identified farmers were subsequently counted according to their fish farm circles, blocks, and agricultural zones in their respective states. The population sample comprised of sixty four (64) fish farmers that were randomly selected within the farm circles, blocks and agricultural zones of the states through Taro Yamani formula. Questionnaires, interviews, field observations, visits to some fish farms were photographs were taken where all used during data collection. Questionnaires used were divided into five sections that covered the objectives of the study. Data collected were then analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, etc.), inferential statistics and SPSS version 2020 were all used. The study revealed that majority of the fish farmers were males(76.9%),who were married (64.1%) with an average age that ranged between 41—50 years (37.9%), with a low level of education mainly primary education (39.1%) and a household size of 4—6 persons (50.9%). They used mainly family labour (60.0%) with a relative low level of production 4—5 ponds (46.6%) and an average annual income that ranges between N100, 000 --- N500, 000 (60.0%) among them. Marketing constraints was noticed to be among the most ranked major constraints faced by these fish farmers, it was also noticed that there were no government support towards fish farming activities in the state. Consequently, the study recommended that fish farmers in the States ...

<p><em>According to studies from Lajili et al. (1997), Rehber (2000), Sartwelle et al. (2000) and Key (2003), a farmer's discrete choice to join contract farming scheme or not it is influenced by the household's characteristics, operational features, socio-economic characteristics, market attributes of product and underlying agreement condition. Zhu found in a study of contract arrangement in China, that farmers' decisions to enter into contract with their sponsors were influenced by Economic influence, distance from the target market, specialization and commercialization of the production. In a study of contract farming in transitional economies of Eastern Europe, Swinnen (2005), found that the most important factors which is more influenced farmers to enter into contracts or not, in order of importance were; guaranteed product sales, avoidance of price uncertainty, higher price offers, profitability, pre-payment offer input supply and technical assistance and some form of credit.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>In a detailed study of contract farming in poultry, chilly, Potato, banana, Wheat, Rice, maize, fruits and vegetables in Bali ,south Africa, India, America and Lombok province of Indonesia, it was revealed that factors that the important considerations and motivating factors for farmers were the increasing the productivity of crops, and getting better Income &amp; Price and less uncertainty; past experience in working with Contracting firm and agribusiness; education levels credit constraints and strong borrowing histories. The contracts were more appealing to less well-capitalization smallholders who were well educated, were credit constrained but who had strong borrowing histories (Patrick, 2004)<a title="" href="file:///E:/July%202016%20Back%20up/IRA%20June%202016%20Issues/IRAJMSS/IRAJMSS31.doc#_ftn1">[1]</a>.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>The main objective of this paper is to analyze the main socio-economic factors that motivate smallholder farmers to engage in contract farming mechanism or not.</em></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div><p><em><a title="" href="file:///E:/July%202016%20Back%20up/IRA%20June%202016%20Issues/IRAJMSS/IRAJMSS31.doc#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Patrick I. (2003). Contract farming in Indonesia: Smallholders and agribusiness working together.</em></p></div></div>

Using a large special study population and refined indicators of socio-economic status, the relationship of the live birth sex ratio to socio economic variables is examined. The analyses provide control for the possible confounding effects of race and birth order.The sex ratio is shown to be significantly and positively associated with socio-economic variables. The relationship is not linear, however, but instead is characterized by an apparent 'diminishing returns' curve. The major increase in sex ratio is detected as socio-economic status increases from low to moderate. No significant change occurs between moderate and higher socio-economic levels.Even after controlling for the significant socio-economic effect, the analyses detect a significant difference between the sex ratios of Whites on the one hand and Negroes and Puerto Ricans on the other.No significant association between birth order and the sex ratio can be detected in the study population.