Suchergebnisse

"Los agostaderos son importantes sistemas socio-ecológicos, donde se llevan a cabo actividades con relevancia económica, histórica y cultural como la ganadería. Tal es el caso de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Mapimí (RBM), donde la ganadería es la principal actividad económica y donde existen iniciativas del gobierno para implementar cambios en el sistema de pastoreo en los agostaderos de la RBM para combatir la degradación. Sin embargo, en los agostaderos existen estrechas relaciones entre la vegetación, el agua y el suelo, por lo que es de vital importancia conocer cómo funciona el terreno y su sistema de pastoreo antes de implementar dichos cambios en el SSE. En este estudio se evaluó el impacto histórico de la ganadería sobre la funcionalidad ecohidrológica en los agostaderos del ejido La Soledad de la RBM y se identificaron las causas socioeconómicas principales de dicho impacto. El estudio se llevó a cabo en colaboración con los pobladores de la reserva, por medio de un enfoque participativo, el cual, busca combinar el conocimiento local/tradicional y el científico para cogenerar conocimiento para la resolución de problemas. A nivel de la RBM se aplicaron entrevistas estructuradas para determinar los aspectos socioeconómico más relevantes para la toma de decisiones en el manejo ganadero. A su vez, en el ejido La Soledad, se identificaron los abrevaderos permanentes, por medio de los cuales se determinó un gradiente de intensidad de pastoreo con tres niveles: alta, media y baja. Se identificaron tres unidades de vegetación presentes en el ejido: dunas, llanos (zonas amplias de suelo desnudo) y mogotes (bandas de vegetación). Se establecieron seis gradsects, que abarcaron las tres unidades de vegetación, por cada intensidad de pastoreo, que sirvieron para determinar el efecto de la ganadería sobre la estructura y composición de la vegetación y sobre la salud del suelo, además, se generaron índices de evaluación de la funcionalidad de los agostaderos con el conocimiento local. El enfoque participativo permitió la creación de relaciones de colaboración y confianza entre los investigadores y los pobladores y un mayor intercambio de conocimientos y técnicas a ambos lados. Los cambios provocados por los programas de gobierno, así como la gobernanza de las comunidades locales son los principales factores que influyen en el manejo ganadero." ; "Rangelands are important socio-ecological systems, where some activities with economic, historical and cultural importance are carried out, as the livestock rising. This is the case of the Reserve of the Biosphere of Mapimí (RBM), where the cattle grazing is the main economic activity and where changes in the grazing system have been promoted by government in order to combat the degradation. However, there are strong relations between the water, the plants and the soil in the rangelands, for that reason, is very important to understand the functionality of the system before implementing those changes. In this study, we assess the historical impact of cattle grazing on the ecohydrological functionality in the ejido La Soledad, RBM and we identified the main socioeconomic causes of this impact. The study was carried out in collaboration with the local people of the reserve, implementing a participatory approach, which seeks the combination of the local / traditional and the scientific knowledge in order to solve local problems. At the level of the RBM, structured interviews were applied to determine the most relevant socioeconomic aspects for decision making in livestock management. At the same time, in the ejido La Soledad, permanent drinking troughs were identified for the establishment of a grazing intensity gradient, which had three levels: high, medium and low grazing intensity. Three units of vegetation present in the ejido were identified: dunes, plains (bare soil) and mogotes (bands of vegetation). Then, six gradsects were established, covering the three units of vegetation, for each intensity of grazing, which served to determine the effect of livestock on the structure and composition of the vegetation and on the health of the soil, in addition, indexes for the evaluation of the functionality of the rangelands were generated with local knowledge. The participatory approach enhanced the creation of collaborative relationships and trust between the locals and the scientists, which allowed a greater exchange of knowledge and techniques on both sides. The changes caused by government programs, as well as the governance of local communities are the main factors that influence livestock management."

Dottorato di ricerca in Ecologia e gestione sostenibile delle risorse ambientali ; L'utilizzo dei satelliti a supporto degli studi oceanografici è consolidato ormai da anni, mediante l'impiego di sistemi remoti operativi a risoluzioni spaziali intermedie (SeaWifs, MODIS, MERIS), incentrati principalmente sull'acquisizione di dati di Ocean Color, che permettono di ottenere come prodotto finale la distribuzione di temperatura superficiale, clorofilla e solido sospeso, sulla base di algoritmi già sviluppati per le acque di largo. I recenti progressi nella progettazione di sensori satellitari ad alta risoluzione spaziale e spettrale e nelle tecniche di analisi dati, hanno reso i sistemi di telerilevamento più efficaci e utili anche per lo studio degli ambienti marino-costieri, dimostrandosi quindi un valido strumento di indagine a supporto delle misure di politica ambientale della Comunità europea (Cristina et al., 2015). Tali misure mirano ad ottenere il "Buono stato ecologico" GES delle acque costiere europee secondo la Direttiva Quadro sulla Strategia Marina (MSFD) (2008/56/ Commissione Europea). La MSFD indica e descrive Descrittori ed indicatori ambientali da considerare ai fini delle misure di monitoraggio per la valutazione del GES nelle aree costiere europee. Le immagini multispettrali da satellite, opportunamente corrette per i rumori atmosferici e calibrate utilizzando le misurazioni in situ, sono riconosciute come efficaci strumenti multiscala per il monitoraggio della qualità dei mari e delle acque poco profonde (Dazhao et al., 2010, Blondeau-Patissier et al., 2014). In linea con tali riferimenti, questo progetto di dottorato si pone l'obiettivo di valutare, in maniera tempestiva, efficace e a scala sinottica lo stato di qualità ecologica degli ecosistemi marino-costiero, attraverso nuove tecniche di remote sensing (RS) secondo le linee guida della Direttiva Marine Strategy. In questo contesto, sono oggetto di studio alcuni indicatori, riferiti principalmente al Descittore 1 MSFD per la Biodiversità Biologica, che prevede la stima dello stato qualitativo delle praterie di fanerogame marine e misure sulla Torbidità dell'acqua marina identificabile con il solido sospeso superficiale; infine, la clorofilla è stata osservata in riferimento al Descrittore 5 MSFD per il fenomeno dell'Eutrofizzazione. Tali variabili possono essere rilevate e mappate mediante telerilevamento per ottenere stime quantitative di distribuzione superficiale al fine di valutare l'integrità ecologica e lo stato di salute degli ecosistemi marino-costieri (Shetty et al., 2015). I sensori RS devono necessariamente soddisfare determinati requisiti per il loro utilizzo in ambiente costiero, soprattutto in termini di risoluzione radiometrica e spazio-temporale, diversi rispetto a quelli per gli studi in mare aperto. Questo è dovuto a vari fattori: l'elevata variabilità delle scale spazio-temporali dei processi ecologici costieri richiede un'alta risoluzione spaziale del sensore satellitare (1-30 m); le acque sono otticamente più complesse, acque di Caso 2 (Morel and Prieur,1977) e richiedono numerose bande spettrali per discriminare i vari tipi di segnali, legati alle diverse componenti otticamente attive dell'acqua marina e dei bassi fondali; il segnale dell'acqua che viene rilevato dal satellite è maggiormente influenzato dagli strati atmosferici rispetto al segnale terrestre e quindi è 2 richiesta un'accurata correzione atmosferica; infine la vicinanza di superfici terrestri altamente riflettenti, come le spiagge, può indurre un ulteriore disturbo (denominato "fattore di adiacenza") al segnale uscente dall'acqua. Sulla base di queste problematiche, le piattaforme satellitari utilizzate in questo studio sono state Landsat 8 Operational Land Imagery (L8OLI) per uno studio ad alta risoluzione (30 m- High Resolution HR) per la mappatura della prateria di PO (Caso Studio 1) e della distribuzione di clorofilla a (Caso Studio 3) e MODIS (Caso Studio 2) con la media risoluzione (250 m) per un'indagine su scala regionale e a lungo termine delle dinamiche di distribuzione del solido sospeso, attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare. La metodologia affrontata in tutti e tre i casi studio presentati, ha previsto l'abbinamento temporale dei dati raccolti per la verità a mare con le immagini satellitari scaricate dal sito NASA, che rende liberamente accessibili i dati satellitari compresi nel suo sistema osservativo globale della Terra. Questi dati spettrali sono stati corretti adeguatamente per il rumore atmosferico per mappare su opportune scale spaziali/temporali la distribuzione dei parametri biofisici discreti e continui (associati all'ambiente acquatico o del fondo marino) per valutare adeguatamente le distribuzioni delle variabili in esame, sulla base di diversi approcci di modellazione. In particolare, Landsat 8 OLI ha permesso di stimare le condizioni di qualità delle praterie di Posidonia oceanica lungo più di 40 km della costa settentrionale tirrenica, a sostegno di un metodo innovativo d'indagine non invasiva e quindi in linea con una gestione sostenibile delle risorse marino-costiere. Questo sensore è stato anche utilizzato per mappare la distribuzione della clorofilla a, per una caratterizzazione efficace della distribuzione del fitoplancton nelle acque del Mar Piccolo di Taranto, attraverso modelli statistici regressivi e algoritmi bio-ottici. Da questi due studi, è emersa quindi, la validità dei dati multispettrali HR, forniti dalla nuova generazione di sensori della famiglia NASA Landsat (cioè Landsat 8 OLI, Sentinel 2 MSI) per un'osservazione efficace, integrata ed operativa degli ecosistemi marino-costieri. Per quanto riguarda la media risoluzione con MODIS, questo sensore ha permesso di raccogliere 630 immagini dal 2013 al 2017 nel golfo di Gaeta, per ottenere informazioni sinottiche e continue sulla componente della colonna d'acqua superficiale di solido sospeso, strettamente connessa alle dinamiche meteo-marine su scala regionale anch'esse studiate. La risoluzione media delle immagini RS è risultata un valido strumento di supporto, all'interno di un approccio integrato per lo studio marino costiero, al fine di migliorare la strategia di gestione ambientale a lungo termine dal punto di vista delle attività umane sostenibili per gli ecosistemi costieri. Come prospettiva futura, si può considerare di pianificare una più ampia raccolta di misure in situ per i dati di colonna d'acqua, per implementare il dataset necessario all'applicazione di un modello di inversione bio-ottica, utile alla rimozione più efficace dei disturbi della componente otticamente attiva della colonna d'acqua sul segnale spettrale del fondale marino oggetto di studio. Questo fattore apporterebbe anche ulteriori informazioni a sostegno di una maggiore comprensione degli ambienti acquatici otticamente complessi e, di conseguenza, la mappatura degli ecosistemi bentonici costieri risulterebbe ancora più accurata. Sulla base delle considerazioni e dei risultati soddisfacenti ottenuti in questo lavoro di tesi, tradotti nello specifico in tre pubblicazioni, si può affermare che le nuove tecniche di telerilevamento si mostrano efficaci per lo studio operativo degli ecosistemi marini di basso fondale e della biodiversità in ambiente costiero, fornendo un utile contributo alle misure indicate dalle Direttive comunitarie per arrestare il declino della biodiversità e per garantire la conservazione degli ecosistemi marini. ; The use of satellites to support oceanographic studies has been consolidated for years, through the use of remote systems operating at intermediate spatial resolutions (SeaWifs, MODIS, MERIS), mainly focused on the acquisition of Ocean Color data, which to obtain as a final product the distribution of chlorophyll and suspended solid, based on algorithms already developed for the offshore waters. Recent advances in the design of satellite sensors with high spatial and spectral resolution and in data analysis techniques, have more effective remote sensing systems also useful for the study of marine-coastal environment, thus proving to be a valid investigation tool to support policy measures. Environment of the European Community (Cristina et al., 2015). These measures aim to achieve the "Good ecological status" GES of European coastal waters according to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) (2008/56/European Commission). The MSFD indicates and describes Environmental descriptors and indicators to be considered for the purpose of monitoring measures for the evaluation of the GES in the European coastal areas. Multispectral satellite images, appropriately corrected for atmospheric noise and calibrated using in situ measurements, are recognized as effective multiscale instruments for monitoring the quality of seas and shallow waters (Dazhao et al., 2010, Blondeau-Patissier et al., 2014). In line with these references, this PhD project aims to evaluate, in a timely, effective and synoptic way, the ecological quality status of marine-coastal ecosystems, through new remote sensing (RS) techniques according to the guidelines of the Marine Strategy Directive. In this context, some indicators are being studied, mainly referring to the MSFD Descriptor 1 for Biological Biodiversity, which provides for the estimation of the qualitative status of marine phanerogams and measures on the turbidity of the marine water that can be identified with the surface suspended solid; finally, the chlorophyll has been observed with reference to the MSFD Descriptor 5 for the phenomenon of Eutrophication. These variables can be detected and mapped by remote sensing to obtain quantitative estimates of surface distribution in order to evaluate the ecological integrity and health status of marine-coastal ecosystems (Shetty et al., 2015). RS sensors must necessarily meet certain requirements for their use in coastal environments, especially in terms of radiometric and spatio-temporal resolution, different from those for offshore studies. This is due to poor factors: the high variability of the spatio-temporal scales of coastal ecological processes requires a high spatial resolution of the satellite sensor (1-30 m); the waters are optically more complex, Case 2 waters (Morel and Prieur, 1977) and require numerous spectral bands to discriminate the various types of signals, linked to the different optically active components of sea water and shallow waters; the water signal that is detected by the satellite is more influenced by the atmospheric layers than the terrestrial signal and therefore an accurate atmospheric correction is required; finally, the proximity of highly reflective terrestrial surfaces, such as beaches, can induce a further disturbance (called "adjacency factor") to the signal coming out of the water. Based on these issues, the satellite sensors used in this study were Landsat 8 Operational Land Imagery (L8OLI) for a high resolution study (30 m- High Resolution HR) for mapping the PO prairie (Case Study 1) and of the chlorophyll a distribution (Case Study 3) and MODIS (Case Study 2) with the average resolution (250 m) for a regional and long-term investigation of the distribution dynamics of the suspended solid, through a multidisciplinary approach. In all three case studies presented, it provided for the combination of temporal data collected for the sea truth with satellite images downloaded from the NASA site, which makes freely available the satellite data included in its global observational system of the Earth. These spectral data have been adequately corrected for atmospheric noise to map the distribution of discrete and continuous biophysical parameters (associated with the aquatic environment or the seabed) to suitably assess the distributions of the variables under examination, on different bases. modeling approaches. Landsat 8 OLI has allowed to estimate the quality conditions of seagrass meadows supporting an innovative method of non-invasive investigation based on the sustainable management of marinecoastal resources. Using its acquisition channels, improved in terms of spectral and radiometric features and with the introduction of the new coastal band, it was possible to produce suitable PO LAI and sea beds substrate distribution maps in a significant portion of the middle Tyrrhenian coast: more than 40 km along the coast. The effectiveness of the use of new remote sensors was demonstrated for an ecological study of seagrass grasslands with various advantages: limitation of destructive sampling for PO; cost reduction with respect to sea-truth measurement campaigns; evaluation of the plant distribution on a synoptic scale to estimate the ecological quality, and a potentiality for classifying substrate types of the seafloor in the entire study area. The results achieved by the Landsat OLI sensor suggest their effectiveness for seabed/PO/chlorophyll mapping and monitoring in the optically complex shallow water, evidencing also the specific atmospheric correction relevance for reflectance data pre-processing. The complexity and variability of coastal marine environments highlights, in fact, the need to apply appropriate investigation tools and methodologies to develop an integrated and multidisciplinary study method that allows an effective assessment of the good environmental status of marine ecosystems. As a future perspective, we can consider setting up a larger collection of in situ measurements for water column and seabed data, to apply the bio-optical inversion model, which can more effectively remove the disturbances of the water column on the spectral signal of the seabed. It is also needed for continuous progress in the understanding of complex optical aquatic environments and, as a result, the mapping of benthic coastal ecosystems may be more accurate. On the basis of all these considerations and the satisfactory results achieved in this work, it can be stated that innovative and effective remote sensing technique for the operational study of the seabed coastal ecosystems could significantly contribute to the attempts of Community legislation, to halt the decline of biodiversity and to ensure the marine ecosystems preservation. Functioning ecosystems are essential for maintaining the oceans in a healthy state (Tett et al., 2013) and while being healthy, they provide numerous and diverse goods and services that contribute "for free" to the general well-being and health of humans (Van Den Belt and Costanza, 2012).

This research work analyzes a chapter of children television titled "La asombrosa excursión de Zamba a la Revolución Industrial" (Zamba's fantastic trip to the industrial revolution), program broadcasted in 2014 in Argentina. Is an audiovisual production based on the renowned comic series La asombrosa excursión de Zamba (Zamba's fantastic trip). This public television program was created in 2010 by the producer house El perro y la luna (The moon and the dog), in the plenary Peronist-kirchnerist period and was popular until the first year in office of the conservative president Mauricio Macri. Through a quantitative analysis of this material, the study identifies how this product presents to Argentinian kids the differences between the socialist and the capitalist economic systems through animated creations of Adam Smith and Karl Marx. This program is based upon the valency of the speeches performed by these historical characters, the consequences of their actions and the contexts and environments in which they are represented by the audiovisual product. Thus, this program represents a historical and ideologically managed narrative that identifies the animated thread with the political project of the Peronist government that ruled Argentina in the years 2003 to 2015. As a min conclusion, the study could determine that the format of the program denotes an evident propaganda bias that influences in the appropriation of a historical version and an economic model, given that it takes place in a public media and is directed towards children audience. ; El presente trabajo de investigación analiza un capítulo de televisión infantil titulado "La asombrosa excursión de Zamba a la Revolución Industrial", programa emitido en el año 2014 en Argentina. Este es una pieza audiovisual del célebre dibujo animado argentino La asombrosa excursión de Zamba. Este programa televisivo público fue creado en el año 2010 por la productora El Perro en la Luna, en pleno período peronista-kirchnerista, y se mantuvo activo con bastante popularidad hasta los primeros años del Gobierno conservador de Mauricio Macri. Por medio de un análisis cualitativo de este material se identifica la manera en que este producto presenta a los niños argentinos las diferencias entre el sistema económico capitalista y socialista mediante las creaciones animadas de Adam Smith y Karl Marx. Este programa se basa en la valencia de los discursos realizados por estos dos personajes históricos, las consecuencias de sus actos y los contextos y ambientes en los que son representados por parte del producto. En este sentido, el programa representa un relato histórico e ideológicamente tratado que identifica la trama animada con el proyecto político del Gobierno peronista que dirigió a Argentina en la época 2003-2015. Como conclusión principal, se pudo determinar que el formato del programa denota un profundo sesgo propagandista que incide en la apropiación de una versión histórica y del modelo económico, pues parte de un medio público hacia un público infantil. ; Este trabalho de pesquisa analisa um episódio de um programa de televisão infantil intitulado"A assombrosa excursão de Zamba à Revolução Industrial", emitido em 2014 na Argentina.Esse é um trabalho audiovisual do conhecido desenho animado argentino La asombrosa excursiónde Zamba. Esse programa de televisão pública foi criado em 2010 pela produtora El perro en laluna, em pleno período peronista-kirchnerista, e se manteve ativo com bastante popularidadeaté os primeiros anos do governo conservador de Mauricio Macri. Por meio de uma análise qualitativadesse material, é identificada a maneira em que esse produto apresenta às crianças argentinasas diferenças entre o sistema econômico capitalista e socialista mediante as criaçõesanimadas de Adam Smith e Karl Marx. O programa está baseado na vigência dos discursos realizadospor essas duas personagens históricas, nas consequências de seus atos e nos contextose nos ambientes em que são representadas por parte do produto. Nesse sentido, o programarepresenta um relato histórico e ideologicamente tratado que identifica o enredo animadocom o projeto político do governo peronista que dirigiu a Argentina entre 2003 e 2015. Comoconclusão principal, pôde-se determinar que o formato do programa denota uma profunda tendênciapropagandista que incide na apropriação de uma versão histórica e do modelo econômico,pois parte de um meio público para um público infantil.

Comparing abled-bodied athletes and Olympic sports with disabled athletes and Paralympic sports, the latter are relatively less popular and receive proportionally less funding from formal sport agencies and government sector. The title, analyze in challenges of Paralympic athletes in Sri Lanka, was described specific objective such as to provide a pathway of eliminate or minimize the impact of the given challenges and identify the sporting needs and desires of Paralympic athlete across the area. Disabled athletes who is represented Paralympic were highlighted. The challenges faced by the athletes in study could be categorized as physical, economic and social. According to analyzed results problem with facility and equipment availability. Study was also concerned about the negative attitude displayed towards then as support of sponsorship and public and media. Especially in Sri Lanka there is lack of disabled athletes' researches. Accordingly, there is a space to be filled up and will be answered by this study. Using the methods of investigative journalism and secondary data analysis were used of this study. As this study is analytical in nature as far as possible an attempt was made to collect secondary data. Previous studies were carried out provide a conceptual background of the study. ; Comparando atletas con discapacidades físicas y deportes olímpicos con atletas con discapacidades y deportes paralímpicos, estos últimos son relativamente menos populares y reciben proporcionalmente menos fondos de las agencias deportivas formales y del sector gubernamental. El título, analizó los desafíos de los atletas paralímpicos en Sri Lanka, se describió como un objetivo específico, para el cual es proporcionar una forma de eliminar o minimizar el impacto de los desafíos presentados e identificar las necesidades y deseos deportivos de los atletas paralímpicos en toda el área. Se destacaron los atletas con discapacidad representados en el deporte paralímpico. Los desafíos que enfrentan los atletas en estudio pueden clasificarse en físicos, económicos y sociales. Según los resultados analizados, el problema está en la disponibilidad de instalaciones y equipos. El estudio también tuvo que ver con la actitud negativa mostrada hacia el patrocinio, el público y los medios. Especialmente en Sri Lanka, hay una falta de investigación sobre atletas con discapacidades. En este sentido, hay un espacio para ser llenado y será respondido por este estudio. El periodismo de investigación y los métodos de análisis de datos secundarios se utilizaron en este estudio. Como este estudio es de naturaleza analítica, en la medida de lo posible, se intentó recolectar datos secundarios. Se han llevado a cabo estudios previos y proporcionan una base conceptual para el estudio. ; Comparando atletas com deficiência física e esportes olímpicos com atletas com deficiência e esportes paraolímpicos, estes últimos são relativamente menos populares e recebem proporcionalmente menos financiamento de agências esportivas formais e do setor governamental. O título, analisado os desafios dos atletas paraolímpicos no Sri Lanka, foi descrito como objetivo específico, para o qual é fornecer um caminho para eliminar ou minimizar o impacto dos desafios apresentados e identificar as necessidades e desejos esportivos dos atletas paraolímpicos em toda a área. Os atletas com deficientes representados no esporte paraolímpicos foram destacados. Os desafios enfrentados pelos atletas em estudo podem ser classificados como físicos, econômicos e sociais. De acordo com os resultados analisados, o problema é com a disponibilidade de instalações e equipamentos. O estudo também se preocupou com a atitude negativa exibida em relação ao patrocínio, ao público e à mídia. Especialmente no Sri Lanka, faltam pesquisas de atletas com deficiência. Nesse sentido, existe um espaço a ser preenchido e será respondido por este estudo. Métodos de jornalismo investigativo e análise de dados secundários foram utilizados neste estudo. Como este estudo é de natureza analítica, tanto quanto possível, foi feita uma tentativa de coletar dados secundários. Estudos anteriores foram realizados, e fornecem uma base conceitual do estudo.

Social networks have become in recent years, thanks to access of households increased and people to the internet and the increasing use of so-called smart objects, in an extended media that allows interaction between different actors and in the place where multiple themes are discussed, among which politics is included. At the same time, the political actors have seen in the networks a useful space to promote the narratives and messages that justify their actions and decisions, supporting a discourse that takes advantage of the users behavior when spreading information. It is these same users who propagate any type of information, from the most objective to the one that has been distorted, manipulated or that is directly false, taking advantage of the fact that people do not want to hear bad news and that they prefer a lie if it supports their criteria. In particular, the networks users has the possibility of silencing voices contrary to their beliefs, adding, deleting or silencing contacts. Through a statistical analysis, this study identifies the reasons for this phenomenon and the inherent behavior that promotes it in the Quito city when it finds an important portion of users of social networks that share information without verifying its origin or the emision source reliability, even if they distrust the veracity of this information. ; Las redes sociales se han convertido en los últimos años, gracias al incremento en el acceso de los hogares y las personas al internet y al uso cada vez mayor de los llamados objetos inteligentes, en un extendido medio de comunicación que permite la interacción entre diversos actores y en el lugar donde se discuten múltiples temáticas, entre las que se incluye la política. A su vez, los actores políticos han visto en las redes un espacio útil para promover las narrativas y mensajes que justifiquen sus actos y decisiones, apuntalando un discurso que aprovecha el comportamiento de los usuarios al momento de diseminar información. Son estos mismos usuarios quienes propagan cualquier tipo de información, desde la más objetiva hasta aquella que ha sido distorsionada, manipulada o que es directamente falsa, aprovechándose de que las personas no quieren escuchar malas noticias y de que prefieren una mentira si esta apoya su criterio particular, además, los usuarios de las redes utilizan la posibilidad de callar voces contrarias a su creencia, añadiendo, borrando o silenciando contactos. A través de un análisis estadístico, este estudio, identifica las razones de este fenómeno y el comportamiento inherente que lo promueve en la ciudad de Quito cuando encuentra una importante porción de usuarios de redes sociales que comparten información sin verificar su procedencia ni la fiabilidad de las fuentes que la emiten, incluso si desconfían sobre la veracidad de dicha información. ; As redes sociais tornaram-se nos últimos anos, graças ao aumento do acesso de famílias e pessoas à Internet e ao uso crescente dos chamados objetos inteligentes, em uma mídia estendida que permite a interação entre diferentes atores e no lugar onde varios temas são discutidos, entre os quais a política é incluída. Por sua vez, os atores políticos ter visto redes úteis para promover narrativas e mensagens para justificar suas ações e decisões, sustentando um discurso que se aproxima o comportamento dos usuários ao divulgar espaço de informação. São essas mesmas pessoas que propagam qualquer informação, do objetivo para o que foi distorcido, manipulado ou é diretamente falsa, aproveitando as pessoas não querem ouvir más notícias e que preferem uma mentira se ele suporta os seus critérios Em particular, os usuários das redes utilizam a possibilidade de silenciar vozes contrárias às suas crenças, adicionando, excluindo ou silenciando contatos. Através da análise estatística, este estudo identifica as razões para este fenômenoe o comportamento inerente que promove a cidade de Quito, quando ele encontrauma parte significativa de usuários de redes sociais que compartilham informaçõessem verificar sua proveniência ou a confiabilidade do fontes que o emitem, mesmoque desconfiam da veracidade das informações.

En el marco de la colaboración internacional entre México y la Unión Europea (Cooperación en investigación de energía geotérmica Europa-México para el desarrollo de Sistemas Geotérmicos Mejorados y Sistemas Geotérmicos Supercalientes) para el desarrollo de energía geotérmica, se llevaron a cabo diversas campañas de exploración hidrogeoquímica en las proximidades del campo geotérmico Los Humeros (Puebla). El modelo conceptual actual de este sistema geotérmico incluye una falla de tipo normal, externa a la caldera Los Humeros, llamada Falla Alchichica, localizada en el Valle de Perote (Veracruz). De algunos pozos agrícolas ubicados en este valle se extrae agua con altas concentraciones de boro y una temperatura superior a la temperatura media anual del aire, por lo tanto, se infirió que el acuífero somero es afectado por fluidos del reservorio geotérmico, que ascienden por la falla. Los mapas de temperatura y electro-conductividad permitieron relacionar un cambio de fase asociado a la Falla Alchichica, mientras que la composición de elementos mayores sugiere la existencia de por lo menos tres aguas subterráneas con distinta composición: la primera, es la recarga del acuífero que se origina en el Cofre de Perote; la segunda, es la descarga de fluidos geotérmicos; la tercera, es una mezcla entre los dos primeros. Debido a que el Valle de Perote es una región agrícola, el mapa de distribución de las concentraciones de nitratos señala sitios de contaminación antropogénica, probablemente por el uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados. Por otro lado, las altas concentraciones de magnesio sugieren que provienen de la interacción con rocas calizas de la Formación Orizaba, la cual puede ser la roca encajonante de un acuífero profundo. En el diagrama de clasificación de Piper se identifican dos grupos de muestras: bicarbonatadas cálcicas-magnésicas y bicarbonatadas sódicas. El análisis de componentes principales determinó que las aguas subterráneas del acuífero somero están afectadas por procesos de intercambio iónico, precipitación y/o alteración de minerales. Finalmente, con el análisis de componentes principales se determinó que las muestras tomadas en el bloque NW de la Falla Alchichica muestran influencia de la descarga de fluidos hidrotermales procedentes del reservorio del campo geotérmico Los Humeros, lo cual se confirmó con las relaciones isotópicas δ O, 18 δD, δ B. 11 B. ; In the framework of the international collaboration between Mexico and the European Union (Cooperation in Europe-Mexico geothermal energy research for the development of Improved Geothermal Systems and Superhot Geothermal Systems) for the development of geothermal energy, various exploration campaigns were carried out hydrogeochemistry near Los Humeros geothermal field (Puebla). The current conceptual model of this geothermal system includes a normal fault, the Alchichica Fault, external to Los Humeros caldera, located at the Perote Valley (Veracruz). Water extracted from agricultural wells located at the valley has high concentrations of boron and temperature higher than the annual average air-temperature; therefore, we inferred that the shallow aquifer is affected by geothermal fluids, which rise through the fault. The temperature and electro-conductivity maps allowed to relate a phase change to the Alchichica Fault, the major elements maps suggest at least three types of groundwaters with different composition: the first is the recharge of the aquifer that originates in Cofre de Perote; the second is the discharge of geothermal fluids; the third is a mix between the first two. Because of the Perote Valley is an agricultural region, the distribution map of nitrate concentrations indicates anthropogenic contamination at some sites, probably due to the use of nitrogenous fertilizers. On the other hand, the high concentrations of magnesium suggest that they originated from the interaction with limestone rocks of the Orizaba Formation, which can be the hosting rock of a deep aquifer. Two groups of samples were identified in Piper's classification diagram: calcium-magnesium bicarbonates and sodium bicarbonates. The principal component analysis determined that the groundwater of the shallow aquifer is affected by ion exchange processes, precipitation, or alteration of minerals, or both. Finally, with the analysis of principal components, it was determined that water samples collected on the NW block from Alchichica Fault shown the influence of the discharge of hydrothermal fluids from the reservoir of the Los Humeros geothermal field, which was confirmed with the isotopic ratios δ O, 18 δD, δ B 11 B.

Bu tezin amacı İngiliz politik oyun yazarları Caryl Churchill, David Edgar ve David Hare'ın –sırasıyla Mad Forest (1990; Deli Orman), Pentecost (1995; Hamsin) ve Stuff Happens (2004; Olur Böyle Şeyler) adlı oyunlarında – postmodern tarih yazımından aldıkları ilhamla kullandıkları içerik ve teknik özellikleri incelemektir. Bu amaçla Michel Foucault, Hayden White ve Jean François Lyotard tarafından geliştirilen postmodern kuramlar, adı geçen oyunlardaki tarih kavram ve anlayışını aydınlatmak üzere seçilmiştir. Bu oyun yazarları epik tiyatro, yarı belgesel oyun, birebir tiyatro ve olgu-kurgu tekniklerini kullanarak tarihe postmodern bir bakış açısı getirmektedir. Adı geçen yazarların kaleme aldığı oyunlar objektif bir anlatı olduğu iddia edilen tarihin güvenilmezliğini ortaya çıkararak tarih anlatılarının yapaylığına dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışma dâhilindeki oyunlarda tarihi gerçekliğin oyunlaştırılma şekli, geleneksel tarih anlayışının aksine, tarihin ilerlemeye yönelik, nesnel veya tutarlı olmak yerine eksik, öznel ve uyumsuz olduğuna vurgu yapmaktadır. Oyunların tümü yazım tarihlerinden kısa süre önce meydana gelen yakın tarihi ele alırken, Mad Forest 1989'da Romanya'da ortaya çıkan fasılalarla dolu sahte bir devrime epic ve post epic tiyatro tekniklerini kullanarak odaklanmakta, Pentecost Avrupa tarihinin sözde kökenlerini değiştirebilecek bir resmin arkasındaki gerçeği bulmada olgu ve kurgu arasındaki çizgi üzerinde durmakta, Stuff Happens ise 9 Eylül'den sonra Irak Savaşı'nı meşrulaştırmak için Amerikan hükümeti tarafından ortaya atılan tarih üstanlatılarına yarı belgesel ve birebir tiyatro teknikleri yoluyla yapıbozumculuk açısından yaklaşmaktadır. Her oyun içerisindeki tarihi olaya birçok farklı bakış açısı sunarak okuyucunun/seyircinin sıklıkla resmi belgelerde ve ana akım medyada karşılaştığı geleneksel tarih anlayışı üzerine şüpheci bir bakış oluşturmaktadırlar. Söz konusu üç oyunun analizi, eserlerdeki tarihin oyunlaştırılma şeklinin postmodern tarih yazımıyla aynı çizgide olduğunu ve çağdaş İngiliz siyasi tiyatrosunda yeni oyunlaştırma biçimlerinin ortaya çıkmasına yol açtığını göstermektedir. ; TABLE OF CONTENTS KABUL VE ONAY……………….……………………………………….……….….i BİLDİRİM…….……………………………………………………….…….…….…ii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI………………….…iii ETİK BEYAN………………………………………………………………….………iv DEDICATION….….……………………………………………………………….v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS….….……………………………………….……….vi ÖZET.………….….……………………….………………………………….vii ABSTRACT……….….………….…………………………………………….…. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………….ix INTRODUCTION……………………………………………….………………….….1 CHAPTER 1: CARYL CHURCHILL'S MAD FOREST FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FOUCAULT'S DISCURSIVE FORMATIONS ….….…….44 CHAPTER 2: DAVID EDGAR'S PENTECOST FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF HAYDEN WHITE'S HISTORICAL NARRATIVES ……………….………….…86 CHAPTER 3: DAVID HARE'S STUFF HAPPEN'S FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A LYOTARD'S MINOR NARRATIVES ………….……………………….…124 CONCLUSION…………………………….………………………………….……166 NOTES……………………………………………………………….…………….178 WORKS CITED………………………………………………………………….….179 APPENDIX 1: ORIGINALITY REPORT ……………………………………….194 APPENDIX 2: ETHICS BOARD WAIVER FORM …………………………….195 ; The aim of this dissertation is to explore how the content and techniques the contemporary British playwrights Caryl Churchill, David Edgar, and David Hare employed in their plays – Mad Forest (1990), Pentecost (1995), and Stuff Happens (2004) respectively – represent a postmodern understanding of history. For this purpose, the postmodern theories developed by Michel Foucault, Hayden White, and Jean François Lyotard are chosen here to elucidate the concept and understanding of history in these plays. Reworking traditional drama techniques like those of the epic theatre, documentary and verbatim theatre as well as faction, these playwrights generate a view of history from a postmodern perspective. Foregrounding the unreliability of history as an allegedly objective narrative, each play they pen draws attention to the constructed nature of historical representations. In this respect, the dramatisation of historical reality in the plays within the scope of this study puts emphasis on the idea that history, contrary to what is argued by the traditional concept of history, is incomplete, subjective, and incoherent rather than progressive, objective, and coherent. While they all touch upon recent history prior to their composition, Mad Forest, using epic and post-epic theatre techniques, focuses on a pseudo-revolution taking place in Romania in 1989 which is imbued with discontinuities; Pentecost speculates on the line between fact and fiction in finding the history behind a painting that can change the assumed origins of European history; and Stuff Happens, by means of documentary drama and verbatim theatre techniques, deconstructs the metanarratives of history utilised by the US government after 9/11 to legitimise the Iraq War. Presenting multiple perspectives on the same historical occurrences, they potentially generate scepticism about the traditional history the reader/audience usually confronts in formal documents and the mainstream media. After analysis of the three plays this study comes to the conclusion that the representations of history in these works are in line with postmodern historiography and that they prompt new ways of dramatisation in contemporary British political drama.

RESUMONas comunidades rurais, o transporte escolar é fundamental no acesso à unidade de ensino, porém o tempo que os estudantes permanecem no veículo até as escolas acaba sendo muito longo, o que acarreta no cansaço e desgaste dos alunos e, consequentemente, influencia no seu rendimento escolar. Um exemplo desta situação acontece no Instituto Federal de Roraima/campus Novo Paraíso, localizado na zona rural de Caracaraí-RR, onde o tempo de deslocamento até a escola é maior que o recomendado e o desempenho dos alunos no Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio nos últimos dois anos foi abaixo da média nacional. Para minimizar esse problema, é necessário, além de um melhor planejamento das rotas do transporte rural, políticas públicas para melhorar as vias rurais e um plano pedagógico de ensino que seja mais atrativo e retrate a realidade dos alunos do campo. Transporte escolar rural. Desempenho escolar. Tempo de deslocamento. Time length of stay in school transport on student performance ABSTRACT In rural communities, school transport is essential for access to the teaching unit, but the time students spend in the vehicle until school are very long, which results in tiredness and emotional distress, consequently, influences their school performance. An example of this situation is at the Roraima Federal Institute / Novo Paraíso campus, located in rural Caracaraí-RR, where the travel time to school is longer than recommended and student performance in the National High School Exam in the last two years was below the national average. To minimize this problem, better planning of rural transport routes, public policies to improve rural roads and a more attractive pedagogical teaching plan that reflects the reality of rural students are needed. Rural school transportation. School performance. Travel time. La durata della permanenza nel trasporto scolastico sull reddito scolare degli studenti RIASSUNTO Nelle comunità rurali, il trasporto scolastico è essenziale per l'accesso all'unità didattica, ma il tempo che gli studenti trascorrono nel veicolo fino a quando la scuola finisce per essere molto lungo, il che si traduce in stanchezza degli studenti e, di conseguenza, influenza nel loto reddito scolare. Ne è un esempio l'Istituto Federale di Roraima / Novo Paraíso, nel campus rurale di CaracaraíRR, dove il tempo di percorrenza è più lungo di quanto raccomandato e la performance degli studenti al Exame Nazionale de le Superiori negli ultimi due anni era inferiore alla media nazionale. Al fine di ridurre al minimo questo problema, è necessario, oltre a una migliore pianificazione delle rotte di trasporto rurale, politiche pubbliche per migliorare le strade rurali e un piano di insegnamento che sia più attraente e rappresenti la realtà degli studenti rurali. Trasporto Scolastico Rurale, Rendimento Scolastico, Tempo di Percorrenza. Duración de la estadía en el transporte escolar por el desempeño del estudiante RESUMEN En las comunidades rurales, el transporte escolar es fundamental en el acceso a unidad de enseñanza pero el tiempo que los estudiantes pasan en el vehículo incluso las escuelas terminan siendo muy largas, lo que provoca cansancio y desgaste en consecuencia influye en su rendimiento escolar. Uno ejemplo de esta situación ocurre en el Instituto Federal de Roraima / campus Novo Paraíso, ubicado en la zona rural de Caracaraí-RR, donde el tiempo de viajar a la escuela es más alto de lo recomendado y el desempeño de los estudiantes en el examen nacional de la escuela secundaria en los últimos dos años han estado por debajo del promedio nacional. Para minimizar este problema, es necesario, además de un mejor planificación de rutas de transporte rural, políticas públicas para mejorar caminos rurales y un plan de enseñanza más atractivo y retrata la realidad de los estudiantes de campo. Autobús escolar rural. Rendimiento escolar. Tiempo de viaje.

185 p. ; El presente trabajo de grado titulado "la gestión administrativa en el fortalecimiento de los procesos educativos a través de la página web institucional". Esta investigación se realizó con el objetivo de Implementar la propuesta de la página Web institucional para el fortalecimiento de la gestión administrativa en las instituciones educativas de Pitalito, Huila. Esta investigación se realiza con el propósito de establecer una estrategia para fortalecer la gestión directiva en instituciones educativas de Pitalito – Huila, se analizará el estado actual de la incorporación de las tecnologías, como herramienta didáctica en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, permitiendo establecer la metodología, el proceso y la vinculación de las cuatro gestiones dentro de la institución educativa. La investigación se apoyó en los procedimientos de la investigación cuantitativa, de tipo no experimental y diseño de investigación transeccionales descriptivos; Yábar (2013). La Gestión Educativa y su relación con la Práctica Docente en la Institución Educativa Privada Santa Isabel de Hungría de la ciudad de Lima – Cercado, Umaña (2017). Relación entre las prácticas de gestión administrativa y las prácticas de innovación educativa en el Instituto Peruano de Administración de Empresas, Sede Pueblo Libre, Perú. Ramírez (2012). La gestión educativa (GE) en la educación básica y media oficial de Manizales: un análisis desde las teorías administrativas y organizacionales. Ríos y Díaz (2012). Aplicación de un modelo de gestión administrativa para la educación pública en el municipio de Bello; para buscar fortalecer la gestión directiva desde los procesos comunicativos a través de la página web institucional en donde mejoren los procesos institucionales a través de las diferentes gestiones que realiza el directivo, en un tiempo determinado y con un fin común a través de una serie estrategias que busquen mejorar los procesos administrativos, se utilizó como instrumentos de investigación la encuesa, la cual permitió avanzar en la investigación. La implementación de la página Web Institucional de la Institución Educativa Municipal José Eustasio Rivera del municipio de Pitalito, Huila-Colombia como propuesta orientó la gestión administrativa y directiva, académica y comunitaria, profundizando en un modelo de gestión participativo democrático contextualizado , promoviendo un clima institución y buenas relaciones interpersonales; así mismo mejoró los procesos de gestión; potenció el liderazgo; talentos e iniciativas de cada uno de los miembros de la comunidad educativa; potenció el trabajo en equipo, saber delegar, confiar en su equipo de trabajo, ser persuasivo y tener poder de convencimiento para trabajar asertivamente frente a las resistencias. Palabras clave: Gestión académica, gestión administrativa, gestión comunitaria, la gestión directiva, página web institucional ; The present degree work entitled "administrative management in the strengthening of educational processes through the institutional website". This investigation was carried out with the objective of Implementing the proposal of the institutional Web page for the strengthening of the administrative management in the educational institutions of Pitalito, Huila. This research is carried out with the purpose of establishing and putting into practice a strategy to strengthen management in educational institutions of Pitalito - Huila. The current state of the incorporation of technologies will be analyzed as a didactic tool in the teaching and learning process. , allowing to establish the methodology, the process and the linking of the four managements within the educational institution. The research was based on the procedures of quantitative research, non- experimental type and descriptive transectional research design; to seek to strengthen managerial management from the communicative processes through the institutional web page where the institutional processes improve through the different managements carried out by the manager, in a determined time and with a common purpose through a series of strategies that seek to improve administrative processes, the research was used as research instruments, which allowed progress in research. The implementation of the Institutional Website of the Municipal Educational Institution José Eustasio Rivera of the municipality of Pitalito, Huila-Colombia as a proposal oriented the administrative and managerial, academic and community management, deepening in a model of participative democratic management contextualized, promoting an institutional climate and good interpersonal relationships; likewise it improved the management processes; it strengthened the leadership; talents and initiatives of each member of the educational community; He promoted teamwork, knowing how to delegate, trusting in his work team, being persuasive and having the power to convince to work assertively in the face of resistance. Key words: Academic management, administrative management, community management, management, institutional website

En este trabajo evaluamos hasta qué punto el discurso de Oprah Winfrey durante los Golden Globes 2018, ubicado en el nuevo contexto del movimiento #MeToo y la iniciativa Time's Up, desestabiliza los modos de reconocimiento de la violencia de género, ofreciendo un ejemplo de operacionalización del concepto de 'testimonio ético' aplicado a la acción de celebridades en los medios de comunicación. Para hacerlo, consideramos las conexiones que se establecen entre la lucha por los derechos de las mujeres y otras luchas por el reconocimiento, la redistribución y la participación; el grado de transgresión de los modelos reificados de identificación del sujeto-víctima y el enfoque en la capacidad de agencia; y el tipo de relación que se desarrolla entre el sujeto que da el testimonio y el testigo. El documento concluye que el enfoque interseccional de Oprah respecto a la violencia de género, su enfoque en agencia y resistencia (rayando en heroísmo), su papel como testigo de su propia victimización y facilitador de los testimonios de los demás, y su activismo e inspiración para que otros participen social y políticamente, están cerca de transgredir los límites del modo actual de reconocimiento y representación de la violencia de género. Sin embargo, la imagen ampliamente aceptada de Oprah como autoridad toma una relación jerárquica que contraviene una dimensión ética del testimonio. Además, Oprah vuelve a imaginar a la "buena víctima" como una persona empoderada que supera la vulnerabilidad, al mismo tiempo que concibe la erradicación de la desigualdad de género como algo que se genera de arriba hacia abajo. ; In this paper we assess to what extent Oprah Winfrey's speech during the Golden Globes 2018, situated in the new context of the #MeToo movement and the Time's Up initiative, destabilizes the modes of recognition of gender violence, offering an example of the operationalization of the concept of 'ethical witnessing' in communication media brought about by celebrities. In order to do so we consider the connections she establishes between the fight for rights and other fights for recognition, redistribution and participation; the degree of transgression of the reified models of identification of the subjectvictim and the focus on the capacity of agency; and the type of relationship that develops between the subject who gives testimony and the witness. The paper concludes that Oprah's intersectional approach to gender violence, her focus on agency and resistance (verging on heroism), her role as both witness of her own victimization and facilitator of others' testimonies, and her activism and inspiration for others to engage socially and politically, comes close to transgressing the boundaries of the current mode of recognition and representation of gender violence. Nevertheless, the widely accepted image of Oprah as an authority assumes a hierarchical relation that contravenes an ethical dimension of witnessing. In addition, in line with a liberal position, Oprah reimagines the 'good victim' as an empowered individual who overcomes vulnerability, and she envisions the eradication of gender inequality as something that comes from the top down. ; Neste trabalho avaliamos até que ponto o discurso de Oprah Winfrey durante o Globo de Outro de 2018, situado no novo contexto do movimento #MeToo e a iniciativa do Time's up, desestabiliza os modos de reconhecimento da violência de gênero, oferecendo um exemplo da operacionalização do conceito de 'testemunho ético' ('ethical witnessing') trazido por celebridades nos meios de comunicação. Para isso nós consideramos as conexões que ela estabelece entre a luta pelos direitos das mulheres e outras lutas por reconhecimento, redistribuição e participação, o nível da transgressão dos modelos reificados de identificação do sujeito-vítima e o foco na capacidade de agência, e o tipo de relação que se desenvolve entre o sujeito que dá o testemunho e a testemunha. Este trabalho conclui que a perspectiva interseccional para violência de gênero de Oprah, seu foco na agência e resistência (beirando o heroísmo), seu papel como ambas as testemunha da sua própria vitimização e facilitadora dos testemunhos dos outros, e seu ativismo e inspiração para outros se engajarem socialmente e politicamente, chega perto à transgressão das fronteiras do corrente modo de reconhecimento e representação de violência de gênero. No entanto, a amplamente aceita imagem da Oprah como uma autoridade assume uma relação hierárquica que contravém uma dimensão ética do testemunho. Ainda, alinhada com uma posição liberal, Oprah reimagina a "boa vítima" como um indivíduo empoderado que supera vulnerabilidade, e imagina a erradicação da desigualdade de gênero como algo que vem de cima para baixo.

In this paper we assess to what extent Oprah Winfrey's speech during the Golden Globes 2018, situated in the new context of the #MeToo movement and the Time's Up initiative, destabilizes the modes of recognition of gender violence, offering an example of the operationalization of the concept of 'ethical witnessing' in communication media brought about by celebrities. In order to do so we consider the connections she establishes between the fight for rights and other fights for recognition, redistribution and participation; the degree of transgression of the reified models of identification of the subjectvictim and the focus on the capacity of agency; and the type of relationship that develops between the subject who gives testimony and the witness. The paper concludes that Oprah's intersectional approach to gender violence, her focus on agency and resistance (verging on heroism), her role as both witness of her own victimization and facilitator of others' testimonies, and her activism and inspiration for others to engage socially and politically, comes close to transgressing the boundaries of the current mode of recognition and representation of gender violence. Nevertheless, the widely accepted image of Oprah as an authority assumes a hierarchical relation that contravenes an ethical dimension of witnessing. In addition, in line with a liberal position, Oprah reimagines the 'good victim' as an empowered individual who overcomes vulnerability, and she envisions the eradication of gender inequality as something that comes from the top down. ; En este trabajo evaluamos hasta qué punto el discurso de Oprah Winfrey durante los Golden Globes 2018, ubicado en el nuevo contexto del movimiento #MeToo y la iniciativa Time's Up, desestabiliza los modos de reconocimiento de la violencia de género, ofreciendo un ejemplo de operacionalización del concepto de 'testimonio ético' aplicado a la acción de celebridades en los medios de comunicación. Para hacerlo, consideramos las conexiones que se establecen entre la lucha por los derechos de las mujeres y otras luchas por el reconocimiento, la redistribución y la participación; el grado de transgresión de los modelos reificados de identificación del sujeto-víctima y el enfoque en la capacidad de agencia; y el tipo de relación que se desarrolla entre el sujeto que da el testimonio y el testigo. El documento concluye que el enfoque interseccional de Oprah respecto a la violencia de género, su enfoque en agencia y resistencia (rayando en heroísmo), su papel como testigo de su propia victimización y facilitador de los testimonios de los demás, y su activismo e inspiración para que otros participen social y políticamente, están cerca de transgredir los límites del modo actual de reconocimiento y representación de la violencia de género. Sin embargo, la imagen ampliamente aceptada de Oprah como autoridad toma una relación jerárquica que contraviene una dimensión ética del testimonio. Además, Oprah vuelve a imaginar a la "buena víctima" como una persona empoderada que supera la vulnerabilidad, al mismo tiempo que concibe la erradicación de la desigualdad de género como algo que se genera de arriba hacia abajo. ; Neste trabalho avaliamos até que ponto o discurso de Oprah Winfrey durante o Globo de Outro de 2018, situado no novo contexto do movimento #MeToo e a iniciativa do Time's up, desestabiliza os modos de reconhecimento da violência de gênero, oferecendo um exemplo da operacionalização do conceito de 'testemunho ético' ('ethical witnessing') trazido por celebridades nos meios de comunicação. Para isso nós consideramos as conexões que ela estabelece entre a luta pelos direitos das mulheres e outras lutas por reconhecimento, redistribuição e participação, o nível da transgressão dos modelos reificados de identificação do sujeito-vítima e o foco na capacidade de agência, e o tipo de relação que se desenvolve entre o sujeito que dá o testemunho e a testemunha. Este trabalho conclui que a perspectiva interseccional para violência de gênero de Oprah, seu foco na agência e resistência (beirando o heroísmo), seu papel como ambas as testemunha da sua própria vitimização e facilitadora dos testemunhos dos outros, e seu ativismo e inspiração para outros se engajarem socialmente e politicamente, chega perto à transgressão das fronteiras do corrente modo de reconhecimento e representação de violência de gênero. No entanto, a amplamente aceita imagem da Oprah como uma autoridade assume uma relação hierárquica que contravém uma dimensão ética do testemunho. Ainda, alinhada com uma posição liberal, Oprah reimagina a "boa vítima" como um indivíduo empoderado que supera vulnerabilidade, e imagina a erradicação da desigualdade de gênero como algo que vem de cima para baixo.

Tanto frente al avance de los medios electrónicos y las teletransmisiones del siglo XX como frente a la digitalización cibernética del siglo XXI, los diversos campos epistémicos se han encargado de problematizar la relación entre lo perceptivo, lo estético (espacio-tiempo) y los cambios tecnológicos que imponen nuevas prácticas intersubjetivas, comportamientos y modos de subjetivación. En muchos autores surge el uso de un concepto puntual: el sensorium. Ya sea que se proponga un enfoque cultural o una perspectiva específicamente gnoseológica, suele repetirse una referencia de dicha categoría en relación con los cambios de la velocidad y la aceleración de las imágenes, los textos y las comunicaciones; primero en la era de la electrónica analógica y luego en la época digital. El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer una breve sistematización del concepto de sensorium en vistas de una posible definición en tanto unidad de análisis estético-política. Dicha categoría permite, por un lado, pensar la disciplina Estética como pensamiento político; y por el otro, pensar lo político en clave estética. Para ello el texto repasa los diversos sentidos que ha tenido la categoría a lo largo de la historia, según su emergencia en diferentes epistemes. La primera parte recorre ciertos discursos puntuales identificando autores en los cuales se pueden encontrar usos específicos (Newton, Simmel, Benjamin, McLuhan, Kittler, etc.), delineando así una serie de sentidos relacionados con el espacio y el tiempo desde lo estético, lo perceptivo, lo gnoseológico, lo sociológico y lo técnico. A partir de dicho esquema, en la segunda parte se presenta la idea de un "giro sensorial" en los estudios sociopolíticos contemporáneos, donde la idea de sensorium cobra una nueva importancia. Por último, se hace foco en las relaciones conceptuales que se derivan del uso que propone Rancière en torno a la categoría. En base a dicho recorrido el texto busca delinear una serie de elementos para abrir la posibilidad de definir la Estética como el pensamiento del sensorium común; se trata de una unidad de análisis estético-política que funciona como marco teórico para una morfología de lo social en tanto analítica del orden de lo sensible. ; Both, be it the advance of electronic media and teletransmissions in the 20th century and the cyber digitalization of the 21st century, the various epistemic fields have been responsible for problematizing the relationship between the perceptive, the aesthetic (space-time) and the technological changes that impose new intersubjective practices, behaviors and modes of subjectivation. A specific concept arises in many authors: the sensorium. Whether a cultural approach or a specifically epistemological perspective is proposed, a reference to that category is often repeated in relation to changes in the speed and acceleration of images, texts and communications; first in the era of analog electronics and then in the digital age. The objective of this paper is to expose a brief systematization of the sensorium towards a possible definition as an aesthetic-political unit of analysis. This category let us think, on the one hand, about the Aesthetic discipline as political thought, and on the other, about politics in aesthetic terms. For this, this paper reviews various senses that the category of sensorium has had throughout history, according to its emergence in different epistemes. The first part identifies certain discourses locating authors in which specific uses can be found (Newton, Simmel, Benjamin, McLuhan, Kittler, etc.), thus it is possible to delineate a series of senses related to time and space from an aesthetic point of view, from the perception, social realm and the technique. Henceforth, the second part presents the idea of a "sensory turn" in contemporary social and political studies, where the idea of sensorium takes a new importance. Finally, the text focuses on the conceptual relationships that derive from Rancière's use of the category. Based on this lines, this paper seeks to delineate a series of elements to open the possibility of defining the Aesthetic as the thought of the common sensorium; as a unit of aesthetic-political analysis that works as a theoretical framework for a morphology of the social dimension, as analytical of the sensible order.

The objective of this project is to analyze Argentina's foreign trade and trade policy with its main trading partners, the evolution of external markets, the impact of globalization, integration processes and the international context. In 2016 the following conclusions were reached. First, in the context of the relaunch of bilateral relations between Argentina and Japan, the performance of the new Japanese economic and trade policy was analyzed. In particular, the new economic policy and its reactivation plan based on a strong monetary expansion in order to achieve inflation targets, while placing the growth of companies at the center. This plan, popularly known as Abenomics (due to Prime Minister Shinzo Abe) has had mediocre results, which has not undermined the support the Japanese give to their government: they hope that the results will begin to be positive in the near future. The plan has impacted on Japan's role in the international economy, affecting trade flows. In this sense, it is expected that international trade activities, including investments between the two countries, will present a significant potential for our nation. Second, the national and provincial public policies applied in the transformation of the wine industry of the Province of Mendoza was analysed, as well as the changes that occurred in the last decades that favoured the modernization of production. The increase in exports and the development of wine-related tourism has presented renewed challenges. Third, the analysis of the impact of globalization on poverty levels in Latin America was deepened. It is concluded that a process of trade liberalization devoid of social containment measures yields a negative result, although this impact is different in each country of the region. Finally, several documents related to Integration and International Trade were produced, which were published in different media. In particular, several papers were produced in relation to Knowledge Based Services, its internationalization and the participation of China in multilateral trade negotiations, the evolution of the integration process in MERCOSUR and the physical integration of Latin America. ; El objetivo de este proyecto es analizar el comercio exterior argentino y la política comercial de los principales socios comerciales, la evolución de los mercados externos, el impacto de la globalización, los procesos de integración y el entorno internacional. Durante el año 2016 se concluyó lo siguiente: en primer lugar, y en el marco del relanzamiento de las relaciones bilaterales entre Argentina y Japón, se analizó el desempeño de la nueva política económica y comercial japonesa. Particularmente, la nueva política económica y su plan de reactivación en base a una fuerte expansión monetaria a fin de lograr metas de inflación, al tiempo de poner como centro el crecimiento de las empresas. Este plan, conocido popularmente como Abenomics (debido al Primer Ministro Shinzo Abe), ha tenido resultados poco favorables, lo que no ha significado una merma en el apoyo que los japoneses le dan a su gobierno: confían en que los resultados comenzarán a ser positivos en un futuro mediato. El plan ha impactado en el rol de Japón en la economía internacional, afectando los flujos de intercambio. En este sentido se prevé que las actividades de comercio internacional, incluidas las inversiones entre ambos países, presenten un potencial trascendente para nuestro país. En segundo lugar, se analizaron las políticas públicas nacionales y provinciales aplicadas en la transformación de la industria vitivinícola de la Provincia de Mendoza y los cambios ocurridos en las últimas décadas que favorecieron la modernización de la producción. El incremento de las exportaciones y el desarrollo del turismo relacionado al vino han presentado renovados desafíos. Tercero, se profundizó el análisis sobre el impacto de la globalización en los niveles de pobreza en América Latina. Sobre el particular, se concluye que un proceso de apertura comercial desprovisto de medidas de contención social arrojan un resultado negativo, si bien este impacto es diferente en cada país de la región. Finalmente, se produjeron diversos documentos relacionados a la Integración y el Comercio Internacional, los cuales fueron publicados en diferentes medios. En particular, se realizaron diversos trabajos vinculados con los Servicios Basados en el Conocimiento, su internacionalización y la participación de China en las negociaciones comerciales multilaterales, la evolución del proceso de integración en el MERCOSUR y la integración física de América Latina.

The article is devoted to the 250th anniversary of the Ukrainian rebellion, known as the «Koliivshchyna». The most significant burst of this uprising took place in the late 60's of the XVIII century. The reason for the dissatisfaction of the people was the merciless exploitation of the Ukrainian peasantry by the Polish invaders. The Polish exploitation was carried out on the basis of social origin, nationality and religious confession. The most significant events connected with the above rebellion took place in Uman and its surroundings in 1768. The fight of the rebels was tough and bloody, obviously this particular feature of the rebellion called «Koliivshchyna» (from the word «koloty» – to thrust). The author of the article notes that for 250 years, separating us from the apogee of the rebellion, the accumulation of primary historical materials had to be completed, on the basis of which historians would have to determine the way of interpretation and to conduct a moral and legal evaluation of the events associated with the uprising. But we must admit that this is not the case. The reasons for this situation are sought by the author in an inadequate application of the Western historians' achievements.The author takes into account the spirit of the uncertainty of positions in the way of treating the events associated with the rebellion in many publications of contemporary media, and this gives the right to conclude that there exists a problem of unity in the way of interpreting the purpose of the uprising and the actions of the rebels. The author sees the reason for this situation in the fact that Ukrainian historical experts in the historical studies of the above mentioned events connected with the «Koliivshchyna» rebellion, do not sufficiently apply the intellectual achievements of the historic school «New Historians», well known in the West (this school is also called the «Annales» school, the founders the schools are Mark Bloch and Lucien Febvre). The researchers also ignore the contemporary critique of the paradigms of Leopold von Ranke «Objectivist School». The achievements of famous Western epistemologists, such as Allan Megill, also fail to achieve optimum effect. The author points out the advantages of the «New Historians» School in constructing the results of historical research, but, on the background of the advantages and achievements of Western historians, the author of the proposed article proves the benefits of studies of Ukrainian historians.The widespread use in Western historical research the works of the New Historians School supporters has had a significant positive impact on the development of the historical science of these countries. The application of the scientific development of the supporters of this school (the school «New Historians» arose in 1929) was the reason for a qualitative step in the process of historical research in the West. In Ukraine, the widespread use in studies related to historical science subjects such as oral history, history of concepts, bottom history, visual history and many other related subjects of great popularity have not yet gained popularity, although some successes can already be seen.In the article the author provides the achievements of Ukrainian historian, professor Vasyl Shevchuk, which he gained during the study of the history of Ukrainian statehood, as an example of the successful development of the latest approaches to the study of Ukrainian history. V. Shevchuk in the early 90's of the twentieth century became the founder of the definition of the statehood characteristics, which become apparent after the first victories of the rebels. According to V. Shevchuk, there are eight such characteristics. The process of acquiring statehood characteristics during the uprising usually occurs in the process of achievement by the rebels the success in the fight against the oppressors. So, the expansion of the tools of the study of the Ukrainian history related to historical subjects, such as that introduced by the school «New Historians», will definitely expand the possibilities for interpreting the events that took place during the uprising in 1768. At the very least, the use of the latest methods of studying the history of Ukraine gives such an opportunity to the researcher.New methods of studying the history of Ukraine, successfully used by the Ukrainian historians, will surely lead to an understanding and tolerant attitude to the fact that the history of Ukraine will not be perceived by Ukrainian in the same way as by a Pole or Russian, or anyone else with a distinct national identity. National systems of traditions, customs, peculiarities of the mentality and many other factors are the obstacle that will never let the Pope and the German or the Pole and Ukrainian perceive the truth of the story with the same emotions. The text of the article proved the existence of a problem of interpretation of the purpose and issues of the «Koliivshchyna» rebellion. The solution to this problem will take place in any case. To do this, you only need to perceive historical events with a sense of mutual respect and avoid single-ended estimates and uncompromising attitude.

Problem setting. The urgency of the analysis of the current experience of sociological assessments of the level of trust in social institutions, in particular, the court, is due to the fact that for European countries the paradox of mass consciousness becomes more and more characteristic: confidence in the court decreases even in conditions of increase of efficiency, accessibility, justice of justice, that are recorded according to the results of ju- dicial reform. Requirements and expectations are growing (especially in more educated or socially adapted categories of the population), and, accordingly, there is a probability of inconsistency of pace of reforms and the presence of positive dynamics of trust in court. Recent research and publications analysis. The assessment of trust in the courts as a factor of trust in public authority is at the center of attention of domestic and foreign scholars. These problems were addressed by B. Barber, M. Buromensky, M. King,I. Lavrinenko, V. Lebedev, N. Luhmann, C. Morgner, O. Serdyuk, T. Habriyeva et al. How- ever, each state is looking for its criteria for monitoring the activities of courts.Paper objective. The purpose of this article is to formulate the main principles of na- tional monitoring of the level of trust in the court and the judicial system on the basis of analysis, firstly, of the most famous international sociological methodologies and, sec- ondly, the peculiarities of the current Ukrainian situation in this area.Paper main body. Trust is a generalized indicator of the norms, attitudes and values that underlie social cooperation, and in public life, trust fosters community unity and com- munity building, and in the economic sphere, it accelerates cooperation and interper- sonal exchanges. As a socio-psychological category of trust, it is a characteristic of anopen, positive relationship between the parties and reflects the confidence in the honesty and benevolence of the other party with which the trust is in one way or another based on his experience. From this point of view, trust has certain limits based on knowing about the other party that is trusted. Full trust is often identified with faith, because the mechanism of such trust is no longer based on rational principles, that is, on experience and on pre- diction and prior knowledge of one side of the second and includes irrational motives of the relationship. In social sciences, the level of trust one party can trust in another is measured in the belief in the honesty, charity and competence of the other party. Based on recent research, distrust can be forgiven much easier when interpreted as lack of compe- tence than inadequate benevolence or honesty. The assessment of trust in the court is recognized as a measure of the rule of law (rule of law). This approach is used in a variety of international and national practical tools for assessing democratic regimes.Conclusions of the research. Institutional trust can be considered as a kind of indica- tor that determines social well-being of the population, in addition, it is an important condition of social communication, through which the consent, understanding and dialogue of the parties is achieved, and it becomes possible to seek new opportunities for further development. The increase of trust in the judicial system of Ukraine is one of the tasks of the judiciary and is outlined in strategic documents of the development of the judiciary of Ukraine in recent years. The level of trust (distrust) of citizens to justice is affected by a number of factors, the most important among which should be called: the quality of leg- islation, on the basis of which decisions are adopted and substantiated; the quality of the judiciary; the degree of accessibility and openness of justice; coverage of court work in the media; the degree of execution of court decisions. From trust in the court it is necessary to distinguish between the perception of justice by citizens, the level of which is influenced by the ability of citizens to protect their rights in court, the application of the law by the court in an appropriate and effective manner, equality and non-discrimination before the law, the legality of the adopted judgments, the effective struggle of the state with corrup- tion, etc. ; Оценка доверия к суду признана в качестве измерения верховенства права (правовластия). Такой подход применяется в различных международных и нацио- нальных практических инструментах оценки демократических режимов. В даннойстатье формулируются главные основания национального мониторинга уровня доверия к суду и судебной системе на основе анализа, во-первых, наиболее известных международных социологических методологий и, во-вторых, особенностей украин- ской ситуации в этой сфере. ; Оцінка довіри до суду визнана у якості виміру верховенства права (правовладдя). Такий підхід застосовується у різноманітних міжнародних та національних прак- тичних інструментах оцінки демократичних режимів. У даній статті формулю- ються головні засади національного моніторингу рівня довіри до суду та судової системи на основі аналізу,по-перше, найбільш відомих міжнародних соціологічних методологій та, по-друге, особливостей сучасної української ситуації в цій сфері.