This article is a review of the academic works of American sociologist James Bossard. During his life he wrote a vast number of articles and books on family, marriage, childhood and parenting, using a variety of methods for collecting and analyzing information. Despite his active academic and social life, James Bossard is very little known in the Russian-speaking environment. James Bossard creates his own set of approaches towards studying family, which should cover all significant aspects of the latter. Said set is based on approaches that can be divided into three main categories, which will be discussed in the review: family rituals, family heterogeneity and family as a field for change. Meanwhile he also described other issues: happiness and unhappiness in the family, the differences between large and small families, the role of children in the family, rites of passage, the impact of war on families. James Bossard is also worthy of interest as a productive researcher with unconventional approaches to working with material, as well as a peculiar sign of the time. The main goal of the author of this review is to draw attention to this sociologist's legacy, since many of his works are also relevant in modern Russia.
This article discusses the problem of the relationship between sociology and philosophy in 1920's Soviet Russia, the result of which was the birth of "Marxist sociology" and its approval in the 1930's. In the first part of the article, the problem becomes more acute in the question of whether there was any sociology in the USSR during those years. It is argued that the answer to it cannot be unconditional and unequivocal, because much depends on what was considered to be "sociology" at the time. In this regard, the thesis about the existence of "empirical sociology" in the 1920's is questioned. The article briefly highlights the original meaning of the concept of "sociology", the history of its existence in the Russian Empire. It analyzes how the trends of "philosophical nihilism" in the early years of Soviet government were reflected in its interpretation. The task is set not only to describe the historically and socio-culturally conditioned changes in the meaning of the term "sociology" in the 1920's, but also to determine the factors that influenced them from the perspective of sociology of knowledge. In this regard, the key yet negative role of Vladimir Lenin in the history of domestic social thought is considered.
A data-sociology approach is introduced by analyzing results obtained by the Russian voluntary networking community «Dissernet». As is the case with data-journalism, data-sociology is based on the publically accessible (open source) data and takes advantage of modern information processing technologies. The results obtained in the framework of this study help to reconstruct a socio-landscape and to reveal problematic areas where any sort of fraud is highly welcomed. As a matter of fact, the same areas are highly problematic for society as a whole. Data collected by the «Dissernet» allow practical conclusions to be drawn about the work of various professional groups of people, e.g. expert committies in science and higher education (Dissertation Committies), editorial boards of scientiic journals, as well as governmental bodies at regional and federal level.
In our modern world electoral sociology, which is under constant scrutiny by the general public, as well as members of the media, in many ways shapes the image of sociology as a scientific discipline. Today sociology is often represented by media reports about the results of public opinion polls on the subject of politics and electoral affairs. Meanwhile a certain other trend is apparent: the high expectations imposed on electoral studies, as well as on their verifiability and efficiency, encourage the further development of sociological research and sociology in general. Scientific studies on electoral processes are defined by the convergence of various schools and paradigms of research, which implies an overlapping of different approaches and methods. This article presents the stages of electoral sociology's development, from "straw polls" to contemporary theories of electoral behavior (the straw poll stage, electoral sociology in the 1930's and 1940's, ecological analysis in electoral sociology, the behavioral approach, the sociological theory on electoral behavior, the socio-psychological theory of electoral behavior, the theory of instrumental rationality), which in modern electoral sociology are known as "post-Gallup" theories. The author reveals the main characteristics of each stage of modern electoral sociology's development, while highlighting its achievements and value, and giving a comprehensive analysis of modern theories of electoral behavior, with regards to issues located on the line between political sociology and sociology of law. Among these issues special consideration is given to elections as a political phenomenon, the political culture and political attitudes of the electorate, features of voting systems, political mechanisms and electoral technologies.
The sociological study of volunteerism typically uses a definition which includes all possible types of free, unpaid activities which benefit other people. Such an approach transforms the very phenomenon of volunteerism into an analytical tool for studying various fields of economic and social life: degrees of development of civil society, employment structure, features of a certain economic mode. Regardless, the use of such a definition when researching volunteer movements presents certain problems. Multiple critics point out that such an approach towards understanding volunteerism, on one hand, leads to various types of volunteer activity being excluded from the scope of research, namely those which do not fully comply with the aforementioned criteria of free choice and gratuitousness; on the other hand, it waters down the concept of volunteerism, by merging it with other forms of civil action, such as political activism. Furthermore, most studies exhibit a tendency towards highlighting volunteerism as a special type of action, which possesses persistent intrinsic characteristics regardless of the field in which it is being undertaken. Such an approach results in a complete lack of care for certain essential features of various types of those productive activities which volunteers can partake in. It's also worth noting that research doesn't tend to include practices of volunteerism when the main focus of analysis shifts towards studying the socio-demographic characteristics of participants, as well as issues concerning their motivation. Based on analyzing Russian and foreign sources, the article presents an overview of the issues associated with defining the boundaries of the field in question, while discussing the main difficulties when it comes to constructing a general theory of volunteerism, and analyzing the separation of various forms of civil activity which is typically present in foreign literature: volunteerism, grassroots political involvement, civil activism. The article brings forth arguments for limiting the subject of research and for analytical separation between various forms of civil activity.
This article analyzes multi-shift schooling and its effect on the quality of education in the city of Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia. Highlighted are the features, advantages and shortcomings of multi-shift schooling, achievements of middle-school pupils, satisfaction of parents and pupils with the quality and accessibility of education. Also evaluated are opinions on multi-shift schooling. After the downfall of socialism and a transition towards a free market, multiple migratory flows from provinces to the country's capital city have led to a specific increase of the population, and as a result of government policy to admit all 6-year old children into schools, as well as an increased strain on account of transitioning from a 10-year education system to a new 12-year one, schools have encountered a lack of funds, as well as a shortage of teachers and equipment. In an attempt to solve these issues, some schools have increased the amount of pupils attending one class to 45 or more, while also instituting a third shift, which has become common practice among many of Ulaanbaatar's middle-schools. Within the framework of a 2016 research project, the Mongolian State University's department of sociology and social work has conducted research and evaluated the multi-shift schooling system, while utilizing various research methods (survey, interview, observation, content analysis). Under the guise of a study called "Multiple shifts in Ulaanbaatar's secondary schools and the quality of education", conducted in 2016-2017, scientific approaches were used such as structural functionalism, phenomenology and exchange theory in order to analyze qualitative and quantitative data. A multi-shift schooling system, especially one with three shifts, creates some serious problems. Based on our research, the main parties concerned (teachers, parents and pupils) for the most part see it as detrimental to the quality of education, and as a liability when it comes to pupils' opportunity to enroll into the highest tier universities, given that those who go to schools working three shifts receive 20% less learning hours compared to schools working two shifts. Three shifts were introduced mainly in schools attended by children from vulnerable social groups. Such a practice creates social discrimination and violates children's rights to an equal and quality education. 17.9% of respondents who took part in our study receive an income of less than 185,000 tugriks a month (which is less than 80 USD), while 5.4% have no income at all. A three shift system of schooling has a negative effect on health and safety in the school environment, with an increase in the disease rate among children and the number of absences.
Purpose: To summarize, organize, and clarify the available scientific literature, theoretical approaches to the phenomenon of social identity with the sociopsychological and sociological positions. Methodology: a theoretical analysis of scientific sources. Scope of the results: Identified in the theoretical analysis of the sociopsychological interpretation of the phenomenon of social identity: its structure, and specific types of manifestations, may be useful in explaining the many problems in the life of the individual groups and teams, in general, the social environment, which traditionally are in the field of view sociology.
In article questions of the organization of work and further development of the printing industry in Krasnodar Territory from 1937 for 1939 are considered. The real work is continuation of the research based on studying of the organization of all kinds of activity (industrial production, agriculture, science, art) in the first years after formation of Krasnodar Territory. On the basis of historical approach and the system analysis the main stages of the organization of work of the printing industry in the territory of Krasnodar Territory have been revealed. The emphasis in article is placed on the organization of work of newspaper production of regional value, regional news-papers, factory newspapers which can be both single printing products, and the daily newspaper appearing thousand circulations (Bolshevik newspaper). After formation of Krasnodar Territory own regional printing industry which carried out the edition of book and newspaper production has been organized. In regional, regional, factory editions political life of the country, socialist achievements of workers of edge was lit. Were published in book editions literary collections, both classics of the Russian literature, and contemporaries. In article it is pointed out the defects of the organization of the printing industry which consisted in lack of necessary number of qualified personnel, untimely and low-quality delivery of materials for the press, poor quality registration of publishing literature. For improvement of work of the printing industry the regional authorities made great efforts which were expressed in the organization of courses of literacy of employees, publishing house of the most talented regional authors, increase in capital investments at reorganization of printing business and edge. ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы организации работы и дальнейшее развитие полиграфической промышленности в Краснодарском крае за период с 1937 по 1939 годы. Настоящая работа является продолжением исследования, основанного на изучении организации всех видов деятельности (промышленного производства, сельского хозяйства, науки, искусства) в первые годы после образования Краснодарского края. На основе исторического подхода и системного анализа были выявлены основные этапы организации работы полиграфической промышленности на территории Краснодарского края. Акцент в статье сделан на организацию работы газетной продукции краевого значения, районных газет, заводских газет, которые могут быть как разовой полиграфической продукцией, так и ежедневной газетой, выходящей тысячными тиражами (газета «Большевик»). После образования Краснодарского края была организована собственная краевая полиграфическая промышленность, которая осуществляла издание книжной и газетной продукции. В краевой, районных, заводских изданиях освещалась политическая жизнь страны, социалистические достижения работников края. В книжных изданиях публиковались литературные сборники, как классиков русской литературы, так и современников. В статье указывается на недостатки в организации полиграфической промышленности, которые заключались в отсутствии необходимого числа квалифицированных кадров, несвоевременной и некачественной доставке материалов для печати, низком качестве оформлении книгоиздательской литературы. Для улучшения работы полиграфической промышленности краевые власти прилагали большие усилия, которые выражались в организации курсов грамотности сотрудников, издательстве наиболее талантливых краевых авторов, увеличении капиталовложений на реорганизацию полиграфического дела в крае.
In this article, a comparative analysis of customs and tariff regulation of the aviation industry for the period from 2011 to 2017 is carried out. The main directions for strengthening the role of customs and tariff regulation in the protection of the priority high-tech industry are proposed. There is a gradual increase in the domestic production of passenger aircraft, as well as government support promotes the development of the domestic aviation industry. According to Boeing estimates that the share of Russian aircraft market will account for 10% of the world, and the share of new aircraft deliveries will amount to 6% of the global market for commercial aircraft manufacturing.
