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Executive Council Thirty-Fourth Ordinary Session 7 – 8 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; As a result of protracted armed conflict, Somalia remains as one of Sub-Saharan Africa's most underdeveloped county. Following the collapse of the central government in 1991, the country has been plagued with violent conflict and insurgency, extreme and widespread poverty, acute food shortage, and political instability, economic underdevelopment, and recurring natural disasters such as droughts and floods. Somalis to date lack: essential healthcare, education, food security, safe drinking water, hygiene and adequate sanitation, and have very limited employment and livelihood opportunities. The Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and sub national tiers of government have meagre resources to meet the country's pressing needs.

This article examines the implications of international intervention against piracy off the coast of Somalia backed by several Security Council resolutions since 2008. Based on a seminal academic debate generically known as naval peacekeeping, the article argues that the intervention against Somali piracy is the empirical realization of an autonomous concept of peacekeeping at sea, disconnected from the concepts usually applied to the land-based UN peace operations framework. Adapted from the source document.

This article offers an analysis of the trajectory of an Islamist movement in Somalia & of the insurrection. The article focuses on the various Islamist militant organizations which comprise the insurrection. The article aims to testing the applicability of social movement theory to understanding Islamist militant organizations in Somalia. In this context, the transformation of the Islamist militant organization Al- Shabaab & its inclusion in the US list of terrorist organizations, since 2008, will be of particular importance. The central argument highlights the importance of avoiding this type of classification. According to Gunning, the classification of an organization with the characteristics of Al-Shabaab as an extremist Islamist militant organization rather than its classification as a terrorist organization fosters analytical fluidity because it enables to consider those inclusivist elements within the organization & those more permeable to a strategy of accommodation & de-radicalization. Adapted from the source document.

In this article we argue that the normalization of the Somali situation with the return of the rule of law depends of the conditions created to the development aid and of the rule of law structures' reconstruction. This struggles will also led to bring security in the Horn of Africa and Indic. For purpose it will be necessary to provide resources to entities and such as the African Union, as well as to the Somali political structures which have the political and strategic conditions to achieve it. Adapted from the source document.

Piracy in Somalia is a symptom of a wider problem ashore. Creating conditions for effective governance and promoting the rule of law are crucial for a sustainable solution. The establishment of a hybrid court incorporated in the jurisdictional Somali system would be an important contribution for the prosecution of suspected pirates and thus to the fight against piracy. Moreover, the court would also contribute to the effective governance in Somalia by promoting the rule of law and the existence of effective judicial institutions. This strategy could be relevant to other situations when a collapsed State serves as a hub to transnational organized crime. Adapted from the source document.

The article approaches the dilemmas experienced by international agents in peace operations deployed in Somalia during the 1990s. It highlights the diverging narratives used by international actors (United States and United Nations) vis-a-vis the Somali 'Other'. It is argued that the main dilemmas experienced during UN and US operations in Somalia were not of technical nature, concerning coordination problems between the main forces involved, as usually claimed. Differently, the article identifies a dispute of political nature between the United States and the UN, created by their divergent conceptions on the Somali 'Other'. Adapted from the source document.