AMÉRICA LATINA Extraditaron al ex dictador Noriega a Panamá.Para más información: http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/11/9363044-noriega-returns-to-panama-a-largely-forgotten-man http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/11/world/americas/panama-noriega extradition/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8 http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/11/9363044-noriega-returns-to-panama-a-largely-forgotten-man http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/11/actualidad/1323622374_869378.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/5F8EF8AB-4C15-4B2A-85E1-196B75695E82.htm?id={5F8EF8AB-4C15-4B2A-85E1-196B75695E82} http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/noriega-llega-a-panam_10909712-4 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-noriega-panama-20111212,0,5355654.story Críticas y presiones tras el cambio de gabinete en Perú.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/americas/panamas-bursts-of-growth-have-yet-to-banish-old-ghosts.html?ref=world&gwh=AF023A30F1B4990E0836A0102C796FFE http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/11/actualidad/1323561684_943905.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432203-criticas-y-presiones-tras-el-cambio-de-gabinete-en-peru http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/primer-ministro-peruano-afirma-que-nuevo-gabinete-ser-tcnico_10910178-4Chile lidera la reacción de América Latina a la crisis de la deuda europea.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/11/actualidad/1323635144_142067.htmlEstados Unidos busca explotar nueva zona de petróleo en Golfo de México.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2011/12/13/une-nouvelle-exploitation-de-petrole-dans-le-golfe-du-mexique_1618164_3222.html http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/815996.htmlTerremoto de 6,5 grados de magnitud deja tres muertos en México.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/temblor-en-mxico_10909092-4El candidato a la presidencia de México afirma que el PRI "confía en su fortaleza".Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/10/actualidad/1323540576_290724.htmlEscasez de alimentos preocupa al gobierno venezolano.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/americas/venezuela-food-shortages/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8México: 60.000 muertos en la lucha contra los narcos.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432490-mexico-60000-muertos-en-la-lucha-contra-los-narcosCristina Fernández comienza su segundo mandato con el control de ambas cámaras del Parlamento.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/10/actualidad/1323516520_811577.html Detenido uno de los fundadores del cartel mexicano de Los Zetas.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/americas/mexico-trafficker-arrested/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/13/actualidad/1323746142_900607.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432492-cae-uno-de-los-fundadores-del-cartel-de-los-zetasPesadilla de la corrupción le quita el sueño a la presidenta Roussef.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/la-pesadilla-de-la-corrupcin-le-quita-el-sueo-a-dilma-rousseff_10909060-4Chávez lanza nuevos planes sociales.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14265242.htm"El País" de Madrid entrevista al vicepresidente del Banco Mundial: "Latinoamérica está mejor preparada para la crisis".Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/global/Latinoamerica/mejor/preparada/crisis/elpepueconeg/20111211elpnegeco_5/TesAmérica Latina debate sobre el desarrollo de la minería.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/la-minera-prende-a-amrica-latina_10909038-4ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁMiles de indignados llevan su protesta a los puertos de la costa oeste de Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/13/actualidad/1323762246_208474.htmlCanadá abandonó Protocolo de Kioto para no pagar multas por emisiones.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/12/world/americas/canada-climate-kyoto/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/canada/canad-abandon-protocolo-de-kioto-para-no-pagar-multas-por-emisiones_10912104-4 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/815994.html http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14265242.htmPaul Krugman analiza: "La depresión y el fantasma del autoritarismo".Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/opinion/krugman-depression-and-democracy.html?_r=1&ref=paulkrugmanEstados Unidos completará su retiro de Irak antes del 31 de diciembre.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/ee-uu-completar-retiro-de-irak-antes-del-31-de-diciembre_10910080-4 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432699-el-costo-de-nueve-anos-de-guerra-en-irakObama: "El futuro de Irak quedará en manos de su pueblo".Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432660-obama-el-futuro-de-irak-quedara-en-manos-de-su-puebloNueva ley en Estados Unidos cambiaría sistema de petición de visas de trabajo.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/nueva-ley-en-eeuu-cambiaria-sistema-de-peticion-de-visas-de-trabajo_10913030-4El número de entradas ilegales a Estados Unidos desde México roza mínimos históricos.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/13/actualidad/1323799532_169608.htmlPresidente Obama exige a Irán la devolución de avión espía. Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/4EFB23E4-A477-4588-8733-69E2221815F0.htm?id={4EFB23E4-A477-4588-8733-69E2221815F0}Estados Unidos espera invertir en Sudan del Sur. Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14261941.htmEUROPAEl multimillonario ruso Mijaíl Prójorov retará a Putin en las presidenciales.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/europe/russian-journalists-at-kommersant-vlast-axed-after-tough-election-coverage.html?ref=world&gwh=778A176A272EB2F0EA548E9B51433ECE http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/B9B15DCF-213C-4899-B7AF-C1B1E4BDE5C0.htm?id={B9B15DCF-213C-4899-B7AF-C1B1E4BDE5C0} http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323699013_824507.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-russia-prokhorov-20111213,0,2354878.story http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/12/world/europe/russia-protests/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9Crisis en Rusia: renunció el presidente de la Duma aliado de Putin.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432604-crisis-en-rusia-renuncio-el-presidente-de-la-duma-aliado-de-putinSerbia debe elegir entre Kosovo y Europa.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14263132.htmSuman cinco muertos y 122 heridos tras ataque en Bélgica.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16172662 http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/13/9412808-man-kills-4-injures-122-in-grenade-gun-attack-in-belgium http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/europe/deadly-grenade-attack-reported-in-belgium.html?ref=world&gwh=AF8038F9380EF1DFF959B73F8929A65A http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14260452.htm http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/europe/belgium-attack/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2011/12/14/fusillade-de-liege-la-police-decouvre-le-corps-d-une-femme-chez-le-tireur_1618169_3214.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-belgium-gunman-20111214,0,7775911.story"El Tiempo" de Colombia analiza: "Europa y el futuro del esquema de bloques económicos".Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/europa-y-el-futuro-del-esquema-de-bloques-economicos_10912006-4Los mercados dudan de la nueva Europa y la castigan.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432247-cont-los-mercados-dudan-de-la-nueva-europa http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/reino-unido-se-queda-solo-en-rechazo-al-pacto-europeo-contra-la-crisis_10906912-4Gran Bretaña no se adhiere al nuevo pacto fiscal europeo.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne/2011/12/britain-and-eu-summit http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/_portada/noticias/FBF039D8-EA83-4C9B-98E2-2B0680700EE8.htm?id={FBF039D8-EA83-4C9B-98E2-2B0680700EE8} http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323675950_054837.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/10/actualidad/1323544802_420902.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/europe/european-commission-chief-assails-david-cameron-over-treaty-veto.html?ref=world&gwh=1167F9985D321BADD60B8B6E6355918B http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-euro-cameron-20111213,0,1921346.storyCameron, blanco de las críticas de la Unión Europea.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16156183 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/crisis-de-la-unin-europea_10910254-4 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/D3D539E0-F048-45A8-8C9A-6F81D5C4B3DC.htm?id={D3D539E0-F048-45A8-8C9A-6F81D5C4B3DC} http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/13/actualidad/1323771680_642075.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432528-cameron-blanco-de-las-criticas-de-la-ueMerkel busca apoyo en una dividida Alemania.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432529-merkel-busca-apoyo-en-una-dividida-alemaniaLos socialistas franceses rechazan el triunfalismo de Sarkozy sobre la Unión Europea.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323714608_914172.html Extremista asesina a dos inmigrantes en Italia.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/815830.htmlLos ajustes en Italia desatan la primera oleada de huelgas contra Monti.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432310-italia-sin-la-mayoria-de-sus-diarios-por-la-primera-huelga-contra-monti http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323720597_254400.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/europe/mario-monti-revises-italian-budget-measures.html?ref=world&gwh=5072BC37391FF88705D94F965380E1FCFondo Monetario Internacional insta a Grecia a implementar más medidas de austeridad.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/europe/greece-imf-official-urges-more-austerity.html?ref=world&gwh=61B9F47EAE34F52CFC7D95F34FDF734D http://www.lemonde.fr/crise-financiere/article/2011/12/13/le-fmi-exclut-un-nouveau-pret-a-la-grece-pour-le-moment_1618153_1581613.htmlASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEVan 5.000 muertos y 14.000 presos en Siria, según la ONU.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16166616 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/nueva-jornada-de-protestas-en-siria-deja-5000-muertos_10911588-4 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/D8BA1151-2162-40FB-81BC-789A29E975DD.htm?id={D8BA1151-2162-40FB-81BC-789A29E975DD} http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/middleeast/more-than-30-are-killed-across-syria.html?ref=world&gwh=D64953B18A55C739219C0D1070A37ABFLa oposición siria reta a El Asad con una huelga durante las municipales.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323692072_130661.htmlYemen captura factores claves de Al Qaeda en su región.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/meast/yemen-al-qaeda-captures/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Sismo de 6,1 grados sacudió la isla de Célebes, en norte de Indonesia.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/sismo-de-61-grados-sacudi-la-isla-de-clebes-en-norte-de-indonesia_10912145-4El partido de Aung San Suu Kyi podrá participar a las elecciones de Myanmar.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/29/actualidad/1319901028_878586.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/asia/myanmar-nld-suu-kyi/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7Primer Ministro iraquí llama a las inversiones estadounidenses.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16172886India: fuerte movilización del tercer sector contra la corrupción.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16172942Irak deja en suspenso la ejecución de Tarek Aziz, hombre clave de SadamPara más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/08/actualidad/1323346790_008893.htmlAtentado a chiitas deja decenas de muertos en Afganistán. Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghanistan-bombings-20111207,0,4701392.story http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/asia/us-plans-afghan-shift-to-lessen-nato-combat-role.html?ref=world&gwh=D238C2401FC31B490223BD6AF9A8DB7CFilipinas arresta a ex oficial acusado de fraude electoral.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/asia/philippines-arrests-former-official-accused-of-election-fraud.html?ref=world&gwh=2B33D15E3777B039F6868A7DF5A8EBC3Cinco galardonados lanzan una campaña por la liberación del disidente chino Liu Xiaobo.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/13/actualidad/1323795246_365163.htmlhttp://behindthewall.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/13/9422733-chinese-artists-portraits-of-corruptionDesempleo en Corea del Sur cayó un 2.9%.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14265253.htmKuwait: un nuevo gobierno con pocas propuestas de cambios.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/12/13/koweit-un-nouveau-gouvernement-sans-grand-changement_1618161_3218.html Irak quiere actuar como intermediario en crisis siria.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/12/13/l-irak-veut-jouer-les-intermediaires-dans-la-crise-syrienne_1618162_3218.htmlÁFRICAViolencia en las elecciones de Congo.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21541447 http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/10/9355085-congo-election-spurs-violence-at-home-in-londonTúnez: defensor de derechos humanos fue elegido presidente.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323718658_453258.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/E245DC1E-56BA-402E-B4BF-A4D2AD20533F.htm?id={E245DC1E-56BA-402E-B4BF-A4D2AD20533F} http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/meast/tunisia-president/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Egipcios comienzan a votar en segunda fase de elecciones legislativas.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/12/13/egypte-20-000-prisonniers-politiques-liberes-depuis-fevrier_1618146_3212.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16172151 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/segunda-fase-de-elecciones-legislativas-en-egipto_10913505-4 http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2011/12/14/reprise-des-operations-de-vote-dans-un-tiers-de-l-egypte_1618190_3210.htmlEgipto: crece la tensión entre militares y la Hermandad Musulmana. Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/08/world/africa/egypt-elections/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/opinion/elgindy-egypt-elections/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10 http://sn118w.snt118.mail.live.com/default.aspx#!/mail/InboxLight.aspx?n=516954200!fid=1&fav=1&n=838886258&cv=1 Alarmantes índices de mortalidad en África central.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/12/13/en-centrafrique-un-taux-de-mortalite-au-dessus-du-seuil-d-urgence_1618140_3212.htmlOTRAS NOTICIAS"El manifestante" es el personaje del año de la revista Time.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432640-el-manifestante-es-el-personaje-del-ano-de-la-revista-timeLogran salvar la cumbre mundial de cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/12/climate-change-0 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1431898-logran-salvar-la-cumbre-mundial-de-cambio-climatico http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/cumbre-climtica-pospone-decisin-clave-para-el-2015_10909914-477 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/cumbre-de-durban-sobre-cambio-climtico_10908365-4 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-climate-change-20111204,0,7204452.story http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/11/world/south-africa-climate-pact/index.html?hpt=wo_bn1 Fuerte terremoto en Papúa Nueva Guinea.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432601-fuerte-terremoto-en-papua-nueva-guinea"El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21541465
AMÉRICA LATINA Humala purga la policía peruana.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/americas/peru-leader-ousts-30-police-generals.html?ref=world&gwh=B1F69D68FFBE75A88F22A758A766B306 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15250508 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/11/world/americas/peru-police-purge/index.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318322947_647673.htmlCentroamérica intenta unirse para luchar contra la violencia sin freno.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/10/actualidad/1318206645_589009.htmlEl PRI prepara su regreso en México.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/07/actualidad/1318013594_889310.htmlColombia continúa su lucha contra la guerrilla.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/americas/colombia-clashes-with-guerrillas.html?ref=world&gwh=35C84E89B1BE1AB922A51CAD5D4679CB http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15230632Costa Rica respira cercada por la violencia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/10/actualidad/1318201880_244161.htmlHuracán Jova azota con fuertes vientos costas del Pacífico de MéxicoPara más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15270185 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/12/world/americas/tropical-weather/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/huracan-jova-azota-pacifico-de-mexico-_10548224-4http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44858787/ns/weather/Haití enfrenta por diversos frentes el desafío del hambre. Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/10/11/cnnheroes.haiti.children/index.htmlMás de un millón de chilenos votaron en plebiscito por la educación.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15235826 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/ms-de-un-milln-de-chilenos-participaron-en-plebiscito-por-la-educacin_10532125-4Paraguay otorga derecho de voto a los ciudadanos en el extranjero.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/10/actualidad/1318232009_186746.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15234483Espía cubano es puesto en libertad en Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/07/justice/cuban-spy-freed/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8El chavismo reedita coalición de cara a las próximas elecciones.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/popularidad-de-hugo-chvez_10526424-4Inflación brasileña sube considerablemente.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15218174Los datos económicos agitan la campaña de Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/08/actualidad/1318091400_783800.htmlVenezuela rechaza recomendaciones sobre Derechos Humanos.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/11/world/americas/un-venezuela-human-rights/index.htmlAmérica Latina tiene la mayor tasa de homicidios con armas de fuego del mundo.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/amrica-tiene-la-mayor-tasa-de-homicidios-con-armas-de-fuego-del-mundo_10538028-410 cadáveres son encontrados en el puerto de Veracruz.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44830121/ns/world_news-americas/Cuba y Vietnam estrechan sus relaciones militares.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/12/content_13876446.htmVisita del líder de la Autoridad Palestina por América Latina. Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/declaraciones-de-mahmud-abs-durante-su-gira-en-colombia_10536304-4http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-abbas-latin-america-20111011,0,6198305.storyMéxico registra más de 10.000 muertes violentas en lo que va de 2011.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/mxico-registra-ms-de-10000-muertes-violentas-en-lo-que-va-de-2011_10525984-4Chile: al menos 4 muertos y 25 heridos por un choque entre 51 vehículos.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1413977-chile-al-menos-4-muertos-y-25-heridos-por-un-choque-entre-unos-45-autos ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁFrustran atentado a embajadas de Arabia Saudita e Israel en Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44870617/ns/us_news-security/ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74676.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-iran-plot-20111012,0,1169376.story http://clesnes.blog.lemonde.fr/2011/10/11/liran-preparait-un-attentat-sur-le-sol-americain-selon-washington/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15269348Al menos 100 detenidos en Boston durante una manifestación.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/12/content_13877065.htm http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318326328_543958.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/manifestantes-arrestados-en-boston_10540865-4California aprueba ley 'Dream Act' que becará a inmigrantes ilegales.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/california-aprueba-ley-que-becar-en-la-universidad-a-inmigrantes-ilegales_10532046-4 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/09/actualidad/1318175969_801411.htmlCrece la fuerza de los 'indignados' de Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2011/10/11/anti-wall-street-ils-estiment-que-leurs-dirigeants-ne-les-representent-plus_1585889_3222.html http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74680.html La ciencia reabre el caso de los ataques con cartas contaminadas con ántrax.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318315635_900029.htmlEstados Unidos ordenó a Google entregar información de seguidor de Wikileaks.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/entrega-de-informacin-por-parte-de-google-al-gobierno-de-estados-unidos_10533704-4 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318291477_258038.htmlSenado estadounidense frena propuesta de Obama.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/12/content_13874379.htmEstados Unidos planea instaurar subsidios a agricultura"verde".Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15272815La economía fue punto central en el debate televisado de candidatos republicanos.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15269094La Casa Blanca pide a la justicia que bloquee la ley migratoria de Alabama.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/07/actualidad/1318009566_332170.htmlEUROPALa justicia de Ucrania condena a la ex primer ministra Timoshenko a siete años de cárcel.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318317478_423665.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/12/world/europe/yulia-tymoshenko-sentenced-to-seven-years-in-prison.html?_r=1&ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/11/world/europe/ukraine-prime-minister-trial/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41293679/ns/world_news-europe/ http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/11/content_13877333.htm http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74683.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15263475 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-ukraine-conviction-20111012,0,7918429.storyhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/siete-aos-de-prisin-para-ex-primer-yulia-timoshenko_10540784-4Los indignados de Bruselas empiezan a trabajar sin buscar más enfrentamientos.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/09/actualidad/1318185105_029967.htmlPolonia: la victoria histórica en las urnas permite al Gobierno liberal seguir con las reformas económicas.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/10/actualidad/1318256293_835393.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/europe/polands-palikot-movement-signals-a-changing-society.html?ref=worldAlivio para Grecia: liberan un tramo de su plan de rescate.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/12/business/global/aid-to-greece-likely-in-november.html?ref=world http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1413818-alivio-para-grecia-liberan-un-tramo-de-su-plan-de-rescate http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2011/10/12/les-syndicats-mobilises-en-grece-contre-une-nouvelle-loi-d-austerite_1586081_3214.htmlHollande y Aubry disputarán en segunda vuelta la carrera presidencial francesa.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/europe/primary-yields-runoff-for-french-socialists-and-a-surprise.html?ref=world&gwh=6A061FAD557FD8F58BA500C470CF07F2 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/hollande-y-aubry-disputarn-en-segunda-vuelta-la-carrera-socialista-al-elseo_10531965-4Eslovaquia boquea fondo de rescate europeo.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/12/content_13876979.htm http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/12/world/europe/slovak-leader-vows-to-resign-if-bailout-vote-fails.html?ref=world http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2011/10/12/slovaquie-un-possible-deuxieme-vote-jeudi_1586037_3214.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15271141 http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/10/slovakia-europe-bailout-fund-vote.htmlItalia despega fuerzas especiales para rescatar buque tomado por piratas.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/11/world/europe/italy-pirates/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Merkel y Sarkozy mantienen diálogo estrecho para hacer frente a la crisis europea.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/09/business/germany-france/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9Standard and Poor's degrada la nota de los bancos españoles.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15267628 http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2011/10/11/standard-and-poor-s-degrade-la-note-de-dix-banques-espagnoles_1585962_3234.htmlPrimer Ministro turco y su postura desafiante frente a los Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-us-turkey-20111011,0,3520640.story ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEPutin llega a China para reforzar los lazos comerciales con el gigante asiático.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318315212_434945.htmlMyanmar comienza a desmantelar la dictadura birmana.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/12/world/asia/myanmar-reportedly-prepares-to-free-thousands-of-prisoners.html?ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/11/world/asia/myanmar-prisoner-release/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44870651/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/ http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318320894_979283.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-myanmar-prisoners-20111012,0,7704676.story http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/10/11/la-perestroika-birmane-se-confirme-par-la-remise-en-liberte-de-6-300-prisonniers_1585686_3216.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15269259Pese a sanciones, continúan las constantes violaciones a los Derechos Humanos en Siria.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/middleeast/sanctions-pose-growing-threat-to-syrias-president-assad.html?ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/11/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44871339/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/10/12/demonstration-de-force-du-regime-de-bachar-al-assad_1586100_3218.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1413794-siria-la-crisis-se-complica http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-syria-warning-20111010,0,1826954.story http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-syria-homs-20111012,0,4891144.storyInundaciones en Tailandia dejan decenas de muertos, miles de desaparecidos y cuantiosos daños materiales.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/inundaciones-en-tailandia-_10548184-4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15255038 http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/12/content_13877062.htm http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/12/world/asia/thailand-floods/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Atentados en Bagdad dejan al menos 26 muertos y 78 heridos.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/middleeast/iraq-19-die-near-basra-and-in-baghdad.html?ref=world&gwh=F6C0DD9F6C4C94D21043580FE7EF73A3 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-ast-15271758 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/serie-de-atentados-en-bagdad_10548424-4 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44870489/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ La ONU denuncia torturas sistemáticas en Afganistán.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/asia/un-report-finds-routine-abuse-of-afghan-detainees.html?ref=world http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44846598/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/ http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/10/actualidad/1318271038_441710.html"CNN" analiza la rivalidad Saudí - Iraní. Para más información: http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/10/12/explaining-the-iran-saudi-rivalry/?hpt=wo_c1Israel liberará mil palestinos a cambio del soldado israelí Shalit.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/10/12/un-conflit-israelo-arabe-jalonne-de-liberations-massives_1586218_3218.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/israel-liberara-mil-palestinos-a-cambio-de-shalit_10544944-4 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44861388/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74682.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15273206 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-israel-shalit-20111012,0,1241844.storyBalance de los 10 años de guerra y crisis social en Afganistán.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/afganistn-10-aos-de-guerra-y-crisis-social_10527685-4Presidente de Myanmar visita India para estrechar lazos.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/12/content_13877528.htmAumenta la producción de opio en Afganistán.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/800160.htmlPresidente surcoreano visita Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/10/lee-myung-bak-barack-obama-us-south-korean-free-trade-agreement-north-korea-kim-jong-il.htmlVicios occidentales llegan hasta Corea del Norte.Para más información: http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/10/north-korea-pornography-prositution-martial-infidelity-on-rise.htmlChina y Vietnam culminan su disputa por límites.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15273007 ÁFRICATres mujeres activistas por los Derechos Humanos compartieron el Nobel de la paz.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/portada/Africa/nombre/mujer/elpepusoceps/20060611elpepspor_1/Teshttp://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/10/11/a-la-tete-du-liberia-mme-johnson-sirleaf-brigue-un-deuxieme-mandat_1585691_3212.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/07/world/world-nobel-peace-prize/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/06/actualidad/1317893682_280982.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/premio-nobel-de-la-paz-2011_10518044-4Los coptos egipcios culpan al ejército del baño de sangre.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/middleeast/coptics-criticize-egypt-government-over-killings.html?ref=world http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/los-coptos-egipcios-culpan-al-ejrcito-del-bao-de-sangre_10530504-4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15261479 Sirte, uno de los últimos bastiones de Gadafi, a punto de caer.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/africa/anti-qaddafi-fighters-vie-with-loyalists-for-control-in-surt.html?ref=world http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/combates-por-el-control-de-sirte_10533565-4 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/africa/nato-commander-says-resilience-of-qaddafi-loyalists-is-surprising.html?ref=world La presidenta de Liberia busca su reelección tras recibir el Nobel de la paz.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15271680 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318322754_727395.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/12/world/africa/nobel-laureate-faces-soccer-star-in-liberian-election.html?ref=worldEl presidente de Zambia recurre a los Diez Mandamientos para gobernar.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/10/actualidad/1318237613_427626.html Fuerzas de Paz de la ONU son asesinadas en Darfur.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/11/world/africa/sudan-peacekeepers-killed/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Violencia inter religiosa se expande en Egipto.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-egypt-protests-20111010,0,5642011.storyOTRAS NOTICIAS"El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21526960
W artykule przyglądam się temu, jaką edukację polityczną warto rozwijać we współczesnej polskiej szkole i wszędzie tam, gdzie buduje się w ludziach zdolność do wspólnej i niewyalienowanej pracy. Kierunek rozważań wyznaczyła konieczność ustosunkowania się myśli pedagogicznej – i równoległego dostosowania praktyk wychowawczych – do zmian w sposobie koordynacji społeczeństwa, które dokonują się w atmosferze groźby wybuchu wojny. Rozważania te buduję na dotychczasowych badaniach własnych z obszaru uczenia się w ruchach społecznych, analizując trzy porządki zapewniające koordynację społeczeństw (neoliberalizm, nacjonalizm, militaryzm) w kontekście wykluczanych przez nie wartości: dobra wspólnego, samorządu i pokoju. Rezultatem pracy jest matryca przyporządkowująca te kontrwartości różnym typom współpracy (koordynacji, kooperacji i kolaboracji). Matryca pozwala identyfikować specyfikę konkretnych przykładów mobilizacji społecznej, jak i rozpoznawać luki w kształceniu kolektywnych umiejętności współdziałania. Rezultaty analizy pozwalają zoperacjonalizować praktyki oporu pod kątem celów wychowania i stawiają w nowym świetle problemy powiązań i nawarstwiania się wrogich szkole ideologii neoliberalizmu, nacjonalizmu i militaryzmu. ; The paper analyses types of political education worth developing in contemporary Polish schools and in other places dedicated to building human capacity to work together in a non-alienated way. The analysis is based on my own research from the area of learning in social movements. I analyze three orders ensuring social coordination (neoliberalism, nationalism, and militarism) in the context of the values they exclude: the common good, self-government and peace. The result of the work is a matrix assigning these counter-values, accordingly, to coordination, cooperation and collaboration. The matrix allows for identification of the specificity of some examples of social mobilization, as well as identification of gaps in teaching collective interaction skills. The results of the analysis can be used to operationalize the practices of resistance in terms of educational goals. They also put in a new light the problems of connections between and building up of ideologies hostile to schools, that is, neoliberalism, nationalism and militarism. ; satkow@gmail.com ; Uniwersytet Gdański ; Amici, F., & Bietti, L.M. (2015). Coordination , collaboration and cooperation. Interdisciplinary perspectives. Interaction Studies, 16 (3), 7–12. ; Armingeon, K., & Guthmann, K. (2014). Democracy in crisis? The declining support for national democracy in European countries, 2007–2011. European Journal of Political Research, 53 (3), 423–442. ; Bajaj, M. (2014). Pedagogies of resistance and critical peace education praxis. Journal of Peace Education, 12 (2), 154–166. ; Bieler, A., & Jordan, J. 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no pueden ser los Talibanes. Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/02/content_14020988.htm El nivel de aprobación de Obama aumentó a 47%. Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/el-nivel-de-aprobacin-de-obama-aument-a-47_10687444-4EUROPAEl referéndum griego sobre el acuerdo de la Unión Europea reaviva la crisis de la deuda.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/buttonwood/2011/11/greek-referendum http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-greece-debt-fallout-20111102,0,1461340.story http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15555449 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/01/world/europe/greece-debt-referendum/index.html?hpt=wo_c1 http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/referendum/griego/acuerdo/UE/reaviva/crisis/deuda/elpepueco/20111101elpepueco_1/Teshttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/grecia-perturba-el-futuro-de-la-ue-con-anuncio-de-referendo_10679444-4 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/europe/austerity-faces-political-test-in-greek-turmoil.html?ref=world http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45114513/ns/world_news-europe/#.TrEYaXKwA90La crisis griega se apodera del G20.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/805736.htmlGabinete de Grecia respaldó propuesta de Papandreou.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/11/euro-zone-crisis http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/gabinete-de-grecia-respald-propuesta-de-papandreou_10686484-4Tribunal de Londres autoriza la extradición de Julian Assange a Suecia.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15549985 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/extradicion-de-julian-assange-_10687424-4 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/805742.htmlhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45129622/ns/world_news-europe/#.TrEYdHKwA90A 20 años de la caída de la URSS Putin reflota el sueño ruso de una superpotencia.Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/580BB725-FBFF-4088-9E76-6C1B2EA32015.htm?id={580BB725-FBFF-4088-9E76-6C1B2EA32015}Cuestiones económicas dominan la agenda de reunión de líderes del G20.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/02/content_14019609.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15550422 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/business/global/euro-crisis-holds-both-hopes-and-fears-for-britain.html?ref=world http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/02/content_14021676.htmCensurado un reportaje televisivo sobre la tortura en Chechenia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/01/actualidad/1320150607_986884.htmlSilvio Berlusconi sometería reformas económicas al voto de confianza.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/berlusconi-dispuesto-a-someter-sus-reformas-econmicas-al-voto-de-confianza_10671303-4Semanario francés fue incendiado la noche del pasado martes.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/semanario-francs-incendiado_10687484-4 http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/11/01/8583325-a-protest-only-the-french-could-cook-upBulgaria apuesta por la continuidad y elige al candidato oficial a la presidencia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/28/actualidad/1319803405_310247.htmlASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEAtambáyev arrasa en los comicios de Kirguizistán ante denuncias de fraude.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/asia/kyrgyzstan-says-united-states-manas-air-base-will-close.html?ref=world http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/31/actualidad/1320052345_875824.htmlPosible acuerdo entre Siria y Liga Árabe para detener violencia.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/middleeast/syria-accused-of-kidnapping-4-in-lebanon.html?ref=world http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/16B7D92D-45D5-4FA8-A577-4838AE22630B.htm?id={16B7D92D-45D5-4FA8-A577-4838AE22630B} http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/siria-acepta-sin-reservas-plan-de-paz-de-la-liga-rabe-_10689205-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/01/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/11/01/consultations-a-damas-sur-un-plan-de-sortie-de-crise-de-la-ligue-arabe_1596738_3218.html Cuatro muertos y al menos 100 heridos en explosión en China.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45128660/ns/local_news-seattle_wa/#.TrEYhnKwA90 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/cuatro-muertos-y-al-menos-100-heridos-en-explosin-en-china_10679384-4El presidente sirio, Bashar Al Assad, dice que 'la región puede arder'.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/crisis-en-siria-y-en-oriente-medio_10668644-4Ataque con carro bomba deja 17 personas muertas en Afganistán.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/15551751 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/ataque-suicida-contra-soldados-de-la-otan_10662924-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/31/world/asia/afghanistan-violence/index.html?hpt=wo_c2China ordena pagar 1,7 millones de euros al artista disidente Ai Weiwei por evasión de impuestos.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/01/actualidad/1320134125_023619.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/4CBA0653-801D-4A93-962A-A049E1556070.htm?id={4CBA0653-801D-4A93-962A-A049E1556070} http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/754BEDB0-A771-470C-B523-4D5CE1B7F04E.htm?id={754BEDB0-A771-470C-B523-4D5CE1B7F04E} http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/asia/dissident-artist-says-china-is-seeking-2-4-million-in-back-taxes.html?ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/01/world/asia/china-artist-taxes/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7Hallan nexo de Siria y Pakistán en tema nuclear.Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/C93DC5A8-CD55-4D1B-A442-BB8B4561332A.htm?id={C93DC5A8-CD55-4D1B-A442-BB8B4561332A} http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/asia/report-details-problems-for-karzais-afghan-security-force-plan.html?ref=worldEl Asad lanza un aviso: una intervención en Siria "quemaría la región".Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/30/actualidad/1319967959_959688.htmlTailandia continua sufriendo las consecuencias de las nefastas inundaciones .Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/asia/bangkok-officials-have-to-choose-who-stays-dry-in-floods.html?ref=world http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15553636 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/31/world/asia/thailand-flood/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45115550/ns/world_news/#.TrEYv3KwA90 http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/02/content_14025094.htm http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/11/02/les-inondations-en-thailande-ont-fait-plus-de-400-morts_1597154_3216.htmlLa carrera por los tesoros de Afganistán.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/31/actualidad/1320084432_089252.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghanistan-attacks-20111030,0,4617457.storyA soldado estadounidense lo condenan a 10 años de prisión por violación en Corea del Sur.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/01/world/asia/south-korea-soldier-rape/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Siria coloca minas en su frontera con Líbano.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45114788/ns/world_newsmideast_n_africa/#.TrEYfnKwA90Palestina avanza en el ingreso en la ONU.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/31/actualidad/1320089513_204037.htmlEjercito israelí autorizado a detener cohetes provenientes de Gaza.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45120459/ns/world_newsdeast_n_africa/#.TrEY2HKwA90"China Daily" analiza la importancia que tiene para China el comercio con América Latina.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/02/content_14019004.htmEl emir de Catar anuncia elecciones para su cámara consultiva.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/01/actualidad/1320137304_545664.htmlAFRICAAbdelrahim Elkib, designado jefe del Gobierno libio de transición.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45123039/ns/world_newsmideast_n_africa/#.TrEYgnKwA90 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/abdelrahim-elkib-designado-jefe-del-gobierno-libio-de-transicin_10675506-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/31/world/meast/libyagovernment/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10Ataque suicida sacude a Somalia. Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45100121/ns/world_news-africa/#.TrEYi3KwA90Miles de rebeldes mueren en Sudán del Sur.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/01/content_14014820.htm http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/31/world/africa/sudanighting/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10Drama de los somalíes que huyen por no morir de hambre y en silencio.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/giving/some-aid-trickles-into-somalia-surrounded-by-death-and-disease.html?ref=world http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/crisis-en-somalia_10678564-4La OTAN cerró su operación militar de siete meses en Libia.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/la-otan-cerr-su-operacin-militar-de-siete-meses-en-libia_10678385-4 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/africa/in-libya-the-fighting-may-outlast-the-revolution.html?ref=world El islamismo avanza en la nueva Libia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/01/actualidad/1320170181_471604.htmlLa ONU insta a Libia a mantener sus arsenales fuera del alcance de Al Qaeda.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/africa/in-libya-the-fighting-may-outlast-the-revolution.html?ref=world http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/01/actualidad/1320146343_540072.htmlKenia incursiona militarmente en territorio de Somalia. Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-kenya-somalia-20111030,0,4326630.story http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/africa/planes-are-flying-arms-into-somalia-for-militants-kenya-says.html?ref=worldLa fiebre de cultivos perturba África.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/30/actualidad/1319999483_738868.htmlNo es posible culminar por el momento el juicio a Mubarak. Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/30/world/meast/egypt-mubarak-trial/index.html?hpt=wo_bn11 http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/11/01/le-zimbabwe-peut-reprendre-le-commerce-de-diamants-de-marange_1597120_3212.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/middleeast/egypts-tourism-suffers-as-its-revolution-stalls.html?ref=worldOTRAS NOTICIASEl mundo tiene 7.000 millones de habitantes.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-15459643 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/numero-de-personas-de-la-poblacion-mundial_10639484-4 http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2011/10/26/7-milliards-d-humains-en-2011-et-15-milliards-en-2100_1594137_3244.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-seven-billionth-baby-20111031,0,455314.story "El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21534852
El Huracán Gustav se formó en el Caribe la mañana del 25 de agosto al sureste de Puerto Príncipe, Haití. Rápidamente se intensificó en una tormenta tropical esa misma tarde y en un huracán en las primeras horas del día siguiente. Con su paso afectó gravemente a poblaciones de Haití, Republica Dominicana, Jamaica y esta última semana, Cuba y los Estados Unidos. Varios medios informan sobre este suceso y sus repercusiones en diferentes ámbitos: "MSNBC": "Cuba digs out after Gustav's winds hit 212 mph: Homes destroyed and flooded, but no deaths; hurricane set wind record":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26486029/"New Orleans mayor: Don't come home yet: Nagin says it's too early to return after massive hurricane evacuation":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26501363/"MSNBC" presenta sitio con links a noticias relacionadas al paso del huracán: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/22886841#22886841"Gustav may trigger $10B in insurance claims: 'More of a wind event, than a flood event,' says insurance spokesman": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26510099/"Le Monde":"L'ouragan Hanna fait 10 morts à Haïti, déjà frappé par Gustav":http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/09/02/l-ouragan-hanna-fait-10-morts-a-haiti-deja-frappe-par-gustav_1090770_3222.html#ens_id=1088297"A Lafayette, en Louisiane, "rien n'a changé depuis Katrina"":http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/09/02/a-lafayette-en-louisiane-rien-n-a-change-depuis-katrina_1090733_3222.html#ens_id=1088297"El Mercurio" de Chile: "Fueron canceladas todas las actividades políticas: Republicanos dedican su primera jornada de convención a los afectados por el huracán":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/3D183F6E-D62D-469D-892E-8DFD8DA361E1.htm?id={3D183F6E-D62D-469D-892E-8DFD8DA361E1}"Gustav pierde fuerza, pero deja siete muertos al golpear a Nueva Orleáns":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/4AC9C805-D662-43B7-BDCF-9E76B1708AB5.htm?id={4AC9C805-D662-43B7-BDCF-9E76B1708AB5}"Miami Herald":"Hurricane Gustav largely spares New Orleans, floods parts of La., Miss.":http://www.miamiherald.com/569/story/668225.html"Los Angeles Times":"After Gustav, Louisiana begins process of recovering":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gustav3-2008sep03,0,3455205.story"New Orleans levees hold against Hurricane Gustav":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gustav2-2008sep02,0,2668771.story"Republicans scale back convention due to Hurricane Gustav":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gop1-2008sep01,0,1600658.story"Hurricane Gustav bears down on empty New Orleáns: Thousands have taken to the highways before the storm, expected to make landfall today as a Category 3.":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gustav1-2008sep01,0,1882337.story"The Economist": "Half-empty streets: New Orleans is recovering its energy, but not its people":http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12009922"The trailers that smelt bad: After the storm, the poisoning"http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12009914"New York Times":"Powerful Hurricane Lashes Gulf Coast":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/02/us/02gustav.html?ref=us"Party's Plans Are Unsettled; McCain Visits Gulf":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/01/us/politics/01repubs.html?ref=us"CNN":"CNN" presenta sitio con links a noticias relacionadas al paso del huracán: http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2008/news/hurricane.gustav/"Oil prices fall sharply as hurricane weakens":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/01/oil.prices.ap/index.html"Gustav hits U.S. economy: Storm is weaker than Katrina three years ago. But it hits an economy that is at greater risk.":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/01/gustav/index.htmlAMERICA LATINA"CNN" informa: "Bolivia's Morales visits Iran":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/01/bolivia.iran/index.html"La Nación" informa: "Bolivia: sorpresivo giro de la Corte Electoral contra Evo Morales: El organismo rechazó realizar el referéndum constitucional porque "no fue convocado por ley sino sólo por un decreto"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045579"New York Times" informa: "Chávez Threatens to Expel American Ambassador": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/01/world/americas/01venez.html?ref=world"El Mercurio" de Chile anuncia: "Chávez podría controlar los blogs y sitios de internet como Facebook": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/981BC888-A155-4AAB-8EE8-0ACA5CC4D76D.htm?id={981BC888-A155-4AAB-8EE8-0ACA5CC4D76D}New York Times" anuncia: "Drug Violence Alters the Flow of Life in Mexico": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/31/world/americas/31mexico.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid publica: "'Marcha blanca' contra el crimen en México: Cientos de miles de ciudadanos reclaman más seguridad ante la imparable ola de violencia": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Marcha/blanca/crimen/Mexico/elpepiint/20080901elpepiint_7/Tes"Los Angeles Times" anuncia: "Calderon presents Mexico's annual report in written form: A new law allows President Felipe Calderon to give his state of the nation report without having to appear before Congress, a move that avoids disturbances.":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-informe2-2008sep02,0,772815.story"La Nación" informa: "Un coche bomba dejó cuatro muertos en Cali: El gobierno de Uribe atribuyó el atentado a las FARC": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045503"El País" de Madrid informa: "Un coche bomba mata a cinco personas en Colombia: La explosión se produce cerca del Palacio de Justicia de Cali.- La Policía sospecha de las FARC": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/exodo/Nueva/Orleans/paraliza/campana/EE/UU/elpepuint/20080901elpepiint_1/Tes"La Nación" publica: "Betancourt reclamó un espacio político para las FARC: Sin embargo le pidió a la guerrilla que deje de actuar en forma "terrorista"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045634"La Nación" informa: "Ingrid Betancourt, con el Papa": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045502"El País" de Madrid publica: "Un caso de espionaje agita de nuevo las instituciones de Brasil: Lula promete investigar un escándalo de escuchas telefónicas ilegales al presidente del Supremo y a un senador": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/caso/espionaje/agita/nuevo/instituciones/Brasil/elpepuint/20080901elpepuint_10/Tes"MSNBC" analiza: "Brazil's spy chief removed over bugging scandal: Wiretaps found on phones of Supreme Court justice, senior politicians": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26505995/"The Economist" analiza: "Brazil: A funny kind of reward. Just when production from Petrobras's big new oilfields gets going, the government ponders changing the rules on oil exploration": http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12009864"CCN": "Cuban musician guilty of public disorder":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/08/29/cuba.punkrocker.ap/index.html"La Nación": "Advirtió Lugo sobre un plan golpista liderado por Oviedo: Involucró también a Duarte Frutos": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045500"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Fernando Lugo denuncia conspiración golpista":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/335949BE-6966-42F4-8C2A-4FEB762D4672.htm?id={335949BE-6966-42F4-8C2A-4FEB762D4672}"Le Monde" publica: "L'Argentine va rembourser sa dette au Club de Paris": http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/09/02/l-argentine-va-rembourser-sa-dette-au-club-de-paris_1090779_3222.html#ens_id=1090782"La Nación"analiza: "Primera jugada fuerte de Cristina: el Gobierno cancela la deuda con el Club de París con reservas del BCRA: Como ocurrió con el FMI, la Presidenta afirmó que saldará los compromisos de 6700 millones de dólares con fondos del Banco Central ; "esto reafirma una vez más la voluntad de pago de la Argentina", señaló; justificó que este pasivo "no es de carácter financiero" y dijo que el país "necesita confianza"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045593"El País" informa sobre gira de Vázquez : "Corea del Sur pidió más apoyo a sus inversiones":http://www.elpais.com.uy/08/09/01/ultmo_367240.aspEl Portal de "Terra" publica: "Vázquez impulsa la exportación de carne a Corea del Sur":http://actualidad.terra.es/nacional/articulo/vazquez-corea-sur-2715888.htESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"The Economist" analiza: "John McCain: No surrender. The gnarled maverick outpolls his party and might even beat Barack Obama. But what sort of president would he be?": http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12001775"The Economist" informa. "The Democratic convention: Flags, cheers, discipline and doubt. Barack Obama struggled this week to unite his party": http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12010827"Time" presenta sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones estadounidenses: http://thepage.time.com/"Time" anuncia: "Day One at the Republican National Convention": http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1838049,00.html"El Universal" de México publica: "Reanudan Convención Republicana con mensaje de Bush: El presidente Bush, hablará desde la Casa Blanca en una videoconferencia que se transmitirá en el Xcel Energy Center de esta capital de Minnesota": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/534973.html"BBC" informa: "Republican convention to resume": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7594149.stm"Le Monde" informa: "Après un faux départ, la convention républicaine revient au premier plan": http://www.lemonde.fr/elections-americaines/article/2008/09/02/apres-un-faux-depart-la-convention-republicaine-revient-au-premier-plan_1090781_829254.html#ens_id=1089564"La Nación" publica: "Inesperado giro en la campaña republicana: Palin reveló que su hija adolescente está embarazada": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045463"MSNBC" anuncia: "Palin disclosures raise questions about vetting: Alaskans say no one from McCain camp asked them about eventual VP pick": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26501863/"El País" de Madrid publica: "La convención demócrata no ayuda a Obama en las encuestas: Un sondeo realizado por CNN al finalizar la reunión de Denver revela que mantiene el empate con el republicano John McCain en las preferencias": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/convencion/democrata/ayuda/Obama/encuestas/elpepuint/20080901elpepuint_18/TesEUROPAVarios medios informan sobre desarrollo del conflicto entre Rusia y Georgia: "New York Times": "E.U. Meets on Georgia Crisis Response": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/02/world/europe/02georgia.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid: "La UE presiona a Rusia para que retire sus tropas de Georgia a niveles previos a la guerra: Sarkozy, Solana y Barroso viajarán a Moscú y Tbilisi la próxima semana para verificar el cumplimiento del acuerdo de alto el fuego.- Medvédev avisa que no dará marcha atrás sobre el reconocimiento de Osetia del Sur y Abjazia": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/UE/condiciona/nuevas/negociaciones/asociacion/Rusia/retiro/efectivo/tropas/Georgia/elpepuint/20080901elpepuint_11/Tes"La UE busca una posición común frente a Rusia: Brown advierte que "ningún país puede tener el dominio energético de Europa"": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/UE/busca/posicion/comun/frente/Rusia/elpepuint/20080901elpepiint_5/Tes"CNN":"EU warns Russia against isolation": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/09/01/russia.georgia.summit.sanctions/index.html"La Nación": "Las inversiones europeas en Rusia alejan las sanciones: Alemania, Italia y Francia se oponen a cualquier castigo y abogan por un incremento del diálogo con el Kremlin":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045585"Cumbre europea: Dividida, la UE evita sancionar a Rusia. Le exigió que se retirara de Georgia":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045504"MSNBC":"Putin vows 'an answer' to NATO ships: Russia has repeatedly complained of Black Sea build-up after Georgia war":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26508298/"EU delays economic, political talks with Russia: Sarkozy says Moscow needs to pull its troops back from Georgia, first": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26497101/"Time""Putin Vows 'Answer' to NATO Ships":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1837975,00.html"EU Talks Tough on Russia": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1837863,00.html"China Daily":"Georgia formally breaks ties with Russia":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-09/02/content_6991967.htm"The Economist" "Russia and Georgia: Put out even more flags: Russia's recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia will reverberate for a long time—not least at home": http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12009856"Time" informa: "Italy Pays Reparations to Libya":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1838014,00.html"La Nación" informa: "Pronostican una recesión en Gran Bretaña: La OCDE que el crecimiento será negativo en los dos últimos trimestres del año, pero indicó que será positivo en 2009; lanzan un paquete para adquirir la primera vivienda": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045588ASIA – PACÍFICO /MEDIO ORIENTE"New York Times" informa: "Japan's Prime Minister Resigns":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/02/world/asia/02japan.html?ref=world"EL País" de Madrid publica: "Dimite el primer ministro de Japón: Yasuo Fukuda, que atravesaba una grave crisis de popularidad, considera que es lo mejor para el país": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Dimite/primer/ministro/Japon/elpepuint/20080901elpepuint_13/Tes"MSNBC" anuncia: "Japan's unpopular prime minister resigns: Move throws world's second-largest economy into political confusion": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26495149/"Time" informa: "In Japan, A Strategic Resignation": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1837919,00.html"CNN" anuncia: "Beleaguered Japanese PM resigns":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/japan.pm/index.html"La Nación" publica: "Presentó su dimisión el premier de Japón: Yasuo Fukuda era resistido por el Senado": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045465"New York Times" publica: "Thai Protesters Target Utilities": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/02/world/asia/02thailand.html?ref=world"MSNBC" informa: "Violence sparks Bangkok state of emergency: Thai premier bans gatherings of more than 5 people after deadly protests": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26498577/"La Nación" informa: "Tailandia: declaran el estado de emergencia por la ola de violencia: La crisis política, que derivó en los fuertes enfrentamientos entre oficialistas y opositores, se cobró su primera víctima; el ejército tomó el control de las calles": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045580"The Economist" publica: "Thailand: No compromise: A three-year political conflict grinds on, as protesters besiege the government": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12009966"Los Angeles Times" anuncia: "Thai army takes to streets": http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-thai2-2008sep02,0,2452625.story"Time" informa: "Thai PM Refuses to Step Down":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1837805,00.html"CNN" informa: "Indian flood leaves 3 million needing help":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/india.floods.relief.dead/index.html"MSNBC" analiza: "Disease feared at India flood refugee camps: 250,000 in shelters now, but that could double; cholera, diarrhea feared": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26497562/"CNN" anuncia: "Dalai Lama discharged from Indian hospital": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/india.dalai.lama.ap/index.html"Time" analiza: "The Lessons of the Beijing Olympics":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1835582,00.html"China Daily" publica: "China set to raise poverty line":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-09/03/content_6992004.htm"The Economist" analiza: "Pakistan. Man of the hour: From demented jailbird to president-in-waiting: Asif Zardari's metamorphosis": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12010369"CNN" informa: "Iraqi troops take control of key province": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/09/01/iraq.anbar.handover.coalition/index.htmlAFRICA"New York Times" informa: "Zimbabwe Lifts Ban on Aid Groups, but Its Effects Linger":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/world/africa/30zimbabwe.html?ref=world"CNN" publica: "Police seize opposition MPs in Zimbabwe": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/27/zimbabwe.arrests/index.html"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Mauritania forma su primer Gobierno tras el golpe: El nuevo Ejecutivo está formado por 28 miembros, en su mayoría tecnócratas sin experiencia política": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Mauritania/forma/primer/Gobierno/golpe/elpepuint/20080901elpepuint_8/Tes"CNN" informa: "Nigerian militants claim 29 soldiers dead; military disagrees": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/30/nigeria.attack/index.html"MSNBC" anuncia: "17 feared dead after aid plane crashes in Congo: No sign of survivors as humanitarian flight operated by U.S. firm goes down": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26505815/"CNN" informa: "Sudan hijackers surrender":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/27/sudan.plane.hostages/index.htmlECONOMIA"The Economist" publica su informa semanal: "Business this week": http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12011210"CNN" anuncia: "Iraq signs $3 billion oil deal with China":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/08/30/iraq.china.oil.deal/index.html"The Economist" informa: "The second browser war: Google's new web browser is its most direct attack on Microsoft yet": http://www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12039759&source=features_box_main"MSNBC" publica: "Oil industry tallies the damage from Gustav: Early indications that storm caused little damage to Gulf's facilities":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26509771/"MSNBC" analiza: "The world's most powerful women: Business and political leaders on Forbes list control $26 trillion worldwide": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26426065/"Time" publica: "Google Enters the Browser Wars": http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1837914,00.html
Conflicto en Argentina: Campo versus Gobierno. A Casi 100 días del paro del campo, Argentina vive en una ambiente de inestabilidad dominado por una crisis de abastecimiento, piquetes, inflación, cacerolazos, actos, discursos, lucha de poder y amenaza al uso de la fuerza. "El País" de Madrid informa: "Las protestas y los bloqueos de carreteras se han repetido por todo el país en medio de un grave conflicto con el Gobierno":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/campo/argentino/amenaza/alargar/paro/dias/necesario/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_3/Tes"CNN" publica: "Traffic snarls are latest bump in Argentine farm crisis":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/04/argentina.farmers/index.html"El País" de Madrid analiza: "Crisis social en Argentina: ¿Quién manda en Argentina?":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Quien/manda/Argentina/elpepuint/20080616elpepiint_3/Tes"New York Times" informa: "Argentine President Seeks to Quell Criticism":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/world/americas/18argentina.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin"El País" de Madrid informa: "La presidenta argentina recurre al Parlamento para aliviar la crisis con el campo: Néstor Kirchner acusa de "extorsión" al campo argentino y culpa a la prensa de alentar las protestas":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/presidenta/argentina/recurre/Parlamento/aliviar/crisis/campo/elpepuint/20080618elpepuint_6/Tes"El País" de Madrid informa: "Cacerolada masiva en Argentina contra la gestión del Gobierno de FernándezMiles de manifestantes muestran su malestar en la capital y otras ciudades del interior - La falta de combustibles agudiza el conflicto "http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Cacerolada/masiva/Argentina/gestion/Gobierno/Fernandez/elpepuint/20080617elpepuint_7/Tes"CNN" informa: "Argentina, in farm crisis, misses bonanza":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/08/argentina.crisis.ap/index.html "CNN" anuncia: "Fernandez defends Argentine grain export tax":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/17/argentina.farmers/index.html"La Nación" publica: "El Gobierno ratifica el acto y Cristina enviará un mensaje por cadena nacional. Randazzo defendió la convocatoria a Plaza de Mayo, en medio de la fuerte presión para levantarla; De Vido reiteró que "no es momento para tibios"; la Presidenta hablará a las 17; antes, lo hará Kirchner":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1022210"The Economist" analiza situación en Argentina: "Hocus-pocus: The real-world consequences of producing unreal inflation numbers":http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11546117"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Conflicto político-social de Argentina: Grupo de disidencia interna del PJ forma una alternativa a los Kirchner":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/17/internacional/_portada/noticias/6D000C85-0908-47B5-AAB4-EFCFFD89C404.htm?id={6D000C85-0908-47B5-AAB4-EFCFFD89C404}"La Nación" publica: "No cede la presión de dirigentes para diluir el conflicto: Desde el PJ piden que se desactive el acto y que se revisen las retenciones; nuevas críticas opositoras":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1022246"El Mercurio de Chile anuncia: "Mandataria argentina formuló el anuncio por cadena nacional de radio y televisión: Cristina Fernández opta por radicar discusión del impuesto al agro en el Poder Legislativo":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/18/internacional/_portada/noticias/EF165870-B83A-4E6B-AFBE-DF01DE842204.htm?id={EF165870-B83A-4E6B-AFBE-DF01DE842204}"La Nación publica: "El día después, en el interior. Persisten los faltantes y los cortes de ruta en varios puntos; la protesta de ayer abarcó a todas las provincias":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1022219"La Nación" publica: "No cede la presión de dirigentes para diluir el conflicto: Desde el PJ piden que se desactive el acto y que se revisen las retenciones; nuevas críticas opositoras":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1022246"CNN" publica: "Argentina farm strike turns violent":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/14/argentina.violence/index.html"CNN" informa: "Controversial tax to fund Argentina's social programs":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/10/argentina.tax/index.html"CNN" publica: "Argentina farm strike turns violent":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/14/argentina.violence/index.html "La Nación"analiza: "El reclamo popular, bajo la lupa de los analistas: Especialistas consultados por LANACION.com evaluaron similitudes y diferencias entre los cacerolazos de anoche y los de 2001":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1022220 "CNN" informa: "Argentine farmers renew protests":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/15/argentina.farmers.ap/index.html"La Nación" publica: "No cede la presión de dirigentes para diluir el conflicto: Desde el PJ piden que se desactive el acto y que se revisen las retenciones; nuevas críticas opositoras":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1022246"El Tiempo" de Colombia publica: "Cristina Kirchner cede ante el ruido de las cacerolas":http://www.eltiempo.com/internacional/latinoamerica/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-4304824.html"La Nación" publica: "El día después, en el interior. Persisten los faltantes y los cortes de ruta en varios puntos; la protesta de ayer abarcó a todas las provincias":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1022219AMERICA LATINA"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Brasil admite la falta de preparación de los controladores aéreos: Las autoridades reconocen que los técnicos no saben inglés y que esto representa un "peligro real"":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Brasil/admite/falta/preparacion/controladores/aereos/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_1/Tes"La Nación" informa: "Matan en Venezuela a otro periodista:Pertenecía a un canal opositor":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022094"La Nación" publica: "Chávez llegó a Cuba para reunirse con Fidel:Afirmó que el convaleciente líder está "vivito y coleando"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022161"The Economist" analiza: "Hugo Chávez: Master tactician or failing bungler?: Latin America's self-styled Bolivarian hero may be losing his populist touch":http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11541336"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Primera visita en 10 años de un Mandatario de ese país: Gira de Presidente uruguayo a Cuba genera malestar opositor":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/17/internacional/internacional/noticias/5BC2BAFE-C73D-4D2F-A73E-81618A1ECBD0.htm?id={5BC2BAFE-C73D-4D2F-A73E-81618A1ECBD0}"El Mercurio" de Chile publica: "Periodista de RCTV fue asesinado a puñaladas":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/17/internacional/internacional/noticias/C270F560-C362-4594-A18A-E87D4E63EB35.htm?id={C270F560-C362-4594-A18A-E87D4E63EB35}"El Universal" de México publica: "Hablan Chávez y Castro de situación mundial y crisis energética: Ambos se reunieron en privado en un encuentro de tres horas de duración en La Habana, dijeron medios estatales este martes":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/515481.html"MSNBC" informa: "U.N.: 'Shock' rise in Colombia coca growth":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25242986/"MSNBC" analiza: "Ailing Castro makes first appearance in months: New images show former Cuban leader meeting with brother and Chavez":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25237677/"Miami Herald" informa: "Cuban TV shows new images of ailing Fidel Castro":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/AP/story/573820.htmlESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"Time" analiza: "Leaving Europe, Bush Eyes Legacy":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1815259,00.html"La Nación" informa: "Obama suma el apoyo de otro cacique demócrata: Al Gore":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/EdicionImpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022093"El Tiempo" de Colombia publica: "Obama tiene ventaja de seis puntos sobre McCain, según encuesta publicada por The Washington Post":http://www.eltiempo.com/internacional/euycanada/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-4300123.html"El Tiempo" de Colombia informa: "24 mil evacuados por inundaciones en Iowa":http://www.eltiempo.com/internacional/euycanada/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-4284544.html"The Economist" informa: "The American election and Iraq: The war for the White House":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11546716"The Economist" analiza: "The new Democratic establishment : Who's who in Obamaworld": http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11551686 "The Economist" analiza situación de los demócratas :"The Democrats unite: All together now":http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11551760"MSNBC" publica: "U.S., activists decry genocide in Sudan: They slam failed international efforts to stop war that's left 2 million dead":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25236102/EUROPAEL No de Irlanda: la población de Irlanda votó un NO en el referéndum sobre el Tratado de Lisboa , con el que la Unión Europea busca agilizar la toma de decisiones. Ésta se encuentra en una encrucijada: la diplomacia europea teme que la crisis abierta provoque un considerable retraso en las reformas internas, que desde hace más de cinco años pugna por adaptar sus instituciones a la nueva realidad de un bloque ampliado."El País" de Madrid informa: "Los Veintisiete instan a continuar con la ratificación del Tratado de Lisboa: La mayoría de ministros de Exteriores piden seguir adelante con el proceso pese al 'no' irlandés.- Dublín pide soluciones conjuntas.- La Presidencia eslovena cree que la UE debe "reflexionar" ":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Veintisiete/instan/continuar/ratificacion/Tratado/Lisboa/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_7/Tes"La Nación" informa: "Pese al no irlandés, la UE avanzará con el Tratado de Lisboa: Continuará el proceso de ratificación":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022073"El País" de Madrid publica: "Los ministros de la UE aplazan el debate sobre las sanciones a CubaLos titulares de Exteriores se centran en el 'no' irlandés al Tratado de Lisboa y dejan la decisión para el Consejo Europeo de finales de semana":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/ministros/UE/aplazan/debate/sanciones/Cuba/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_8/Tes"El País" de Madrid informa: "La UE arranca la semana más crítica: Irlanda pide ayuda para salvar la crisis tras el rechazo al Tratado de Lisboa - Bruselas teme que el 'no' se contagie a República Checa y Reino Unido":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/UE/arranca/semana/critica/elpepuint/20080616elpepiint_4/Tes"New York Times" informa: "Brown Says Europe Will Tighten Iran Sanctions":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/world/17prexy.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin"CNN" publica: "British mercenary could face execution":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/06/17/mann.trial/index.html"El País" de Madrid informa: "Londres presionará a Europa para endurecer las sanciones contra Irán: Gordon Brown y George W. Bush se reúnen en la residencia del 'premier'.- El líder británico anuncia más tropas para Afganistán y desmiente un calendario de retirada de Irak":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Londres/presionara/Europa/endurecer/sanciones/Iran/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_9/Tes"La Nación" informa: "Anunció Brown más sanciones contra Irán":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022154"CNN" informa: "Osama bin Laden ally' freed in UK on bail":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/06/17/qatada.free.ap/index.html?iref=topnews"La Nación" informa: "Sarkozy imprime un drástico giro en la doctrina militar, Recortes de personal y más inteligencia":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022091"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Premier italiano tiene un proceso por soborno: El Gobierno presenta proyecto de ley que aplazaría un juicio contra Berlusconi":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/17/internacional/internacional/noticias/5BC2BAFE-C73D-4D2F-A73E-81618A1ECBD0.htm?id={5BC2BAFE-C73D-4D2F-A73E-81618A1ECBD0}"La Nación" publica: "Polémica por otra ley a medida de Berlusconi: El gobierno busca desacelerar los procesos judiciales de "cuello blanco", como los que afectan al premier":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022155"El País" de Madrid publica: "El drama de la inmigración clandestina se representa en las costas italianas: 123 inmigrantes han desaparecido y otros 21 han muerto al naufragar una embarcación que se dirigía a Italia; otras 454 personas han llegado a Lampedusa, donde los centros de internamiento están colapsados":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/drama/inmigracion/clandestina/representa/costas/italianas/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_13/Tes"La popularidad de Zapatero, en su nivel más bajo por los problemas económicos: Cayó al 44%, por primera vez en cuatro años; la economía se convirtió en la mayor preocupación","La Nación" informa:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022152"El País" de Madrid informa: "Kosovo estrena la Constitución que lo define como Estado":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Kosovo/estrena/Constitucion/define/Estado/elpepuint/20080616elpepiint_5/Tes"New York Times" publica: "Kosovo's New Constitution Takes Effect":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/16/world/europe/16kosovo.html?ref=worldAsia – Pacífico /Medio OrieNTE"New York Times" publica: : "Iran's Nuclear Program":http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/iran/nuclear_program/index.html"CNN" informa: "Iraq war sends refugee numbers soaring, U.N. warns":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/06/17/iraq.main/index.html"Time": "Car Bomb at Baghdad Market Kills 11":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1815367,00.html"CNN" informa: " Iraqi foreign minister: Al-Sadr threats 'unacceptable'":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/06/15/iraq.main/index.html"El País" de Madrid informa: "La OTAN envía refuerzos a Kandahar tras la fuga de cientos de presos talibanes: Al Yazira asegura que los islamistas han tomado varias localidades y quieren recuperar la segunda ciudad del país":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/OTAN/envia/refuerzos/Kandahar/fuga/cientos/presos/talibanes/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_11/Tes"CNN" informa: "Hamas sources say truce with Israel near":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/06/17/israel.hamas/index.html"El País" de Madrid publica: "El Gobierno levanta 1.300 casas más en la Jerusalén ocupada":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Gobierno/levanta/1300/casas/Jerusalen/ocupada/elpepuint/20080616elpepiint_11/Tes"MSNBC" informa: "Israel confirms six-month truce with Hamas: Cease-fire deal with militant group aims to end violence in Gaza":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25207411/`"La NAcion" publica: "Hamas e Israel acuerdan una tregua: El pacto, que prevé el cese de los ataques, entrará en vigor el jueves":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022243"El Tiempo" de Colombia informa: "Hamas confirmó que aceptó hacer tregua en ataques contra Israel a partir del jueves":http://www.eltiempo.com/internacional/orientemedio/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-4300364.html"MSNBC" publica: "Indian army wants military space program: Regional race between Asian giants could accelerate militarization of space": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25216230/"El País" de Madrid informa: "China asegura que el ascenso de Obama confirma la división racial en EE UU: El Gobierno opina por primera vez, a través de un periódico estatal, sobre el candidato demócrata a la Casa Blanca":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/China/asegura/ascenso/Obama/confirma/division/racial/EE/UU/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_6/Tes"Time" publica: "Olympic Torch Lands in Xinjiang":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1815245,00.html"China Daily" informa: "Vice President leaves for five-Asian-nation visit":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-06/17/content_6766512.htm"MSNBC" publica: "China floods reportedly kill 63 this month: Soldiers scramble to shore up soggy levies with sandbags as thousands flee":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25203804/"China Daily" informa: "Floods take a toll on life, kill 171 people":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-06/17/content_6765159.htm"Time" publica: "1 Million Homeless in China Floods":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1815055,00.htmlAFRICA"New York Times" publica: "After 15 Years, Hints of Peace in Burundi":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/16/world/africa/16burundi.html?ref=world"CNN" informa: "Plane crashes carrying Kenya minister":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/06/10/kenya.crash/index.html"The Economist" analiza: "Ethipia: Will it ever be able to stave off starvation?: Famine is once again threatening the continent's second-most-populous country and once again its government is partly to blame":http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11549764"CNN" publica: "Junta rules Zimbabwe, opposition leader says":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/06/10/zimbabwe.junta/index.html"MSNBC" informa: "I not cede power: mbabwe president says he won't give in to Western-backed opponents":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25192724/"The Economist" analiza: "South Africa: After the storm": http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11550959 ECONOMIA"The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "Business this week":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11556710&CFID=10091822&CFTOKEN=11995213 OTRAS NOTICIAS"El País" de Madrid informa:"300 alcaldes tienden puentes por la paz: Regidores de ciudades conflictivas de 70 países aprenden en La Haya a superar juntos sus problemas":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/300/alcaldes/tienden/puentes/paz/elpepuint/20080616elpepiint_7/Tes"La Nación" informa: "Récord de refugiados en el mundo: Ya son 37,4 millones y representan la cifra más alta":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022225
Abstract Aim: This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Methods: This was an international cohort study of patients undergoing elective resection of colon or rectal cancer without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Centres entered data from their first recorded case of COVID-19 until 19 April 2020. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included anastomotic leak, postoperative SARS-CoV-2 and a comparison with prepandemic European Society of Coloproctology cohort data. Results: From 2073 patients in 40 countries, 1.3% (27/2073) had a defunctioning stoma and 3.0% (63/2073) had an end stoma instead of an anastomosis only. Thirty-day mortality was 1.8% (38/2073), the incidence of postoperative SARS-CoV-2 was 3.8% (78/2073) and the anastomotic leak rate was 4.9% (86/1738). Mortality was lowest in patients without a leak or SARS-CoV-2 (14/1601, 0.9%) and highest in patients with both a leak and SARS-CoV-2 (5/13, 38.5%). Mortality was independently associated with anastomotic leak (adjusted odds ratio 6.01, 95% confidence interval 2.58–14.06), postoperative SARS-CoV-2 (16.90, 7.86–36.38), male sex (2.46, 1.01–5.93), age >70 years (2.87, 1.32–6.20) and advanced cancer stage (3.43, 1.16–10.21). Compared with prepandemic data, there were fewer anastomotic leaks (4.9% versus 7.7%) and an overall shorter length of stay (6 versus 7 days) but higher mortality (1.7% versus 1.1%). Conclusion: Surgeons need to further mitigate against both SARS-CoV-2 and anastomotic leak when offering surgery during current and future COVID-19 waves based on patient, operative and organizational risks. ; Appendix 1 Writing group (*denotes joint first authors) Elizabeth Li*, James C. Glasbey*, Dmitri Nepogodiev*, Joana F. F. Simoes*, Omar M. Omar, Mary L. Venn, Jonathan P. Evans, Kaori Futaba, Charles H. Knowles, Ana Minaya-Bravo, Helen Mohan, Manish Chand, Peter Pockney, Salomone Di Saverio, Neil Smart, Abigail Vallance, Dale Vimalachandran, Richard J. W. Wilkin, Aneel Bhangu (Overall guarantor). 2 Statistical analysis Omar M. Omar (Lead statistician), Elizabeth Li, James C. Glasbey, Aneel Bhangu. 3 CovidSurg Operations Committee Kwabena Siaw-Acheampong, Ruth A. Benson, Edward Bywater, Daoud Chaudhry, Brett E. Dawson, Jonathan P. Evans, James C. Glasbey, Rohan R. Gujjuri, Emily Heritage, Conor S. Jones, Sivesh K. Kamarajah, Chetan Khatri, Rachel A. Khaw, James M. Keatley, Andrew Knight, Samuel Lawday, Elizabeth Li, Harvinder S. Mann, Ella J. Marson, Kenneth A. McLean, Siobhan C. Mckay, Emily C. Mills, Dmitri Nepogodiev, Gianluca Pellino, Maria Picciochi, Elliott H. Taylor, Abhinav Tiwari, Joana F. F. Simoes, Isobel M. Trout, Mary L. Venn, Richard J. W. Wilkin, Aneel Bhangu. 4 International Cancer Leads (*denotes specialty principal Investigator) James C. Glasbey (Chair); Colorectal: Neil J. Smart*, Ana Minaya-Bravo*, Jonathan P. Evans, Gaetano Gallo, Susan Moug, Francesco Pata, Peter Pockney, Salomone Di Saverio, Abigail Vallance, Dale Vimalchandran. 5 Dissemination Committee Joana F. F. Simoes (Chair); Tom E. F. Abbott, Sadi Abukhalaf, Michel Adamina, Adesoji O. Ademuyiwa, Arnav Agarwal, Murat Akkulak, Ehab Alameer, Derek Alderson, Felix Alakaloko, Markus Albertsmeiers, Osaid Alser, Muhammad Alshaar, Sattar Alshryda, Alexis P. Arnaud, Knut Magne Augestad, Faris Ayasra, José Azevedo, Brittany K. Bankhead-Kendall, Emma Barlow, David Beard, Ruth A. Benson, Ruth Blanco-Colino, Amanpreet Brar, Ana Minaya-Bravo, Kerry A. Breen, Chris Bretherton, Igor Lima Buarque, Joshua Burke, Edward J. Caruana, Mohammad Chaar, Sohini Chakrabortee, Peter Christensen, Daniel Cox, Moises Cukier, Miguel F. Cunha, Giana H. Davidson, Anant Desai, Salomone Di Saverio, Thomas M. Drake, John G. Edwards, Muhammed Elhadi, Sameh Emile, Shebani Farik, Marco Fiore, J. Edward Fitzgerald, Samuel Ford, Tatiana Garmanova, Gaetano Gallo, Dhruv Ghosh, Gustavo Mendonça Ataíde Gomes, Gustavo Grecinos, Ewen A. Griffiths, Madalegna Gründl, Constantine Halkias, Ewen M. Harrison, Intisar Hisham, Peter J. Hutchinson, Shelley Hwang, Arda Isik, Michael D. Jenkinson, Pascal Jonker, Haytham M. A. Kaafarani, Debby Keller, Angelos Kolias, Schelto Kruijff, Ismail Lawani, Hans Lederhuber, Sezai Leventoglu, Andrey Litvin, Andrew Loehrer, Markus W. Löffler, Maria Aguilera Lorena, Maria Marta Madolo, Piotr Major, Janet Martin, Hassan N. Mashbari, Dennis Mazingi, Symeon Metallidis, Ana Minaya-Bravo, Helen M. Mohan, Rachel Moore, David Moszkowicz, Susan Moug, Joshua S. Ng-Kamstra, Mayaba Maimbo, Ionut Negoi, Milagros Niquen, Faustin Ntirenganya, Maricarmen Olivos, Kacimi Oussama, Oumaima Outani, Marie Dione Parreno-Sacdalanm, Francesco Pata, Carlos Jose Perez Rivera, Thomas D. Pinkney, Willemijn van der Plas, Peter Pockney, Ahmad Qureshi, Dejan Radenkovic, Antonio Ramos-De la Medina, Keith Roberts, April C. Roslani, Martin Rutegård, Irène Santos, Sohei Satoi, Raza Sayyed, Andrew Schache, Andreas A Schnitzbauer, Justina O. Seyi-Olajide, Neil Sharma, Richard Shaw, Sebastian Shu, Kjetil Soreide, Antonino Spinelli, Grant D Stewart, Malin Sund, Sudha Sundar, Stephen Tabiri, Philip Townend, Georgios Tsoulfas, Gabrielle H. van Ramshorst, Raghavan Vidya, Dale Vimalachandran, Oliver J. Warren, Duane Wedderburn, Naomi Wright, EuroSurg, European Society of Coloproctology (ESCP), Global Initiative for Children's Surgery (GICS), GlobalSurg, GlobalPaedSurg, ItSURG, PTSurg, SpainSurg, Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR), Association of Surgeons in Training (ASiT), Irish Surgical Research Collaborative (ISRC), Transatlantic Australasian Retroperitoneal Sarcoma Working Group (TARPSWG), Italian Society of Surgical Oncology (SICO). 6 Collaboratoring authors (*denotes site principal investigators) Argentina: Alurralde C., Caram E. L., Eskinazi D* (Sanatorio 9 De Julio Sa); Badra R., García J.S., Lucchini S.M.* (Sanatorio Allende). Australia: Cecire J., Salindera S.*, Sutherland A. (Coffs Harbour Health Campus); Ahn J.H., Chen S., Gauri N., Jang S., Jia F., Mulligan C., Yang W., Ye G., Zhang H. (Concord Repatriation General Hospital); Moss J.*, Richards T., Thian A., Vo U. G. (Fiona Stanley Hospital); Bagraith K., Chan E., Ho D., Jeyarajan E., Jordan S., Nolan G. J., Von Papen M., Wullschleger M. (Gold Coast University Hospital); Egoroff N., Gani J., Lott N., Pockney P.* (John Hunter Hospital); Phan D., Townend D.* (Lismore Base Hospital); Bong C., Gundara J.* (Logan Hospital); Bowman S.*, Guerra G. R. (Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital); Dudi-Venkata N. N., Kroon H. M.*, Sammour T. (Royal Adelaide Hospital); Mitchell D.*, Swinson B. (Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital). Austria: Messner F., Öfner D.* (Medical University of Innsbruck); Emmanuel K., Grechenig M., Gruber R., Harald M., Öhlberger L., Presl J.*, Wimmer A. (Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg). Barbados: Barker D., Boyce R., Doyle A., Eastmond A., Gill R., O'Shea M., Padmore G.*, Paquette N., Phillips E., St John S., Walkes K. (Queen Elizabeth Hospital). Belgium: Flamey N., Pattyn P.* (Az Delta); Oosterlinck W.*, Van den Eynde J., Van den Eynde R. (Uz Leuven). Bulgaria: Sokolov M.* (University Hospital Alexandrovska). Canada: Boutros M.*, Caminsky N. G., Ghitulescu G. (Jewish General Hospital); Boutros M.*, Demyttenaere S.*, Garfinkle R. (St Mary's Hospital); Nessim C.*, Stevenson J. (The Ottawa Hospital). Croatia: Bačić G., Karlović D., Kršul D., Zelić M.* (University Hospital Center Rijeka); Bakmaz B., Ćoza I., Dijan E., Katusic Z., Mihanovic J.*, Rakvin I. (Zadar General Hospital). Cyprus: Frantzeskou K., Gouvas N.*, Kokkinos G., Papatheodorou P., Pozotou I., Stavrinidou O., Yiallourou A.* (Nicosia General Hospital). Czechia: Martinek L., Skrovina M.*, Szubota I. (Hospital and Oncological Centre Novy Jicin). Denmark: Ebbehøj A. L., Krarup P., Schlesinger N., Smith H.* (Bispebjerg Hospital). Egypt: Al Sayed M., Ashoush F.*, Elazzazy E., Essam E., Eweda M., Hassan E., Metwalli M., Mourad M., Qatora M. S., Sabry A.*, Samih A., Samir Abdelaal A., Shehata S.*, Shenit K. (Alexandria Main University Hospital); Attia D., Kamal N., Osman N.* (Alexandria Medical Research Institute); Alaa S., Hamza H. M., M. elghazaly S., Mohammed M. M.*, Nageh M. A., Saad M. M.*, Yousof E. A. (Assiut University Hospital); Eldaly A. S.* (El-Menshawy Hospital); Amira G., Sallam I.*, Sherief M., Sherif A. (Misr Cancer Center); Ghaly G.*, Hamdy R., Morsi A., Salem H.*, Sherif G. (National Cancer Institute); Abdeldayem H., Abdelkader Salama I.*, Balabel M., Fayed Y., Sherif A. E.* (National Liver Institute, Menoufia University). Finland: Kauppila J. H.*, Sarjanoja E. (Länsi-Pohja Central Hospital); Helminen O., Huhta H., Kauppila J. H.* (Oulu University Hospital). France: Beyrne C., Jouffret L.*, Marie-Macron L. (Centre Hospitalier Avignon); Lakkis Z.*, Manfredelli S. (CHU Besançon); Chebaro A.*, El Amrani M., Lecolle K., Piessen G.*, Pruvot F. R., Zerbib P. (CHU Lille); Ballouhey Q.*, Barrat B., Taibi A. (Chu Limoges); Bergeat D., Merdrignac A. (CHU Rennes – General Surgery); Le Roy B., Perotto L. O., Scalabre A.* (Chu Saint Etienne); Aimé A., Ezanno A.*, Malgras B. (Hia Begin); Bouche P. A.*, Tzedakis S.* (Hôpital Cochin – APHP); Cotte E., Glehen O., Kepenekian V., Passot G. (Hopital Lyon Sud); D'Urso A., Mutter D., Seeliger B.* (Strasbourg University Hospitals/IHU-Strasbourg); Bonnet S., Denet C., Fuks D., Laforest A., Pourcher G., Seguin-Givelet A.*, Tribillon E. (Institut Mutualiste Montsouris); Duchalais E.* (Nantes University Hospital). Germany: Bork U.*, Fritzmann J., Praetorius C., Weitz J., Welsch T. (Carl-Gustav-Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden); Beyer K., Kamphues C.*, Lauscher J. C., Loch F. N., Schineis C. (Charité University Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin); Becker R.*, Jonescheit J. (Heilig-Geist Hospital Bensheim); Pergolini I., Reim D.* (Klinikum Rechts der Isar TUM School of Medicine); Boeker C., Hakami I.*, Mall J.* (KRH Nordstadt-Siloah Hospitals); Albertsmeier M.*, Kappenberger A., Schiergens T., Werner J. (LMU Klinikum Campus Innenstadt); Nowak K.*, Reinhard T.* (Romed Klinikum Rosenheim); Kleeff J., Michalski C., Ronellenfitsch U.* (University Hospital Halle (Saale)); Bertolani E., Königsrainer A.*, Löffler M. W., Quante M.*, Steidle C., Überrück L., Yurttas C. (University Hospital Tuebingen); Izbicki J., Nitschke C., Perez D., Uzunoglu F. G.* (University Medical Center Hamburg–Eppendorf). Greece: Antonakis P., Contis I., Dellaportas D., Gklavas A., Konstadoulakis M., Memos N.*, Papaconstantinou I.*, Polydorou A., Theodosopoulos T., Vezakis A. (Aretaieion Hospital); Antonopoulou M. I., Manatakis D. K.*, Tasis N. (Athens Naval and Veterans Hospital); Arkadopoulos N., Danias N., Economopoulou P., Frountzas M., Kokoropoulos P., Larentzakis A., Michalopoulos N.*, Parasyris S., Selmani J., Sidiropoulos T., Vassiliu P. (Attikon University General Hospital); Bouchagier K.*, Klimopoulos S., Paspaliari D., Stylianidis G. (Evaggelismos General Hospital); Baxevanidou K., Bouliaris K., Chatzikomnitsa P., Efthimiou M., Giaglaras A., Kalfountzos C.*, Koukoulis G., Ntziovara A. M., Petropoulos K., Soulikia K., Tsiamalou I., Zervas K., Zourntou S. (General Hospital of Larissa 'Koutlimpaneio and Triantafylleio'); Baloyiannis I., Diamantis A., Perivoliotis K., Tzovaras G.* (General University Hospital of Larissa); Christidis P., Ioannidis O.*, Loutzidou L. (George Papanikolaou General Hospital of Thessaloniki); Karaitianos I.*, Tsirlis T. (Henry Dunant Hospital Center); Charalabopoulos A., Liakakos T., Baili E., Schizas D.*, Spartalis E., Syllaios A., Zografos C. (Laiko University Hospital); Athanasakis E., Chrysos E., Tsiaoussis I., Xenaki S.*, Xynos E.* (University Hospital of Heraklion Crete and Interclinic Hospital of Crete). Hong Kong: Futaba K.*, Ho M. F., Hon S. F., Mak T. W. C., Ng S. S. M. (Prince of Wales Hospital); Foo C. C.* (Queen Mary Hospital). Hungary: Banky B.*, Suszták N. (Szent Borbála Kórház). India: Bhat G. A., Chowdri N. A., Mehraj A.*, Parray F., Shah Z. A., Wani R. (Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences); Ahmed Z., Bali R., Bhat M. A., Laharwal A., Mahmood M., Mir I., Mohammad Z., Muzamil J., Rashid A.* (SMHS Hospital, Government Medical College). Ireland: Aremu M.*, Canas-Martinez A., Cullivan O., Murphy C., Owens P., Pickett L. (Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown); Corrigan M.*, Daly A., Fleming C.*, Jordan P., Killeen S., Lynch N., O'Brien S., Syed W. A. S., Vernon L. (Cork University Hospital); Fahey B. A., Larkin J. O.*, McCormick P., Mehigan B. J., Mohan H., Shokuhi P., Smith. J (St James's Hospital); Bashir Y., Bass G. A., Connelly T. M., Creavin B., Earley H., Elliott J. A.*, Gillis A. E., Kavanagh D. O., Neary P. C., O'Riordan J. M., Reynolds I. S., Rice D., Ridgway P. F., Umair M., Whelan M. (Tallaght University Hospital); Corless K., Finnegan L., Fowler A., Hogan A., Lowery A.*, McKevitt K.*, Ryan É. (University Hospital Galway); Coffey J. C., Cunningham R. M., Devine M., Nally D.*, Peirce C. (University Hospital Limerick); Hardy N. P., Neary P. M., O'Malley S.*, Ryan M. (University Hospital Waterford/University College Cork). Italy: Macina S.* (ASST Mantua); Mariani N. M.*, Opocher E., Pisani Ceretti A. (ASST Santi Paolo E. Carlo); Bianco F.* (ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII – Bergamo); Marino M. V.*, Mirabella A., Vaccarella G. (Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello); Agostini C., Alemanno G., Bartolini I., Bergamini C., Bruscino A., De Vincenti R., Di Bella A., Fortuna L., Maltinti G., Muiesan P.*, Prosperi P.*, Ringressi M. N., Risaliti M., Taddei A.*, Tucci R. (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi); Campagnaro T.*, Guglielmi A., Pedrazzani C., Rattizzato S., Ruzzenente A., Turri G. (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona); Bellora P., D'Aloisio G., Ferrari M., Francone E., Gentilli S.*, Nikaj H. (Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità); Bianchini M., Chiarugi M., Coccolini F., Di Franco G., Furbetta N., Gianardi D., Guadagni S., Morelli L.*, Palmeri M., Tartaglia D.* (Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana); Anania G.*, Carcoforo P.*, Chiozza M., De Troia A., Koleva Radica M., Portinari M., Sibilla M. G., Urbani A. (Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria San'anna); Fabbri N., Feo C. V.*, Gennari S., Parini S., Righini E. (Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale di Ferrara, Università di Ferrara); Annessi V., Castro Ruiz C., Montella M. T., Zizzo M.* (Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale – IRCCS di Reggio Emilia); Grossi U., Novello S., Romano M., Rossi S., Zanus G.* (Ca' Foncello Treviso – DISCOG – Università di Padova); Esposito G., Frongia F., Pisanu A., Podda M.* (Cagliari University Hospital); Belluco C., Lauretta A.*, Montori G., Moras L., Olivieri M.; Feo C. F., Perra T.*, Porcu A.*, Scanu A. M. (Cliniche San Pietro, Aou Sassari); Aversano A., Carbone F., Delrio P.*, Di Lauro K., Fares Bucci A., Rega D.*, Spiezio G. (Colorectal Surgical Oncology Unit – Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione, Pascale IRCCS); Calabrò M.*, Farnesi F., Lunghi E. G., Muratore A.*, Pipitone Federico N. S. (Edoardo Agnelli); De Palma G. D., Luglio G.*, Pagano G., Tropeano F. P. (Federico II University Hospital); Baldari L.*, Boni L.*, Cassinotti E.* (Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda – Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano); Cosimelli M., Fiore M.*, Guaglio M.*, Sorrentino L. (Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano); Agnes A., Alfieri S., Belia F., Biondi A., Cozza V., D'Ugo D., De Simone V., Litta F., Lorenzon L., Marra A. A., Marzi F., Parello A., Persiani R., Ratto C., Rosa F., Scrima O., Sganga G. (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS); Belli A.*, Izzo F., Patrone R. (HPB Surgical Oncology Unit – Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione, Pascale IRCCS); Carrano F. M., Carvello M. M., Di Candido F., Maroli A., Spinelli A.* (Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano (Mi) and Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pieve Emanuele (Mi)); Aprile A., Batistotti P., Massobrio A., Pertile D., Scabini S.*, Soriero D. (IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino); De Manzoni Garberini A.* (Ospedale Civile Spirito Santo); Federico P., Maida P., Marra E., Marte G., Petrillo A., Tammaro P., Tufo A.* (Ospedale del Mare); Berselli M.*, Borroni G.*, Cocozza E., Conti L., Desio M., Rizzi A. (ASST Sette Laghi-Varese); Baldi C.*, Corbellini C., Sampietro G. M. (Ospedale di Rho – ASST Rhodense); Baldini E.*, Capelli P., Conti L., Isolani S. M., Ribolla M. (Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto Piacenza); Bondurri A., Colombo F.*, Ferrario L., Guerci C., Maffioli A. (Ospedale Luigi Sacco Milano); Armao T., Ballabio M.*, Bisagni P., Gagliano A., Longhi M., Madonini M., Pizzini P. (Ospedale Maggiore di Lodi); Mochet S.*, Usai A. (Ospedale Regionale Umberto Parini); Bianco F.*, Incollingo P. (Ospedale S. Leonardo – Asl Napoli 3 Sud, Castellammare di Stabia); Mancini S., Marino Cosentino L.*, Sagnotta A.* (Ospedale San Filippo Neri); Nespoli L. C., Tamini N.* (Ospedale San Gerardo); Anastasi A., Bartalucci B., Bellacci A., Canonico G.*, Capezzuoli L., Di Martino C., Ipponi P., Linari C., Montelatici M., Nelli T., Spagni G., Tirloni L., Vitali A. (Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio); Abate E., Casati M.*, Casiraghi T., Laface L., Schiavo M. (Ospedale Vittorio Emanuele III – Carate Brianza); Arminio A., Cotoia A., Lizzi V.*, Vovola F. (Ospedali Riuniti Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Foggia); Vergari R.* (Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona); D'Ugo S.*, Depalma N., Spampinato M. G. (Vito Fazzi, Leece); Brachini G., Chiappini A., Cicerchia P. M., Cirillo B., De Toma G., Fiori E., Fonsi G. B., Iannone I., La Torre F., Lapolla P.*, Meneghini S., Mingoli A., Sapienza P., Zambon M. (Policlinico Umberto I Sapienza University of Rome); Capolupo G. T.*, Mazzotta E. (Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio Medico of Rome); Gattolin A., Migliore M., Rimonda R., Sasia D.*, Travaglio E. (Regina Montis Regalis Hospital, Mondovì); Cervellera M., Gori A., Sartarelli L., Tonini V.* (S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital); Chessa A.*, Fiorini A., Norcini C. (San Giovanni di Dio); Colletti G., Confalonieri M., Costanzi A.*, Frattaruolo C., Mari G., Monteleone M. (San Leopoldo Mandic); De Nardi P.*, Parise P., Vignali A. (San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan); Belvedere A., Bernante P., Jovine E., Neri J., Parlanti D., Pezzuto A. P., Poggioli G., Rottoli M.*, Tanzanu M., Violante T. (IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero – Universitaria di Bologna; Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna); Borghi F., Cianflocca D., Di Maria Grimaldi S., Donati D., Gelarda E., Giraudo G., Giuffrida M. C., Marano A.*, Palagi S., Pellegrino L., Peluso C., Testa V.* (Santa Croce E. Carle Hospital, Cuneo); Agresta F.*, Prando D.*, Zese M.* (Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital ULSS 5 – Adria); Armatura G.*, Frena A., Scotton G.* (St Moritz Hospital); Gallo G.*, Sammarco G., Vescio G. (University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro); Di Marzo F.* (Valtiberina); Fontana T.* ('Vittorio Emanuele' – Gela). Japan: Kanemitsu Y.*, Moritani K. (National Cancer Center Hospital). Jordan: Al Abdallah M.*, Ayasra F., Ayasra Y., Qasem A. (Al-Basheer Hospital); Fahmawee T., Hmedat A., Obeidat K.* (King Abdullah University Hospital); Abou Chaar M. K., Al-Masri M.*, Al-Najjar H., Alawneh F. (King Hussein Cancer Center). Libya: Alkadeeki G.*, Al Maadany F. S. (Al-Jalaa Hospital); Aldokali N., Senossi O., Subhi M. T. (Alkhadra Hospital); Burgan D.*, Kamoka E., Kilani A. I. (National Cancer Institute, Sabratha); Ellojli I.*, Kredan A. (Tripoli University Hospital). Lithuania: Bradulskis S., Dainius E., Kubiliute E., Kutkevičius J., Parseliunas A., Subocius A., Venskutonis D.* (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinical Hospital). Madagascar: Rasoaherinomenjanahary F.*, Razafindrahita J. B., Samison L. H. (Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Hospital). Malaysia: Hamdan K. H., Ibrahim M. R., Tan J. A., Thanapal M. R.* (Hospital Kuala Lumpur); Amin Sahid N., Hayati F.*, Jayasilan J., Sriram R. K.*, Subramaniam S. (Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah); Che Jusoh M. A., Hussain A. H., Mohamed Sidek A. S., Mohd Yunus M. F., Soh J. Y., Wong M., Zakaria A. D.*, Zakaria Z. (School of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Universiti Sains Malaysia); Fathi N. Q., Xavier R. G., Roslani A. C.* (University Malaya Medical Centre). Mexico: Buerba G. A., Mercado M. Á.*, Posadas-Trujillo O. E., Salgado-Nesme N., Sarre C. (Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición 'Salvador Zubirán'). Morocco: Amrani L., El Ahmadi B., El Bouazizi Y., Majbar A. M., Benkabbou A., Mohsine R., Souadka A.* (Institut National d'Oncologie, Université Mohammed V Rabat). Netherlands: Hompes R.*, Meima-van Praag E. M., Pronk A. J. M., Sharabiany S. (Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam); Grotenhuis B.*, Hartveld L. (Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis); Posma-Bouman L.* (Slingeland Ziekenhuis); Derksen T., Franken J., Oosterling S.* (Spaarne Gasthuis); Konsten J.*, Van Heinsbergen M. (Viecuri Medisch Centrum). Nigeria: Olaogun J.* (Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital); Abdur-Rahman L.*, Adeyeye A.*, Bello J., Olasehinde O., Popoola A. (University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital). Pakistan: Jamal A., Kerawala A. A.* (Cancer Foundation Hospital); Memon A. S.*, Nafees Ahmed R., Rai .L* (Dr Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital); Ayub B., Ramesh P., Sayyed R.* (Patel Hospital); Butt U. I.*, Kashif M., Qureshi A.*, Farooka M. W.*, Ayyaz M.* (Services Hospital Lahore); Ayubi A., Waqar S. H.* (Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences). Poland: Major P. (Jagiellonian University Medical College). Portugal: Azevedo C., Machado D., Mendes F.* (Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira); De Sousa X.* (Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal); Fernandes U., Ferreira C.*, Guidi G., Marçal A., Marques R., Martins D., Vaz Pereira R., Vieira B. (Centro Hospitalar de Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, EPE); Afonso J., Almeida J. I., Almeida-Reis R.*, Correia de Sá T., Costa M. J. M. A., Fernandes V., Ferraz I., Lima da Silva C., Lopes L., Machado N., Marialva J., Nunes Coelho M., Pereira C., Ribeiro A., Ribeiro C. G., Santos R., Saraiva P., Silva R., Tavares F., Teixeira M. (Centro Hospitalar do Tamega e Sousa); Almeida A. C., Amaral M. J., Andrade R., Camacho C., Costa M., Lázaro A.*, Nogueira O., Oliveira A., Ruivo A., Silva M., Simões J. (Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra); Devezas V., Jácome F., Nogueiro J., Pereira A., Santos-Sousa H.*, Vaz S. (Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João); Pinto J., Tojal A.* (Centro Hospitalar Tondela-Viseu); Cardoso P.*, Cardoso N., Domingos J. C., Henriques P., Manso M. I., Martins dos Santos G., Martins R., Morais H.*, Pereira R., Revez T., Ribeiro R., Ribeiro V. I., Soares A. P., Sousa S., Teixeira J. (Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Algarve – Unidade de Faro); Amorim E., Baptista V. H., Cunha M. F.*, Sampaio da Nóvoa Gomes Miguel I. I. (Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Algarve – Unidade de Portimão); Bandovas J. P., Borges N.*, Chumbinho B., Figueiredo de Barros I., Frade S., Gomes J., Kam da Silva Andrade A., Pereira Rodrigues A., Pina S., Silva N.*, Silveira Nunes I., Sousa R. (Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central); Azevedo P., Costeira B., Cunha C., Garrido R.*, Miranda P., Peralta Ferreira M., Sousa Fernandes M. (Hospital Beatriz Angelo); Galvão D., Vieira A.* (Hospital de Santo Espirito da Ilha Terceira); Patrício B., Santos P. M. D. D.*, Vieira Paiva Lopes A. C. (Hospital de Torres Vedras – Centro Hospitalar do Oeste); Cunha R., Faustino A., Freitas A., Mendes J. R.*, Parreira R. (Hospital do Divino Espírito Santo); Abreu da Silva A.*, Claro M., Costa Santos D., Deus A. C., Grilo J. V. (Hospital do Litoral Alentejano); Borges F.*, Corte Real J., Henriques S., Lima M. J., Matos Costa P. (Hospital Garcia de Orta); Brito da Silva F., Caiado A.*, Fonseca F. (Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil); Ângelo M., Baiao J. M., Martins Jordão D.*, Vieira Caroço T. (IPO Coimbra); Baía C., Canotilho R., Correia A. M., Ferreira Pinto A. P., Peyroteo M., Videira J. F.* (IPO Porto). Réunion: Kassir R.*, Sauvat F. (CHU Réunion). Romania: Bezede C., Chitul A., Ciofic E., Cristian D., Grama F.* (Coltea Clinical Hospital); Bonci E.*, Gata V.*, Titu S.* (Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta Institute of Oncology). Russia: Garmanova T., Kazachenko E., Markaryan D., Rodimov S., Tsarkov P.*, Tulina I. (Clinic of Coloproctology and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sechenov Medical State University); Litvina Y., Provozina A. (Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Regional Clinical Hospital); Agapov M.*, Galliamov E., Kakotkin V., Kubyshkin V., Kamalov A., Semina E. (Moscow Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University). Saudi Arabia: Alshahrani M.*, Alsharif F., Eskander M. (Aseer Central Hospital); Alharthi M., Aljiffry M., Basendowah M., Malibary N.*, Nassif M., Saleem A., Samkari A., Trabulsi N.* (King Abdulaziz University Hospital); Al Awwad S.*, Alghamdi M.*, Alnumani T.* (King Fahad General Hospital); Al Habes H., Alqannas M.*, Alyami M.*, Alzamanan M., Cortés Guiral D.*, Elawad A. (King Khalid Hospital); AlAamer O., Alselaim N.* (King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard, Health Affairs, General Surgery Department); Al-Khayal K., Alhassan N., Alobeed O., Alshammari S., Bin Nasser A.*, Bin Traiki T., Nouh T.*, Zubaidi A. M. (King Saud University). Serbia: Aleksić L., Antic A., Barisic G.*, Ceranic M., Grubač Ž., Jelenkovic J., Kecmanović D., Kmezić S., Knezevic D.*, Krivokapic Z.*, Latinčić S., Markovic V.*, Matić S.*, Miladinov M., Pavlov M.*, Pejovic I., Tadic B., Vasljević J., Velickovic D. (Clinic for Digestive Surgery, Clinical Centre of Serbia); Buta M., Cvetkovic A., Gacic S., Goran M., Jeftic N., Markovic I.*, Milanović M., Nikolic S., Pejnovic L., Savković N., Stevic D., Vucic N., Zegarac M. (Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia); Karamarkovic A., Kenic M., Kovacevic B., Krdzic I.* (Zvezdara University Medical Center). Singapore: Lieske B.* (National University Hospital). South Africa: Almgla N.*, Boutall A., Herman A., Kloppers C.*, Nel D., Rayamajhi S. (Groote Schuur Hospital). Spain: Paniagua García Señorans M.*, Vigorita V. (Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital); Acrich E., Baena Sanfeliu E., Barrios O., Golda T.*, Santanach C., Serrano-Navidad M., Sorribas Grifell M., Vives R. V. (Bellvitge University Hospital); Escolà D., Jiménez A.* (Comarcal Alt Penedés); Cayetano Paniagua L., Gómez Fernández L.* (Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa); Collera P., Diaz Del Gobbo R., Farre Font R., Flores Clotet R., Gómez Díaz C. J.*, Guàrdia N., Guariglia C. A., Osorio A., Sanchez Jimenez R., Sanchon L., Soto Montesinos C. (Fundació Althaia – Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa); Alonso-Lamberti L., García-Quijada J., Jimenez Miramón J., Jimenez V.*, Jover J. M., Leon R., Rodriguez J. L., Salazar A., Valle Rubio A. (Getafe University Hospital); Aguado H.* (Hellín Hospital); Bravo Infante R., De Lacy F. B., Lacy A. M.*, Otero A., Turrado-Rodriguez V.*, Valverde S. (Hospital Clinic Barcelona); Anula R., Cano-Valderrama O., Del Campo Martín M., Díez-Valladares L., Domínguez I., Dziakova J., García Alonso M., García Romero E., Gómez Latorre L., Muguerza J.M.*, Pizarro M. J., Saez Carlin P., Sánchez del Pueblo C., Sánchez-Pernaute A., Sanz Ortega G., Sanz-Lopez R., Torres A. (Hospital Clínico de Madrid); Garcés-Albir M.*, Lopez F.*, Martín-Arévalo J., Moro-Valdezate D.*, Pla Marti V. (Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia); Beltrán de Heredia J., De Andrés Asenjo B.*, Gómez Sanz T., Jezieniecki C., Nuñez del Barrio H., Ortiz de Solórzano Aurusa F. J., Romero de Diego A., Ruiz Soriano M., Trujillo Díaz J., Vázquez Fernández A. (Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid); Lora-Cumplido P., Sosa M. V.* (Hospital de Cabueñes); Gonzalez-Gonzalez E., Minaya Bravo A. M.* (Hospital del Henares); Alonso de la Fuente N., Jimenez Toscano M.* (Hospital del Mar); Grau-Talens E. J., Martin-Perez B.* (Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva); Benavides Buleje J. A., Carrasco Prats M.*, Giménez Francés C.*, Muñoz Camarena J. M., Parra Baños P. A., Peña Ros E., Ramirez Faraco M., Ruiz-Marín M.*, Valero Soriano M. (Hospital General Reina Sofía); Estaire Gómez M.*, Fernández Camuñas Á., Garcia Santos E. P., Jimenez Higuera E., Martínez-Pinedo C., Muñoz-Atienza V., Padilla-Valverde D.*, Picón Rodríguez R., Sánchez-García S., Sanchez-Pelaez D. (Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real); Colombari R. C., del Valle E., Fernández M., Lozano Lominchar P.*, Martín L., Rey Valcarcel C., Zorrilla Ortúzar J. (Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón); Alcaide Matas F., García Pérez J. M., Troncoso Pereira P.* (Hospital Mateu Orfila); Mora-Guzmán I.* (Hospital Santa Bárbara); Achalandabaso Boira M.*, Sales Mallafré R. (Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII); Marín H., Prieto Calvo M., Villalabeitia Ateca I.* (Hospital Universitario Cruces); De Andres Olabarria U., Durán Ballesteros M., Fernández Pablos F. J., Ibáñez-Aguirre F. J., Sanz Larrainzar A., Ugarte-Sierra B.* (Hospital Universitario de Galdakao); Correa Bonito A., Delgado Búrdalo L., Di Martino M.*, García Septiem J.*, Maqueda González R., Martin-Perez E. (Hospital Universitario de la Princesa); Calvo Espino P.*, Guillamot Ruano P. (Hospital Universitario de Móstoles); Colao García L., Díaz Pérez D.*, Esteban Agustí E., Galindo Jara P., Gutierrez Samaniego M.*, Hernandez Bartolome M. A.*, Serrano González J. (Hospital Universitario de Torrejón de Ardoz); Alonso Poza A., Diéguez B., García-Conde M., Hernández-García M., Losada M.* (Hospital Universitario del Sureste); Alvarez E., Chavarrias N., Gegúndez Simón A., Gortázar S., Guevara J., Prieto Nieto M. I., Ramos-Martín P., Rubio-Perez I.*, Saavedra J., Urbieta A. (Hospital Universitario la Paz); Cantalejo Diaz M., De Miguel Ardevines M. D. C., Duque-Mallén V.*, Gascon Ferrer I., González-Nicolás Trébol M. T., Gracia-Roche C., Herrero Lopez M., Martinez German A., Matute M., Sánchez Fuentes N., Sánchez-Rubio M., Santero-Ramirez M. S., Saudí S. (Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet); Blazquez Martin A., Diez Alonso M.*, Hernandez P., Mendoza-Moreno F., Ovejero Merino E., Vera Mansilla C. (Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias); Acebes García F., Bailón M., Bueno Cañones A. D., Choolani Bhojwani E., Marcos-Santos P., Miguel T., Pacheco Sánchez D., Pérez-Saborido B., Sanchez Gonzalez J., Tejero-Pintor F. J.* (Hospital Universitario Río Hortega); Cano A., Capitan-Morales L., Cintas Catena J., Gomez-Rosado J.*, Oliva Mompean F., Pérez Sánchez M. A., Río Lafuente F. D., Torres Arcos C., Valdes-Hernandez J. (Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena); Cholewa H., Frasson M., Martínez Chicote C., Sancho-Muriel J.* (Hospital Universitario Y Politécnico la Fe); Abad Gurumeta A., Abad-Motos A., Martínez-Hurtado E., Ripollés-Melchor J.*, Ruiz Escobar A. (Infanta Leonor University Hospital); Cuadrado-García A.*, Garcia-Sancho Tellez L.*, Heras Aznar J.*, Maté P., Ortega Vázquez I.*, Picardo A. L., Rojo López J. A., Sanchez Cabezudo Noguera F.*, Serralta de Colsa D.* (Infanta Sofía University Hospital); Cagigas Fernandez C., Caiña Ruiz R., Gomez Ruiz M., Martínez-Pérez P., Poch C., Santarrufina Martinez S.*, Valbuena Jabares V. (Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital); Blas Laina J. L., Cros B., Escartin J.*, Garcia Egea J., Nogués A., Talal El-Abur I., Yánez C. (Royo Villanova); Cagigal Ortega E. P., Cervera I., Díaz Peña P., Gonzalez J., Marqueta De Salas M., Perez Gonzalez M.*, Ramos Bonilla A., Rodríguez Gómez L. (Severo Ochoa University Hospital); Blanco-Colino R., Espin-Basany E.*, Pellino G. (Vall d'Hebron University Hospital). Sri Lanka: Arulanantham A., Bandara G. B. K. D., Jayarajah U.*, Ravindrakumar S., Rodrigo V. S. D. (District General Hospital Chilaw); Srishankar S.* (Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura). Sudan Ali Adil A. K. (Al-Rajhi). Sweden: Älgå A.*, Heinius G., Nordberg M., Pieniowski E. (Stockholm South General Hospital); Löfgren N., Rutegård M.* (Umea University Hospital). Switzerland: Arigoni M., Bernasconi M., Christoforidis D.*, Di Giuseppe M., La Regina D., Mongelli F. (Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale); Chevallay M., Dwidar O., Gialamas E., Sauvain M. (Pourtales Neuchatel Hospital); Adamina M.*, Crugnale A. S., Guglielmetti L., Peros G. (Kantonsspital Winterthur). Turkey: Aghayeva A.*, Hamzaoglu I., Sahin I. (Acibadem Altunizade Hospital); Akaydin E., Aliyeva Z., Aytac E., Baca B., Ozben V.*, Ozmen B. B. (Acibadem Atakent Hospital); Arikan A. E.*, Bilgin I. A.*, Kara H., Karahasanoğlu T., Uras C. (Acibadem Maslak Hospital); Dincer H. A., Erol T. (Hacettepe University Hospital); Alhamed A., Ergün S.*, Özçelık M. F., Sanli A. N., Uludağ S. S.*, Velidedeoglu M.*, Zengin A. K. (Istanbul Universty – Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty); Bozkurt M. A., Kara Y.*, Kocataş A. (Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital); Azamat İ. F., Balik E.*, Buğra D., Kulle C. B. (Koç University Medical School); Gözal K., Güler S. A., Köken H., Tatar O. C.*, Utkan N. Z., Yıldırım A., Yüksel E. (Kocaeli University Teaching Hospital); Akin E., Altintoprak F.*, Cakmak G., Çelebi F., Demir H., Dikicier E., Firat N., Gönüllü E., Kamburoğlu M. B., Küçük I. F., Mantoglu B. (Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine); Çolak E.*, Kucuk G. O., Uyanik M. S. (Samsun Training and Research Hospital); Göksoy B.* (Sehit Prof. Dr. İlhan Varank Training and Research Hospital); Bozkurt E., Mihmanli M., Tanal M.*, Yetkin S. G. (Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital); Akalin M., Arican C., Avci E. K., Aydin C., Demirli Atıcı S.*, Emiroglu M., Kaya T.*, Kebabçı E., Kilinc G., Kirmizi Y., Öğücü H., Salimoğlu S., Sert İ., Tugmen C., Tuncer K., Uslu G., Yeşilyurt D. (University of Health Sciences Tepecik Training and Research Hospital); Yildiz A.* (Yildirim Beyazit University Yenimahalle Training and Research Hospital). Uganda: Lule H.*, Oguttu B.* (Kampala International University Teaching Hospital). UK: Agilinko J., Ahmeidat A., Bekheit M.*, Cheung L. K., Kamera B. S., Mignot G., Shaikh S.*, Sharma P. (Aberdeen Royal Infirmary); Al-Mohammad A., Ali S., Ashcroft J., Baker O., Coughlin P., Davies R. J.*, Kyriacou H., Mitrofan C. G., Morris A., Raby-Smith W., Rooney S., Singh A., Tan X. S., Townson A., Tweedle E. (Addenbrooke's Hospital); Angelou D., Choynowski M., McAree B.*, McCanny A., Neely D. (Antrim Area Hospital – Northern Health and Social Care Trust); Mosley F.* (Bradford Royal Infirmary); Arrowsmith L.*, Campbell W.* (Causeway Hospital); Grove T., Kontovounisios C., Warren O.* (Chelsea and Westminster Hospital); Clifford R., Eardley N., Krishnan E., Manu N., Martin E., Roy Mahapatra S., Serevina O. L., Smith C., Vimalachandran D.* (Countess of Chester Hospital); Emslie K.*, Labib P.*, Minto G., Natale J., Panahi P., Rogers L.* (Derriford Hospital); Abubakar A.*, Akhter Rahman M. M., Chan E., O'Brien H., Sasapu K.* (Diana Princess of Wales Hospital Grimsby); Ng H. J.* (Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary); Day A.* (East Surrey Hospital); Hunt A., Laskar N.* (East Sussex Healthcare (Conquest Hospital and Eastbourne District General Hospital)); Gupta A.*, Steinke J., Thrumurthy S. (Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust); Massie E., McGivern K., Rutherford D., Wilson M.* (Forth Valley Royal Hospital); Handa S., Kaushal M., Kler A., Patel P.*, Redfern J., Tezas S. (Furness General Hospital); Aawsaj Y., Barry C., Blackwell L., Emerson H., Fisher A.*, Katory M., Mustafa A. (Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust); Kretzmer L.*, Lalou L., Manku B., Parwaiz I., Stafford J. (George Eliot Hospital); Abdelkarim M., Asqalan A., Gala T., Ibrahim S., Maw A.*, Mithany R., Morgan R.*, Sundaram Venkatesan G. (Glan Clwyd Hospital); Boulton A. J. (Good Hope Hospital); Hardie C., McNaught C.* (Harrogate District Hospital); Karandikar S.*, Naumann D. (Heartlands Hospital); Ayorinde J., Chase T., Cuming T., Ghanbari A., Humphreys L., Tayeh S.* (Homerton University Hospital); Aboelkassem Ibrahim A., Evans C., Ikram H., Loubani M.*, Nazir S., Robinson A., Sehgal T., Wilkins A. (Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust); Dixon J.*, Jha M., Thulasiraman S. V., Viswanath Y. K. S.* (James Cook University Hospital); Curl-Roper T., Delimpalta C., Liao C. C. L.*, Velchuru V., Westwood E. (James Paget University NHS Foundation Trust Hospital); Bond-Smith G.*, Mastoridis S., Tebala G. D., Verberne C. (John Radcliffe Hospital); Bhatti M. I., Boyd-Carson H., Elsey E., Gemmill E., Herrod P.*, Jibreel M., Lenzi E., Saafan T., Sapre D., Sian T., Watson N. (King's Mill Hospital); Athanasiou A.*, Burke J., Costigan F., Elkadi H., Johnstone J., Nahm C. (Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust); Annamalai S., Ashmore C., Kourdouli A. (Leicester Royal Infirmary); Askari A., Cirocchi N., Kudchadkar S., Patel K., Sagar J.*, Talwar R.* (Luton and Dunstable University Hospital); Abdalla M., Ismail O., Newton K., Stylianides N.* (Manchester Royal Infirmary); Aderombi A., Bajomo O., Beatson K., Garrett W.*, Ng V. (Medway Hospital); Al-Habsi R., Divya G S., Keeler B.* (Milton Keynes University Hospital); Egan R., Fabre I., Harries R.*, Li Z., Parkins K., Spencer N., Thompson D. (Morriston Hospital Swansea); Gemmell C., Grieco C., Hunt L.* (Musgrove Park Hospital); Mahmoud Ali F. (Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.); Seebah K., Shaikh I.*, Sreedharan L., Youssef M.* (Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital); Shah J.* (North Manchester General Hospital); McLarty N., Mills S.*, Shenfine A. (Northumbria NHS Hospital Trust); Sahnan K. (Northwick Park Hospital); Michel M., Patil S., Ravindran S., Sarveswaran J.*, Scott L. (Pinderfields Hospital); Bhangu A.*, Cato L. D., Kamal M., Kulkarni R., Parente A., Saeed S., Vijayan D. (Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham); Kaul S., Khan A. H., Khan F., Mukherjee S.*, Patel M., Sarigul M., Singh S. (Queen's Hospital Romford); Adiamah A., Brewer H., Chowdhury A.*, Evans J., Humes D.*, Jackman J., Koh A., Lewis-Lloyd C., Oyende O., Reilly J., Worku D. (Queens Medical Centre); Bisset C., Moug S. J.* (Royal Alexandra Hospital); Math S., Sarantitis I., Timbrell S., Vitone L.* (Royal Blackburn Hospital); Faulkner G.* (Royal Bolton Hospital); Brixton G., Findlay L., Majkowska A., Manson J.*, Potter R. (Royal Bournemouth Hospital); Bhalla A.*, Chia Z., Daliya P., Grimley E., Malcolm F. L., Theophilidou E. (Royal Derby Hospital); Daniels I. R., Fowler G., Massey L., McDermott F.*, Rajaretnam N. (Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital); Beamish A., Magowan D., Nassa H., Price C., Smith L., Solari F., Tang A. M., Williams G.* (Royal Gwent Hospital); Davies E.*, Hawkin P., Raymond T., Ryska O. (Royal Lancaster Infirmary); Baron R. D.*, Gahunia S., McNicol F.*, Russ J., Szatmary P., Thomas A. (Royal Liverpool University Hospital); Jayasinghe J. D., Knowles C., Ledesma F. S., Minicozzi A.*, Navaratne L., Ramamoorthy R., Sohrabi C., Thaha M.*, Venn M. (Royal London Hospital); Atherton R.*, Brocklehurst M., McAleer J., Parkin E.* (Royal Preston Hospital); Aladeojebi A., Ali M., Gaunt A.* (Royal Stoke University Hospital); Hammer C., Stebbing J. (Royal Surrey County Hospital); Bhasin S., Bodla A. S., Burahee A., Crichton A., Fossett R., Yassin N.* (Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust); Brown S.*, Lee M., Newman T., Steele C. (Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust); Baker A., Konstantinou C., Ramcharan S.*, Wilkin R. J. W. (South Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust); Lawday S., Lyons A.* (Southmead Hospital); Chung E., Hagger R., Hainsworth A., Karim A., Owen H., Ramwell A., Williams K.* (St George's Hospital); Hall J. (Stepping Hill Hospital); Harris G., Royle T.*, Watson L. J. (Sunderland Royal Hospital); Asaad P., Brown B., Duff S.*, Khan A., Moura F., Wadham B. (The University Hospital of South Manchester); McCluney S., Parmar C.*, Shah S. (The Whittington Hospital); Babar M. S., Goodrum S., Whitmore H. (Torbay and South Devon NHS Trust); Balasubramaniam D.*, Jayasankar B.*, Kapoor S., Ramachandran A. (Tunbridge Wells Hospital); Beech N., Chand M.*, Green L., Kiconco H., McEwen R. (University College London Hospital); Pereca J.* (University Hospital Ayr); Gash K.*, Gourbault L., MacCabe T., Newton C.* (University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust); Baig M., Bates H., Dunne N., Khajuria A., Ng V., Sarma D. R., Shortland T., Tewari N.* (University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trusts); Akhtar M. A.*, Brunt A., McIntyre J., Milne K., Rashid M. M., Sgrò A., Stewart K. E., Turnbull A. (Victoria Hospital Kirkcaldy); Aguilar Gonzalez M.*, Talukder S.* (West Suffolk Hospital); Eskander P., Hanna M., Olivier J.* (Weston General Hospital); Magee C.*, Powell S.* (Wirral University Teaching Hospital); Flindall I., Hanson A., Mahendran V. (Worcestershire Royal Hospital); Green S., Lim M., MacDonald L., Miu V., Onos L., Sheridan K., Young R.* (York Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust); Alam F., Griffiths O., Houlden C., Kolli V. S., Lala A. K., Seymour Z.* (Ysbyty Gwynedd). USA: Haynes A.*, Hill C., Leede E., McElhinney K., Olson K. A., Riley C., Thornhill M. (Dell Seton Medical Center at the University of Texas); Etchill E., Gabre-Kidan A.*, Jenny H., Kent A., Ladd M. R., Long C., Malapati H., Margalit A., Rapaport S., Rose J., Stevens K., Tsai L., Vervoort D., Yesantharao P., Bigelow B. (Johns Hopkins Hospital); Klaristenfeld D.* (Kaiser Permanente San Diego Medical Center); Huynh K. (Kaiser Permanente West Los Angeles); Azam M., Choudhry A.*, Marx W. (SUNY Upstate University Hospital); Abel M. K., Boeck M., Chern H., Kornblith L.*, Nunez-Garcia B., Ozgediz D., Glencer A., Sarin A., Varma M. (University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)); Abbott D., Acher A., Aiken T., Barrett J., Foley E., Schwartz P., Zafar S. N.* (University of Wisconsin); Hawkins A.*, Maiga A. (Vanderbilt University Medical Center).
AMÉRICA LATINA Cuba eliminará doble moneda para mejorar su economía. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2013/10/22/a-cuba-la-reunification-monetaire-est -en-marche_3501100_3222.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/22/world/americas/cuba-single-currency/index.html?hpt=wo_bn5http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24627620http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1631347-nuevo-gesto-de-raul-castro-anuncio-reformas-en-el-siste ma-monetario-y-cambiariohttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/22/21079591-cubans-give-muted-welcome-to -end-of-convertible-peso-dual-currency-system?lite México se prepara ante la amenaza del huracán Raymond. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/21/world/americas/tropical-weather-raymond/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/21/21061049-hurricane-raymond-threate ns-mexico-coast-battered-by-storms-last-month?litehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24627670http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/raymond-se-debilita-a-categoria-2-y-avan za-ligeramente-hacia-costa-mexicana_13139060-4http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-mexico-hurricane-20131022,0,1631604 .story#axzz2iUk49HvE Ausencias y llamado de renovación en inicio de Cumbre Iberoamericana. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/xxiii-cumbre-iberoamericana_13134001-4 Panamá enviará pronto a Corea del Norte tripulación y barco capturados. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/americas/panama-preparing-to-free-most-of-north-korea-crew.html?ref=world&gwh=34909CC5FE4CAA0F702E63C0FEC78407http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/panam-enviar-a-corea-del-norte-tripulacin- y-barco-capturados_13131395-4http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-north-korea-panama-cuba-ship-weapons-20131018,0,4019282.story#axzz2iUk49HvE Tensión diplomática en México por espionaje de Estados Unidos. Para más información:http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/mexico-convoca-embaixador-americano-por-caso-de-e spionagem-pena-nieto-ordena-investigacao-10494797#ixzz2iUpDXe4O http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2013/10/131022_ultnot_mexico_espion aje_embajador_eeuu_jp.shtmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/21/actualidad/1382378859_232209.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/20/world/americas/mexico-nsa-spying/index.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-mexico-us-spying-20131022,0,138 061.story#axzz2iUk49HvE Los grupos anarquistas irrumpen con fuerza en las protestas de Brasil. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629714-los-grupos-anarquistas-irrumpen-con-fuerza-en-las-protestas-de-brasil Disturbios y decepción en una gran subasta petrolera en Brasil. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/americas/brazil-consortium-wins-oil-rights.html?ref=world&gwh=05D2C553FD44EDD2F3BB98376D194F43http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1631224-disturbios-y-decepcion-en-una-gran-subasta-petrolera-de-brasilhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/21/world/americas/brazil-oil-auction-winner/index.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24618086 Más de 100 heridos por choque de tren en Buenos Aires Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/19/21041661-train-plows-into-bu enos-aires-station-injuring-dozens?litehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24595870http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/19/world/americas/argentina-train-crash/index.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/choque-de-tren-en-buenos-aires_13134305-4 Cristina Fernández es dada de alta tras cirugía. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/13/world/americas/argentina-fernandez-health/index.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/anlisis-del-poder-en-argentina-tras-la- enfermedad-de-cristina-fernndez_13119720-4 Los planes de Piñera molestan a sus aliados. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1628847-los-planes-de-pinera-molestan-a-sus-aliados Chile: procesan a 79 agentes por desaparición de comunistas en 1976. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2013/10/131022_ultnot_chile_justicia_proc esamiento_desaparicion_comunistas_jp.shtml Dilma lanza incentivos a la cultura. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630702-dilma-lanza-un-inedito-bono-para-incentivar-la-cultura Sismo de 6,5 grados sacude costa occidente de México. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/sismo-en-costa-occidente-de-mxico_13134755-4 Un ex capo narco mexicano fue asesinado por un payaso en una fiesta infantil. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/19/world/americas/mexico-cartel-figure-killed/index.htmlhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/19/21043968-gunman-in-clown-su it-kills-former-mexico-drug-cartel-leader-who-was-member-of-notorious-family?litehttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630860-un-ex-capo-narco-mexicano-fue-ejecutado-por -un-payaso-en-una-fiesta-infantil Correa deja la puerta abierta a la reelección. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2013/10/21/equateur-correa-menace-de- quitter-son-parti-apres-un-conflit-sur-l-avortement_3500561_3222.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630696-correa-deja-la-puerta-abierta-a-la-reeleccion El mayor grupo criminal de Brasil amenaza con un "Mundial del terror". Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629421-el-mayor-grupo-criminal-de-brasil-amenaza-con- un-mundial-del-terror Rescatan en México a 44 secuestrados. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/rescatan-en-mxico-a-44-secuestrados_13133600-4 ONU asegura que no fueron ellos quienes introdujeron el cólera en Haití. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/09/world/americas/haiti-un-cholera-lawsuit/index.html?hpt=wo_bn5 Al menos 52 muertos tras caer un ómnibus a un abismo en el sur de Perú. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/accidente-en-per-un-camin-a-un-abismo-en-el-sur-de-per_13118775-4http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/12/world/americas/peru-bus-falls-off-cliff/index.html Estados Unidos ayuda a Perú en su lucha anti drogas. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/12/20920291-as-us-ups-aid-to-perus- drug-battle-farmers-say-they-will-fight-to-defend-cocaine-source?lite Suspenden juicio a ex mandatario peruano Fujimori por razones de salud. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/suspenden-juicio-a-ex-mandatario-peru ano-fujimori-por-razones-de-salud_13129337-4El chavismo avanza para darle más poderes a Maduro. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630504-el-chavismo-avanza-para-darle-mas-poderes-a-maduro En Chile convocan marcha contra extranjeros. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/marcha-en-chile-contra-colombianos_13132135-4 Costa Rica tilda defensa de Nicaragua en Corte Internacional de Justicia como 'falsa y engañosa'. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/costa-rica-tilda-defensa-de-nicaragu a-en-corte-internacional-de-justicia-como-falsa-y-engaosa_13125100-4 ESTADOS UNIDOS /CANADÁ Estados Unidos y el fin de la parálisis administrativa. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629849-barack-obama-firmo-la-ley-que-pone-fin-al-cierre-del-gobierno Obama defiende su ley de salud. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2013/10/obamacarehttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/obama-defiende-reforma-de-la- salud-aprobada-en-estados-unidos_13138104-4http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/impreso/obama-defiende-su-ley-de-salud-84598.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-24613022 Escritora canadiense Alice Munro recibe el premio Nobel de literatura. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/10/20897047-canadian-writer-a lice-munro-wins-nobel-literature-prize?lite Tiroteo en un colegio de Nevada deja dos muertos. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1631192-tiroteo-en-un-colegio-de-nevada-dos-muertoshttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/tiroteo-en-escuela-de-estados-unid os-deja-dos-muertos-y-dos-heridos_13137471-4 Protestas en Canadá se tornan violentas. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/17/world/americas/canada-clashes/index.html Obama estudia descongelar fondos para aliviar las sanciones contra Irán. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/18/actualidad/1382117359_125749.html EUROPA Otro caso de espionaje de Estados Unidos despierta indignación en Francia. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/europe/new-report-of-nsa-spying-angers-france.html?ref=world&gwh=A96B553EE2BB476C152511FFE5A000FBhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/22/world/europe/france-nsa-spring/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/21/actualidad/1382344257_270773.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2013/10/22/la-diplomatie-francaise- sur-ecoute-aux-etats-unis_3500717_3210.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24628947 Hollande recibe varias críticas por una polémica deportación. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630905-hollande-contra-las-cuerdas-por-una-polemica-deportacion Seis personas mueren en un atentado en bus en Rusia. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/europe/deadly-bombing-hits-bus-in-southern-russia.html?ref=world&gwh=75EB5A6B6ECB046C9FBC0829395E0E66http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/21/actualidad/1382366426_077171.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1631032-exploto-una-bomba-en-un-colectivo-en-rusia-al-menos-6-muertoshttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/atentado-en-bus-en-rusia_13137052-4http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/21/world/europe/russia-bus-explosion/index.html?hpt=wo_bn6 Conmoción por una chica hallada en un campamento gitano. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne/2013/10/roma-greecehttp://www.l atimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-greece-gypsy-camp-girl-found-20131018,0,5255487.story#axzz2iUk49HvEhttp://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2013/10/22/grece-la-police-enquete-sur-une-dizaine-de-disparitions-d-enfants_3500797_3214.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/21/world/europe/roma-discrimination/index.html?hpt=ieu_c1 Justicia española excarcela a la temida etarra Inés del Río. Para más información:http://espagne.blog.lemonde.fr/2013/10/22/letarra-ines-del-rio-prada-sort-de-prison/http://elpais.com/elpais/2013/10/22/inenglish/1382435271_206746.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1631331-espana-excarcela-a-una-temible-etarra-tras-la-exigencia-de-la-uehttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/liberan-a-miembro-de-eta-en-espaa_13138168-4http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/europe/european-court-rules-against-spain-on-terror-sentences.html?ref=world&gwh=B3584186D57A2EDBCA8875BDFAE85064 Once Nobel de la Paz pidieron a Vladimir Putin por la liberación de los activistas de Greenpeace. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629850-once-nobel-de-la-paz-pidieron-a-vladimir- putin-por-la-liberacion-de-los-activistas-de-greenp Rusia afirma que había drogas en el barco de Greenpeace abordado. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/09/actualidad/1381331456_632250.html Italia busca evitar más naufragios tras nuevo hundimiento frente a sus costas. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/11/world/europe/italy-ship-capsized/index.htmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/21/actualidad/1382381896_157074.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1628181-otro-naufragio-tragico-al-menos-50-muertos-en-el-mediterraneo Jean-Claude Juncker vence en las elecciones legislativas en Luxemburgo. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/20/actualidad/1382292491_339077.htmlEspaña supera la recesión pero le espera un frágil futuro. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629084-espana-supera-la-recesion-pero-le-espera-un-fragil-futuro La justicia impone a Berlusconi dos años de inhabilitación por fraude fiscal. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/19/21042040-italy-court-bans- berlusconi-from-public-office-for-2-years?litehttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/19/actualidad/1382175524_077719.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1628305-silvio-berlusconi-pide-cumplir-su-pena-haciendo-trabajos-socialeshttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/reducen-pena-de-inhabilidad-de-silvio-berlusconi_13134235-4 La ultraderecha toma fuerza en Francia. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/ultraderecha-en-francia_13135425-4 "El País" de Madrid analiza el creciente protagonismo global ruso y cómo choca con la falta de una voz única en la Unión Europea. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/18/actualidad/1382123363_894347.html El SPD pone líneas rojas al pacto de gobierno con Merkel en Alemania. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/20/actualidad/1382272269_458019.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629722-una-gran-coalicion-la-unica-alternativa-para-merkel Policía turca dispersa ambientalistas en Estambul Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/22/world/meast/turkey-road-protest/index.html?hpt=ieu_c2 En Barcelona miles de personas marchan contra la independencia. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1628555-en-barcelona-miles-de-personas-marchan-contra-la-independencia Snowden asegura que no ha filtrado documentos secretos a Rusia. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/snowden-asegura-que-no-ha-filtrado-docum entos-secretos-a-rusia_13131535-4 Primer Ministro de India visita Rusia. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/photo/2013-10/21/content_17047529.htm El PP español más complicado por un escándalo. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630475-el-pp-mas-complicado-por-un-escandalo ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTE Continúa la violencia en Siria a pesar de intentos de pacificación. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/20/world/meast/syria-civil-war/index.html?hpt=imi_c2http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/20/21049361-suicide-bomb-i n-hama-syria-kills-31-wounds-dozens-state-media?litehttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/20/actualidad/1382285291_165420.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24619329http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630007-la-onu-ya-inspecciono-la-mitad-del-arsenal-quimico-en-siriahttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/ataque-en-el-sur-de-siria-deja-21-muertos_13126416-4http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-arab-western-states-syria-t alks-20131022,0,6791558.story#axzz2iUk49HvEhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/health/in-syria-doctors-risk-life-and-juggle-ethics.html?ref=world&gwh=25D1DEC31F71E41DAE2A2AB77B2D2274 Irán ofrece concesiones en su plan nuclear Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21588100-iran-sounds-s erious-about-wanting-nuclear-deal-getting-one-will-behttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629716-iran-ofrece-concesiones-en-su-plan-nuclearhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/16/actualidad/1381920579_931807.htmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/19/actualidad/1382207739_689630.html Lluvias provocan l desbordamiento de agua radiactiva en Japón. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/asia/rainwater-problem-hits-japans-closed-nuclear-plant.html?ref=world&gwh=399011E6FF376DF395E3ECA711E360AChttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/las-lluvias-provocan-el-desbordamiento-de -agua-radiactiva-en-fukushima-tokio-2_13137338-4http://www.chinadaily.com.cn /world/2013-10/22/content_17049389.htm Tifón Wipha golpea la zona de Tokio. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/16/world/asia/japan-typhoon-deaths/index.html?hpt=wo_bn4http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/desaparecidos-por-el-tifn-wipha_13128755-4 La contaminación en China ha provocado el cierre de escuelas, autopistas y aeropuertos. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/10/air-pollution-capitalhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/china-clima-obliga-a-cerrar-escuelas-y-autopistas-959623.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/densa-nube-de-contaminacin-cubre-ciudad-china_13137329-4http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/22/world/asia/china-smog-lingers/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 Serie de atentados golpean a Irak. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/13/world/meast/iraq-violence/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/20/world/meast/iraq-violence/index.html?hpt=imi_c2http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24631099http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/impreso/ola-de-atentados-sacude-a-irak-84586.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/ataques-suicidas-en-irak_13130108-4http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/atentado-suicida-en-irak_13128775-4 Estampida en India deja al menos 115 muertos. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/15/world/asia/india-temple-stampede/index.html?hpt=wo_bn4http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/estampida-en-la-india_13121416-44 Al menos 44 personas mueren al caer un avión en Laos. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/17/world/asia/laos-aircrash-aviation-safety/index.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/accidente-de-avin-en-laos_13134096-4http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629638-al-menos-44-personas-mueren-al-caer-un-avion-en-laoshttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/16/world/asia/laos-plane-crash/index.html?hpt=wo_bn4 19 muertos y decenas de heridos tras un choque múltiple en Filipinas. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/choque-mltiple-en-filipinas_13134019-4 Decenas de muertos por un terremoto y tifón en Filipinas. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629185-al-menos-cuatro-muertos-por-un-terrem oto-de-72-grados-de-magnitud-en-filipinashttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/13/world/asia/philippines-typhoon-nari/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/14/world/asia/philippines-earthquake/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/19/world/asia/philippines-earthquake/index.html Se culmina el gaseoducto que une China y Myanmar. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-10/20/content_17046712.htm Cerca de 1,5 millón de musulmanes en la Meca. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629024-cerca-de-15-millon-de-musulmanes-en-la-meca Evacuadas 360 mil personas en el este de India por el ciclón Phailin. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/cicln-phailin-en-el-este-de-india_13118535-4 Pakistán pide fin de ataques de Estados Unidos con drones. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/asia/civilian-deaths-in-drone-strikes-cited-in-report.html?ref=world&_r=0&gwh=799DB8F62CFC647FA5F6BB112771BEF4says.html?ref=world&gwh=8FE5BA642948DD538D2DD4636400EB9Fhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/paquistan-drones-960044.htmlhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-10/21/content_17047803.htm Israel descubre un "túnel del terror" construido desde Gaza. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1628850-israel-descubre-un-tunel-del-terror-construido-desde-gaza 13 heridos al estallar dos bombas en el sur de Tailandia. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/bombas-en-el-sur-de-tailandia_13134277-4 Enormes incendios en Australia dejan miles de desplazados y considerables pérdidas Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/22/world/asia/australia-fires/index.html?hpt=wo_c1http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/22/world/asia/australia-bushfire-climate-change/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/20/world/asia/australia-fires/index.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2013/10/22/australie-les-pompiers-fusionnent-deux-enormes-incendies_3500574_3216.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24607401 ÁFRICA Continúa la violencia en Egipto. Para más información:http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/10/06/3673711/at-least-34-dead-as-egyptian-police.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-egypt-church-shooting-20131022,0,2360541.story#axzz2iUk49HvEhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/20/world/meast/egypt-protests/index.html?hpt=iaf_c2http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/21/actualidad/1382378448_459569.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/africa/mozambique-1992-peace-pact-collapses.html?ref=world&gwh=F5D963293D49CACE01B1EAD6D2E37C05 Diversos medios intentan explicar lo que sucedió durante el ataque al shopping en Nairobi. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/11/20922818-what-actually-happened-in-the-nairobi-mall-attack?litehttp://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2013/10/21/world/africa/ap-af-kenya-mall-attack.html?ref=world&gwh=DA72B28577F3713A89B336A19759E2FE Ataque suicida en Somalia. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/19/world/africa/somalia-unrest/index.html?hpt=iaf_c2 41 personas son muertas tras ataque rebelde en Sudán del Sur. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-10/21/content_17049068.htm Matrimonios de niñas: un drama en el África que pasa inadvertido. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/matrimonios-de-nias-un-drama--el-frica_13134536-4 Forzados a innovar, los zares de la droga buscan nuevas rutas. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630473-forzados-a-innovar-los-zares-de-la-droga-buscan-nuevas-rutas#comentar OTRAS NOTICIAS Cada año más de 800.000 personas son víctimas del tráfico humano. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/cada-ao-ms-de-800000-personas- son-vctimas-del-trfico-humano-en-el-mundo_13132278-4 "The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week". Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/world-week/21583302-business-week
Transcript of an oral history interview with General Gordon R. Sullivan, conducted by Sarah Yahm at the Sullivan Museum and History Center on 23 April 2015, as part of the Norwich Voices oral history project. Gordon Sullivan was a member of the Norwich University Class of 1959. After graduating from Norwich University, he served in a variety of Army command and staff assignments in the United States, Germany, Korea and Vietnam. He became Chief of Staff of the U. S. Army on 21 June 1991. The Sullivan Museum and History Center at Norwich University was named in his honor. Topics of interest within the oral history include General Sullivan's Army career as well as his legacy, philosophy, and activities after his retirement from the U.S. Army. ; 1 Gordon Sullivan, NU 1959, Oral History Interview April 23, 2015 Interviewed by Sarah Yahm GORDON SULLIVAN: I have often talked -- I talk a lot to troops and groups and so forth and so on and I'm very quick to tell them that I have been in and around the United States Army since 1955 in one form or another, either as a cadet at Norwich when I took my oath in the summer -- late summer of 1955 -- and obviously as a commissioned officer in the United States Army since 1959, 1995. Then, in my retired life, other than a two-year period when I was doing something in the commercial sector which I frankly didn't -- it wasn't for me. I knew it wasn't for me. I did okay at it but I didn't want to continue doing it. The job was open as the president of the Association of the United States Army, which is the Army's professional association, designed to tell the story of land power and the story of the Army and to do whatever we could to help soldiers and their families. So, in reality, I've spent my adult life in or around the United States Army. Since I retired, in addition to the association and the United States Army, I've done a couple of things which, to me, fit with the way I wanted to live my life. One was to create with three other retired officers an organization known as the Marshall Legacy Institute, Marshall being General George C. Marshall, former Secretary of State who, in 1948, created the Marshall Plan; he and others who worked for him. The essential nature of the Marshall Plan was to help war-torn nations recover in a collaborative way, not in a Big Brother way where we went in and did all the work and they stood by and watched us. It was where we collaborated with them and enabled them to help themselves. So, by happenstance, I was asked, since I had been the chief of staff of the Army to help commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the creation of the Marshall Plan. I found out that what they wanted was celebratory activities; a cocktail party and so forth and so on, which didn't interest me. So, I found some kindred spirits and we created the Marshall Legacy Institute, which has been around since 1997, and we have over 200 mine detection dogs out around the world. We have raised the money. The State Department has supported us, and these dogs are in some of the worst places in the world, enabling others to take landmines, a silent killer, out of the ground, and to provide safe living and a way of being; food, commerce, and so forth in war-torn countries such as in the Balkans, in Afghanistan, Iraq, African countries like Angola, one of the most mine-infested countries in the world, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, so forth and so on. We have -- those dogs have cleared, along with their indigenous handlers, millions and millions of square you-name-it -- square kilometers or yards or whatever, whatever metric you want, ground for people to live safely. I view that as sort of right up along with everything else I did when I was in uniform. It's the same kind of a business, making the world safe for others to live, save lives, not take lives, save lives. As a part of -- for some reason, let's put it this way. Sometimes in life, things happen that you really don't -- you didn't expect and so forth. I was asked to be a part of a study group in 2006. The study group was on -- conducted by CNA. That's otherwise known in a previous life as the Center for Naval Analysis. Well, I'm an Army general and it was kind of odd to be asked to do something 2 with the CNA but I was asked to do it and I did. It seemed like a good idea at the time. It was to look at the national security implications of global climate change. Well, the implications of global climate change, no matter how you feel about it, the trends of anything related to climate are going in the wrong direction; not the specifics. If you argue point data, there is always someone who has better data or different data. So, that becomes very contentious. All right, I think it was twelve retired admirals and generals were on this study group and by some fluke, I guess, I became the chairman of this group. We published a study in '07 which said that climate change is a national security threat or presents a national security threat to the United States of America. Failed and failing states, whether they failed because of drought or political reasons or why they failed, become like a Petri dish within which extremist groups grow, and that goes from Somalia to the Sudan and you name it; Syria and so forth. Syria was later but the ones we were dealing with at the time were mainly in the Middle East and Africa and we could see it. So, we published that study and it got some attention. Actually, we, within reason, steered away from the maelstrom of political stuff because we were the least likely people to say it. All of us were mostly operators. Now, we had one astronaut, a naval officer, and one of them was a nuclear -- you know, you would expect the Navy because of the nuclear-powered submarines and ships and so forth. So, they were scientists, really, and they had access to data and they knew about the phenomenon. But, the rest of us were either fighter pilots or I'm a ground combat guy or Marine -- Marines; you know, just people with a lot of experience in international stuff and defense and security. So, anyway, that study was replicated in '14 and said, "Well, this is what we said in '07. It's worse." Things got worse, and that's what we said; that not only was it bad then, but it's worse today. Obviously, we had Syria and various other garden spots on the table; Syria, Libya, on and on and on. Arab Spring was caused, in many places, since -- Arab Spring, what became known as Arab Spring, was caused by drought or one of the causes was drought in Russia, which -- and the Russians stopped exporting wheat because they had to -- they had a shortage of wheat so they stopped exporting it. That caused ripples throughout North Africa and Mesopotamia, specifically, Syria. SARAH YAHM: So, I have a couple questions for you, and I do want to -- you know, I feel like we're talking now for a little bit and I do want to sit down when I have more time to prepare and really give a couple hours. GS: I want you to do that. What I'm telling you is I put it all together and my time here at Norwich here as the chairman and it's all a piece. SY: Well, that's what I sense is that you felt this urgency to come in today. GS: I want you to know that in case -- I'm now 77, almost 78. I want to take advantage of you being here, me meeting you, so that you know how I really feel about it. SY: So, yeah, so you feel this urgency about your legacy. So, what -- so, you're telling me something now that it seems like you're afraid isn't in the historical record or won't be in the historical record. GS: It's not. SY: So, is it the idea that this global warming work, this landmine work, that is all part and parcel -- GS: That's all a part and parcel of how I view my life.3 SY: OK, and so you see this linear thread that goes through your life. GS: Yes. SY: So, if you were to articulate the values of that linear thread, how would you articulate it? GS: I think -- I don't know it. I think that when I sit here today, this morning I was talking about -- I was introducing these 200 things that you don't know about Norwich, and I said to myself, well, there's a lot I don't know about Norwich but I know about myself. I don't think I'm unique, by the way, in the history of Norwich. I think I'm just one of the people who went here. So, you have this museum which, you know, is -- I find this hard to say, but, okay, there's this museum here, and you've got some of my stuff. It doesn't -- it's hard -- yeah, how do -- what do I think? How do -- there's some stuff out there. There's nobody but me who could tell you why I think some of those artifacts tell the story. SY: No, you need to interpret the story of your life. GS: Yeah, I need to interpret it. SY: You need to interpret it. GS: It's me. I don't think -- SY: Absolutely. GS: I don't think -- I can go to things out there. I can show you one panel that shows me as a young man struggling to figure out who I am and Norwich, my buddies, this institution enabled me to mature and they didn't throw me out, because I was, struggling. I don't mean that in a -- I was struggling to figure out how I would fit in the world, and I don't think I'm unique and Norwich helped me do that. Okay? SY: Absolutely. GS: So, on the same panel, it goes from me being, you know, this guy I was who was whatever. I'm not apologizing for any of it because I don't have anything to apologize for. But, I can tell you it went from somebody who was immature to the chief of staff of the Army with the woman I was married to for 49 years standing beside me when I became the chief of staff in the Army. I will tell you, I'd do it all the same way and marry the same woman. SY: I think your vulnerability matters, and I think that's something that needs to go in the record, too -- the confusion of being a 20-year old, right? GS: Yeah, the confusion of being a 20-year old and now 70 -- in my late seventies. I'm reasonably healthy but I know my own -- I mean, I'm human. I've figured it out obviously since my wife essentially died, you know. I mean, well, she did die. I'm also struggling. I'm not struggling with it. I think I've accommodated. I understand it all but I know, okay, that's the way it is, and I want you to know it. SY: Yeah, and you're evaluating. You're in a moment in your life of evaluation, right? GS: Yeah, right. What did I do? What did I do with my life? SY: Yeah, and that has to be richer than a list of accomplishments, right? GS: It's not the accomplishments. It's what do you -- how does it fit? I think I am occupying a very large part of the space there, and there are many people like me and I know that, and they should be here, too. SY: Yeah, and we're actually -- I mean, we are collecting their voices, but maybe the key is to figure out how you're representative of a moment.4 GS: Yeah, whatever. You're the expert. I'm just here, and I don't think for one minute -- I have a hard time telling people. I talk about this as 'the museum.' SY: Not the 'Sullivan Museum.' GS: No, no, I don't say that. I have never said it. SY: So, we'll sit down and we'll talk and we'll have you curate the story of your life, you know, and that will help enrich our museum. I also think -- I mean, you oversaw a messy century, you know. The second half of the 20th century was a messy century, right? GS: Well, yeah, here's the cycle, though. I just came back from Germany. I was in the headquarters of the United States Army Europe. I went to Europe for the first time in 1965, 50 years ago, when the Soviet Union, the Warsaw Pact, was right up against the border. I went up into a part of Germany. I was about 40 miles from the inner German border in a tank battalion. I later commanded a tank brigade -- an armored brigade -- in the same division, the largest brigade in the US Army at the time; five maneuver battalions, three tank battalions, two mechanized infantry battalions, about 5000 men and women. There were some women. The Cold War -- so the Cold War is over. I go 50 years later. Twenty years ago, Russia was sort of off the screen militarily. So, I'm sitting in the room and I look out at this expanse of Europe and in Eastern Ukraine, there's this major penetration, this major red thrust. What goes around comes around. In my life, I have gone from an officer who spent twelve and a half years in Germany during the Cold War, became the chief of staff in the Army. I saw the Wall come down and now this, where the Russians are back moving again. I mean, it's -- what goes around comes around, and I'm seeing the nation-state, the concept of nation-states being questioned. Will the Middle East unravel so that it's just tribes? This is -- I mean, this has been in my lifetime, and I've been a part of it, in a sense. SY: No, in a very concrete sense. Does it lead you to despair? Does it lead you to -- GS: No, it doesn't lead me to despair. It leads me to understand that the cycles of history have a way of repeating themselves and it's the human interaction. That's missteps. Did we handle it right? Did we appreciate how -- well, how Russia would perceive what happened when the Cold War ended. How would the Russian people perceive it? Clearly, as an amateur looking at it, people say, "Well, Russia needs --." Russia has needs like any country, and they have always wanted to have the near abroad as a buffer. So, let's say that's real. Let's say that's true for the sake of argument. Then, now we have a nationalist. That's what he is. Putin is a nationalist and he has turned the switch. They sign up politically. They sign up. SY: Yeah, they always do. GS: They always do. They always have, and they are again, and here it is. So, look, that doesn't -- I don't think I'm the first Norwich grad to figure that out. I don't -- I wouldn't -- but it's been a part of my life, and I am what I am. What I am, for better or worse, is a soldier. I'm just a soldier that's retired. SY: Yeah. Could you talk a little about the connection -- so, you know, most of your life was concrete soldiering, right? GS: Yes, real soldiering. SY: Real soldiering. Now, you're talking about specifically this landmine work. How do you see the two as connected, because in one part of your life, you were in charge of --5 GS: Putting landmines in the ground. SY: Yes. GS: Right, and I wasn't -- I am a defender of that because it protects soldiers and so forth and so on because they do protect soldiers. It's one of these strange weapons. They protect soldiers and they kill soldiers. OK, so, in 1997, when I and three combat arms colonels -- retired colonels -- created this thing, this entity, we wanted to do something to help others and it was the mines. Get the mines out of the ground. Everybody was talking mines are bad but they were talking about it. Mines are bad, right? Got it. What are you going to do about it? We wanted to do something about it. It wasn't to philosophize. It was to take them out of the ground, help other people take them out of the ground; like to make things -- make something happen, action-oriented. That's more important to me than all the great ideas of the world. Yeah, global hunger -- I've got it. You know, make the world mine-free. Well, okay, if you want to take mines out of the ground, you can. We've actually, along with others -- there are other ways to take mines out of the ground mechanically and that's a lot of what Princess Diana was involved with -- Princess Diana was involved with and now Harry -- Prince -- SY: Yeah, the royal British family, yeah. GS: So, anyway, we -- so that's -- to me, that fits, okay? SY: Yeah, it's not something -- GS: Now, whether anybody else thinks it fits or not, I don't know, but to me it does. SY: But, to you, it doesn't seem like a contradiction to you? GS: It's not a contradiction to me. SY: Could you talk more about that? GS: Why? What? SY: Well, because I'm curious about getting at your sort of philosophy and understanding so that it does seem part and parcel of the same work. GS: It seems part and parcel of the same work because the country says -- I don't know where we are on the treaty, whether -- the chiefs have said, of which I was one; you know, in my former life, I was one of the Joint Chiefs, a member of the Joint Chiefs. We're protecting South Korea. We're partners with the South Koreans -- Republic of Korea -- and the UN protecting South Korea. Part of that defense involves the demilitarized zone, which is heavily mined. At certain points in Afghanistan and Iraq, I would suspect that there are mines which are -- you can turn them on and off. That type of protection is used, not much but it is periodically. It's there. It's available if they want to use them. I don't view that as much of a contradiction. These things are, as I say, you turn them on and you turn them off. You put them back in your rucksack and unless somebody hits one with a round or something, they're not going to detonate. SY: Yeah, they're safer. GS: Safer. SY: They're not going to get women and children 20 years later. GS: No. That's not -- no, that's not going to happen. SY: You know -- GS: So, anyway, I guess I'm a theory to practice guy. Okay, I've got the theory. I've got the concept and, okay, let's do something about it then.6 SY: That's the thread that goes through your life. GS: That's the thread for me. Let's do something about it. So, global climate change -- national security issue. I came up here and talked about that. You have the speech that I gave down here, and I gave another one at the Society of American Military Engineers, which -- a national security issue for the United States of America is -- and an economic issue and a health issue is we're running out of water -- fresh water -- fresh, potable water. Now, the Corps of Engineers, which US Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for a lot of that in some sense. So, I represent -- I'm trying to tell the Army story, right? It's my job -- Association of the United States Army. The Corps of Engineers is a part of it. The Army Medical Department -- just the researchers and medical researchers just discovered a vaccine which prevents Ebola. Walter Reed was an Army officer. So, we -- Lewis and Clark were Army people. SY: Do you remember, you know, the kid you were at Norwich -- the 20-year old kid -- and the world you lived in then? GS: Yes. SY: What do you think he would have thought of this particular world we're in now, of this US, of this globe? GS: Well, there's some that wouldn't have surprised him, given that I was a history major. I was quoted in the Boston Globe in 1989. I was giving a talk in Cambridge, Massachusetts in the Sonesta. I was at a conference. I was a three-star at the time. I was the chief of operations in the United States Army and before I got up to speak -- I was to speak on doctrine, Army doctrine -- I was handed a note that said, "Heads up. The Wall just came down and people are streaming and streaming into Berlin -- West Berlin." The heads-up was that the press was in the room. So, anyway, I gave my -- whatever I was going to say. The first question I was asked was, "The Berlin Wall just opened. What do you think?" I gave an honest answer. SY: What did you think? GS: I said, "I don't know what I don't know." I didn't. I mean, I was -- you know, I was obviously pleased. That was apparent, but in the back of my mind, I didn't -- you couldn't -- I couldn't predict it. SY: You couldn't -- GS: I couldn't then -- I couldn't predict it and I wasn't going to. SY: Your whole life had been a Cold War world. GS: Yes, I understand that, and I couldn't -- I didn't know what it would mean. Well, what it meant was genocide in the Balkans. What it has meant is a lot of things that aren't good. The whole world that we knew is over time coming apart, like the nation-state. Remember what I said earlier here? Will the nation-state, which was created by -- at the end of World War I -- will those boundaries hold in the Middle East? What about the Balkans? What about the Baltic nations? It's all a part. My uncertainty then -- it's all -- it's still playing out. What's the role of the United States of America? I have no idea. SY: What do you think it should be? GS: Well, I think everybody expects the United States of America to be what it has been since the end of World War II, like the United States of America, the leader; in some sense, the leader. I think we're struggling with that. Are we? Do we really want to be the leader? 7 What about a world where the United States is a reluctant leader? What kind of a world is that? I don't know. That's beyond me. All I know is what I know. That, by the way, if you can figure that out, all I know is what I know or what I feel -- SY: Yeah. Did you have any moments when you had -- when you were talking about you feel gut reactions that really helped you out, that steered you in the right direction? GS: A lot of time, a lot of time. I suppose there is some type that you could say this guy is this type of person. I'm pretty good at reading people. I can read -- I think I am, anyway. That may be a conceit of mine, but I think I am, and I can -- I don't -- yeah, sometimes I go by feel. Sometimes, when I'm doing things, which is why I like the give and take in a meeting, why I need to hear, I want to hear from people. I like ideas. I like the dialog because I learn from it. SY: Yeah, we're thinking a lot about this citizen soldier idea, right, which means a lot of different things to different people but to some people it means having the courage to stand up for what you believe in in moments where it's scary. Can you think of moments like that in your life where you pushed back out of your gut and it was scary? GS: Yeah, well, when you go up to Capitol Hill and you tell people things that politically they don't agree with or if the senator comes from a coal-producing state and you're there telling him that, hey, this climate change is serious, and certainly, one of the causes is carbon, hydrocarbons, whatever, in the air, okay, now don't ask me how many parts per million but for some reason, it's warmer in the last 10 years, like 4 or 5 of the years have been the warmest in recorded history. Something is going on which is warming the planet up. Is that a part of it? Perhaps, probably. You know, he's going to come back -- he or she is going to come back at you and say, "Well, you're smoking dope but it's not. It happens all the time, right?" Well, yeah, but you've got a lot of trends that are going in the wrong direction. Okay, but at any rate, yeah, sure, you know. People said, "Well, we need -- the country needs a peace dividend," which is all well and good. Right after the Cold War, the country did need a peace dividend but at some point, you get so small -- the Army gets so small that you wind up fighting wars. You fight two wars and the strength of the Army -- active Army -- was such that you asked too much from too few and you wind up with soldiers who are psychologically damaged because the same men and women went back and forth and back and forth. You think that's popular to say that? I don't care. It's true. SY: Yeah, I mean, right. You spent a lot of time in Capitol Hill, obviously the most partisan place in the country and you served under -- you were chief of staff under a Republican and then a Democrat, right? GS: That's correct. SY: How did you navigate that partisan world? GS: You just -- well, you know, first of all, you don't -- you're not partisan. I'm not partisan. Nobody knows what I am and that's the way I like it. I'm my own person. I'm essentially an independent and I decide. Frankly, many people like me -- I didn't vote when I was a chief of staff and before. I just didn't vote. SY: Talk about that. GS: Well, I think that that's fine. I mean, I didn't vote. I could have voted but I elected not to because I'm nonpartisan. I'm serving the country. Now, I know people would say, 8 "Well, you know, it's your duty to vote." Yeah, but when I -- the more senior I became -- first of all, I was overseas 17 years out of 36. In spite of what everybody says, getting absentee ballots to some of the places I was -- give me a break. It's not going to happen. You know, all the paperwork; who are you? What do you mean? Who? It wasn't worth it. Then, the more senior I became, it just became -- to me, it didn't make any difference. I was not going to be known as a Democrat or a Republican or anything. I didn't want to be known as anything other than as a soldier. But, I understand very clearly. There is a distinction between citizen soldier and soldier citizen. I always felt I was a citizen first. SY: What's that distinction? GS: Well, the distinction to me was that when I was retired that it was not -- I knew -- I always knew that I would leave the Army some day and that I would do something. Well, it just so happens so when it came, it came. I mean, I knew I was so I got a job. It just so happens that the job I ultimately have is related to the Army. SY: When you were here at Norwich and you were struggling just like any kid struggles, what were you struggling with? What were your ambitions? What were your visions? GS: I didn't know. I didn't know. I told somebody last night that, you know, one of my friends -- he's still a close friend of mine; like I talk to him once a week, anyway. He said to me -- I don't know whether I was a junior or a senior, but he said, "Well, what do you want to do?" I said, "Well, maybe," I think I answered him, "Well, maybe, I'll go in the Army," or maybe at that time I was writing a column for the newspaper for -- SY: The Guidon. GS: -- the Guidon. Sully's -- it was called Sully's Scratchings. I said, "Maybe, I'll get into the newspaper business or something, become a columnist or whatever." I mean, that seemed like a good idea at the time, you know. Whether I could have done it or not, I don't know but I thought it. Well, as it turned out, you know, as it turned out, it turned out. I found what I really liked. SY: When was the moment that you realized you had this passion? GS: In summer camp -- ROTC summer camp. SY: What -- GS: Went to Fort Knox. Well, I was very -- I found it very attractive what -- the kind of people I met there, the noncommissioned officers who were teaching the courses. Officers were sort of distant to cadets. It was the NCOs and I found that relationship in keeping with what I had done during the summer, working. I worked construction jobs and so forth and so on. I liked that kind of stuff, being outside and most of them were men who were doing labor and building things and making things. So, I think I found that attractive. SY: It seemed honest to you? GS: Well, it was honest. Yeah, it was an honest way of making a living, you know, but I knew I didn't want to do it for the rest of my life but -- and I liked that relationship. So, anyway, one thing led to another and I became a commissioned officer and I didn't want to stay a reservist because I thought that being a reservist was -- I mean, I didn't have anything against being a reserve officer but it was just I wanted to be a part of the -- in it, committed to being a soldier. Immediately upon becoming a regular Army officer, I was sent to Korea, and that's where I really, really knew that I was -- had chosen correctly.9 SY: Was there a moment when you knew it? GS: Well, I knew it as soon as I got there because it was -- first of all, the country, at that time -- it was in June of 1961. I had been at Fort Hood for a while but that was sort of kind of getting my feet on the ground. It was very, very under-resourced units and there was not -- it was not fulfilling at all. When I arrived in Korea, we were full up. We were up close to the DMZ. It was real soldiering, and that's where I learned how much I liked it. SY: Did you also learn that you were good at it? Was there a moment when you were like, oh, hey, I'm good at this? GS: No. I felt I was -- probably felt at that time I was a good platoon leader and company commander and I had a staff job for a while. Then, I volunteered to go to Vietnam and you can see a picture of me in that passport I gave yesterday. So, I went from Korea to Vietnam. Some people say, "Well, you know, why?" I said, "Because that's what I thought soldiers did." The chief of staff of the Army asked for volunteers and I thought that's what you do. You volunteer to go to war. That's what I was -- a professional soldier. So, I did that for 18 months and then I came back home. I didn't meet my wife. I knew my wife. I had gone to grammar --I'd gone -- I knew her. We grew up in the same town so I knew who she was as a kid. Then, we were in the same junior high school class. You know, like I'd known her forever. I knew her forever. Then, I went to public school, public high school. I blew that. My mother said, "This is not going to work out," so I wound up at what we called then a country day school -- a private school but not a live-in school. Gay was my classmate in summer school because she couldn't do math either and neither could I so I had to take a summer course. SY: Did you need more structure? Is that what happened with you and public school? GS: Yeah, it's probably the same thing. I mean, it was the same thing that you saw here. I had -- I'm the kind of guy that they would say, "Well, he has lots of talent but he doesn't apply himself because he's with his buddies and doing other things while he should be studying or something else." SY: You were like that at Norwich, too? GS: The same thing. It was the same thing. SY: What were you doing? GS: Well, I was working in the mess hall, selling sandwiches at night to make a couple of bucks for my buddy, actually, my buddy who I memorialized a building for him last week. I was a eulogist at his funeral. One of the things that's sort of fallen to me, you know, whatever, it's the sad kind of stuff is being the eulogist at two -- Jack (Dirgins?) who I came up here as a senior in high school when we both decided to come here. I went to high school with him and Norwich with him, and I'm the godfather of one of his children and I buried him. That's -- you know, that's hard duty -- SY: Yeah, it is. GS: -- because they're my buddies. I also -- my wife told me the day she died -- she said -- she gave me instructions. She said, "I want you to speak at my funeral service, not as an army general, as my husband." SY: Those are good instructions. GS: That's different. I said, "Are you sure?" She said, "I'm very sure." SY: What did she mean?10 GS: She meant she didn't want me to give some Army kind of speech. She wanted me to tell them what kind of a person she was. SY: She wanted you to be vulnerable. GS: Yeah, well, sure, sure. SY: It sounds like she was a good counterbalance. GS: She was a great counterbalance and a huge part of my life. SY: Yeah, 49 years? GS: Forty-nine years. One night she told me -- I was -- oh, I had something going on professionally and so forth and she was -- she said, "Look," we were in the kitchen, just the two of us. I think all the kids had gone by then. She said, "Look, I'm going to bed. I'm tired of listening to you, you know, sort of fuming around and stumbling around." She said, "Just remember this -- suck it up. It's a test." That was it. "Suck it up. It's a test," and it was and she was right, and how I handled it was a test and it all worked out. When I woke up the morning of her funeral and I had been through about eight drafts of what I was going to say, I had papers and notes all over the place. I laid in bed and I said to myself, "What would Gay have said?" She would have said, "Suck it up. It's a test." SY: That's beautiful. GS: Life's a test. I don't know whether I passed or not. It's a test. SY: Do you have doubts? GS: I have no doubts. That's false modesty. That's really not me. SY: So, you do think you passed. GS: I passed. (laughter) I passed. SY: All right! GS: OK? SY: OK. GS: I don't want Norwich -- anybody at Norwich University to think I think I failed. SY: Yeah. What are you proudest of? GS: I'm proud to say I'm a Norwich University graduate. I'm proud to say I was an American soldier and I don't care who knows it. SY: Proud of being a good husband? GS: I'm proud of being a good husband, and a good father, and a good grandfather. I'm proud of all of it. Was I as good a father as I could have been? Probably not. SY: Is anyone? GS: I don't know. I'm sure everybody has their doubts about that. Being a parent never ends -- never ends -- and being a grandfather is a joy. SY: Did you have to be away from them a lot? GS: Well, my children, I did, yes. My wife and I actually raised one of our grandchildren and that was the joy, extra joy, in our life. He's now a junior in college and doing pretty good. He's a good boy, thanks to his grandmother and me to some extent. Anyway, so that's what I wanted you to know, okay? SY: OK.11 GS: Now, I could show you some things in there which are more meaningful than others to tell that story but personally, frankly, I don't think that story holds. I don't think that what's in there -- I'm not arguing for any more space. You could probably do less and do the same thing. You've got some stuff. I mean, I can tell stories about almost everything you've got and how it all fits. SY: But, it sounds like, yeah, you have a slightly different narrative, so what -- GS: I have a different narrative than what a historian would pick out. SY: So, what would your narrative be? GS: Well, I think my narrative would be I can take you right in there right now and start -- and show you stuff that supports what I just told you. SY: All right. Do you want me to take the microphone and we can go in there? END OF AUDIO FILE
Issue 48.2 of the Review for Religious, March/April 1989. ; Ministry and Ministries On Becoming An Apostolic °Hermit Mid-Life Divorce And Alienation The Readmission of Former Members Volume 48 Number 2 March/April 1989 Revn~w t:or Rt~LIGIOUS (ISSN 0034-639X) is published bi-monthly at St. Louis University by the Mis-souri Province Educational Institute of the Soi:icty of Jesus; Editorial Office; 3601 Lindcll Blvd. Rm. 428: St. Louis. MO 63108-3393. Second-class postage paid at St. Louis MO. Single copies $3.00. Subscriptions: $12.00 per year: $22.00 for two years. Other countries: for surface mail. add U,S. $5.00 per year: for airmail, add U.S. $20.00 per year. For subscription orders or change of address, write: R~v~w t:oR Rt~t.~GOUS; P.O. Box 6070; Duluth. MN 55806. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to R~:v~:w ~'o~ R~:t.t~no~s; P.O. Box 6070; Duluth, MN 55806. David L. Fleming, S.J. Iris Ann Ledden, S.S.N.D. Richard A. Hill, S.J. Jean Read Mary Ann Foppe Editor Associate Editor "~"~ Contributing Editor ~% ~,~,¢~ Assistant Editors °"'~ March/April 1989 Volume 48 Number 2 Manuscripts, books for review and correspundence with the editor should be sent to R~:\'~:w ~'o~ R~:~.t~aot~s; 3601 Lindell Blvd.; SI. [a~uis, MO 63108-3393. Cnrrespondence about the department "Canonical Counsel" should be addressed to Rich-ard A. Hill, S.J.; J.S.T.B.; 1735 LeRoy Ave.; Berkeley, CA 94709-1193. Back issues and reprints should be ordered from R~:v~:w ~'on R~:t.~aot~s; 3601 Lindell Blvd.; St. la~uis, MO 63108-3393. "Out of print" issues are available from University Microfilms International; 300 N. Zeeb Rd.; Ann Arbor, MI 48106. A major portion of each issue is also available on cassette recordings as a service for the visually impaired. Write Io the Xavier Society for the Blind; 154 East 23rd Street; New York, NY 10010. PRISMS . Computers easily make available various readouts of statistical in-formation. While I was perusing the printout listings of our January- February 1989 issue, 1 began, to realize how much I take for granted the exchange of information in our contemporary world. This international exchange of information through a journal like REVIEW FOR REL~C~OtJS pro-vides one of the most valuable prisms which exist for expanding our worldview and our unders.tanding of religious life. I want to share with you a few of the statistics about the interriational readership. First, I should call attention to the fact that REVIEW has sub-scribers in all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territo-ries, such as Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the North Mariana Islands, and the Canal Zone. Roughly this grouping takes in about sixty per cent of our subscription list. Our readers are also from all ten provinces of Canada, including the Yukon and the North-west Territories. Subscribers are also present throughout Mexico, six countries of Central America, ten countries of South America, and throughout the West Indies. REWEff FOR REt.~C~OUS has large numbers of subscribers in the English-speaking countries of Europe, such as England, Ireland, Northern Ire-. land, Scotland, and Wales. But its readership is spread throughout Aus-tria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Po-land, Portugal, Switzerland, Spain, Sweden, and West Germany. The subscription lists are large for India, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand, with a widespread distribution throughout the coun-tries. Africa, too, is well-represented, with subscribers from some twenty-two countries, such as Republic of Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Liberia~ Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Uganda, Zambia, Sudan, Tanzania, Swaziland, Sierra Leone, Malawi, Cameroun, and Mauritania. REVIEW also serves readers in Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Ma-laysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Israel, Jordan, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Sin-gapore, and Hong Kong. As editor, I think that I may want to take a win-ter trip to visit our subscribers from Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Gilbert Is-lands, Solomon Islands, and Western Samoa. These listings do not exhaust all the places R~:w~:w FOR reaches, but perhaps this kind of enumeration can give all of us a greater 161 Review for Religious, March-April 1989 appreciation of the catholicity of the articles we read and the religious life we try better to understand and live. Of course, this international dimension is reflected in the authors who submit manuscripts and in the content matter of the articles submit-ted. For example, in this issue, Father Donald Macdonald, writing from England, reflects upon the situation of Church members in some com-munist- dominated countries of Eastern Europe. Brother Martin O'Reilly shares with us his vocation director's experience, working in Liberia and Sierra Leone in Africa. Father Robert Maloney calls our attention to an impressive lay-movement of young people who serve the poor in Italy. Reverend Paul Casper, who first went to Burma as missionary in 1952 and later served as the first American Dean of St. John's Cathedral in Hong Kong from 1982-1986, reflects on the influence of his fellow An-glican, C.S. Lewis, upon his experience of spiritual direction. As editor, I want to continue to welcome readers and writers from all over the world. REVIEW FOR RELigiOUS will continue to be enriched by the .reflections of people who come from different community, mission, and cultural life-experiences. Through this journal, we are being given a new window--varied prisms--upon our world and upon our religious iives.~ David L. Fleming, S.J. Ministry and Ministries John R. Sheets, S.J. Father John Sheets, S.J. is well known to our readers. His last article, "Spiritual Direction in the Church," appeared in the issue of July/August, 1987. Father Sheets may be addressed at Creighton University; California at 24th Street; Omaha, Ne-braska 68178. In the remarks which follow, I try to distinguish two related but radically different forms of ministry: that which is primordial, the ministry of pres-ence, and that which is functional, activities, some of which are institu-tionalized, others not, which serve to constitute and build up the Church. The ministry of presence is overlooked today. When people speak of ministry they tend to speak only of functional ministry, various ac-tivities which in one way or another build up the Church. However, they forget that the functional ministry is always built on and presupposes a primordial, or deeper form of ministry, the ministry of presence. Though it is risky to use masculine-feminine analogies today, I think that those who can bypass the loaded nature of such language, and re-gain a certain direct vision of those realities, without the prejudices of our times, can spontaneously recognize in the ministry of presence quali-ties which are feminine, and in the mini~stry of function, masculine char-acteristics. I do not mean, of course, that functional ministries belong only to men, and not to women, or that men cannot exercise qualities of presence. The distinction is aimed at calling attention to two related but different modalities of ministry: a mode of being in and with, which is presence; and a mode of being for, which is function. We live in an age which is centrifugal. The self is caught in a kind of cyclotron that empties the inner self as it pours itself into more and more things to do. For this reason in the remarks which follow there is an attempt to recapture the primordial ministry of presence, which alone 163 164 / Review for Religious,. March-April 1989 can vitalize, energize, the ministries of function. In a sense it is an at-tempt to see how the feminine principle of presence lies beneath all other activ.ities within the Church, providing the presence of the Spirit, who alone breathes life into those activities which are ordinarily called min-istry. Without the presence of the breath of the Spirit, ministry in the sense of activity is like those dry bones Ezekiel describes (Ezk 37), strewn about in a valley, lifeless skeletons that have a faint resemblance to a living person. Hans Urs von Balthasar in Elucidations (London: S.P.C.K., 1975, p. 70) describes what I have just spoken of as a kind of "masculiniza-tion" of the Church. "The Church since the Council has to a large ex-tent put off its mystical characteristics. It has become a Church of per-manent conversations, organizations, advisory commissions, congresses, synods, commissions, academies, parties, pressure groups, functions, structures and restructurings, sociological experiments, statistics; that is to say, more than ever a male Church . " General Reflections on the Meaning of Ministry Before going into some specifics in regard to ministry, I would like to give a working description of ministry that will include everything pre-sented in this article about various ways of speaking of ministry. Most of the time discussions on ministry begin with a description of various activities in the Church that are exercised for the good of others, either as individuals or as :a community. This approach is a valid one. But it also tends to play into models which belong to other forms of hu-man activity for the good of any society, not specifically the society we call the Church. Hence, it is possible that, without realizing it, what is secretly at work in discussion of ministry are models coming from hu-man social structures, such as civil society, instead of those that respect the uniqueness of the ministries that belong to the Church. One has to see Christian. ministry in terms of the complete newness of the forms of activity that the Christian calls ministry. The Church, on the other hand, does not exist only as a heavenly city coming downfrom above. It exists in the world in interaction with other societies. It also has similarities with other societies, especially the state, But the danger is to lose sight of the uniqueness of Christian ministry, and to reduce it to secular models. I want to speak of Christian ministry, then, by beginning from a slightly different perspective than is customary. Ordinarily discussion of ministry begins by talking about different activities in the Church as they are exercised by different members. But it might be more helpful to ap- Ministry and Ministries / 165 proach ministry in a reverse direction. Ministries come from awareness of needs that have to be taken care of within the Church. Ministries are always a response to specific kinds of needs. Ministries in the Church then are those activities which are generated within the Church in re-sponse to the needs of the community. In somewhat the same way, all "secular ministries," such as schools, hospitals, civil authority have to be understood primarily as response to needs within the community. There are no ministries that are simply there, self-evident, self-explanatory. Ministries.exist only because they are called forth as a re-sponse to certain needs. They are essentially relative then to the need that calls them forth. They come, go, remain as the needs either remain or come and go. Their importance ranges from fulfilling needs which are essential to the existence of the Church (for example, the ministry of holy ordi~rs), to those which are i, mportant for'its well-being, but not essen-tial tbqts very existence. This,is true both forthe secular notion of ministry, as well as the ec-clesial. But the needs in each case are radically different. Hence, the re-sponse, or the ministry will be radically different. To understand minis-try, then, one has, so to speak, to work backwards, from need to re-sponse. The respbnse in turn depends upon the particular gift, whether of grace or nature, to respond to the need. St. Paul always sees the gifts of ministry in this sense, as Spirit-evoked responses to community needs. Ministry t.hen is called forth by the particular needs of the organiza-tion as social whether the social body is sec.ular or religious. Some of these needs are practically identified.with the continued existence and Well-functioning of the.body; for example, in the state, different levels of auihority are 'called forth from the need to preserve the society so that it keeps its identity and reaches its goals. The importance of the minis-try varies. Its importance is relative to the nature of the need that has to be taken care of. But our question is concernedowith the society called the Church, not secular societies. Ministry in the Church is the Spirit-created response to the unique needs of the new kind of society' that came into the world-through the institutiofi' of Christ and the outpouring of the Spirit at Pen-tecost. The basic needs.to be responded to are those to which Jesus him-self responded. The Church exists only to carry out what Jesus intended in his life and redemptive death. The deepest need of humankind, then, is the.need for redemption. This is the need that Jesus came to fulfill. He had no other purpose. All ministries in the Church are relative to the one basic need, the need for redemption. "166 / Review for Religious, March-April 1989 The primary ministry in the Church, then, is that which he commu-nicated to his,,apostles. He breathed into them his own mission or his own ministry. " 'As the Father sent me, so I send you.' He then breathed on them saying, 'Receive the.Holy Spirit. If you forgive anyone's sins, they stand forgiven; if you pronounce them unforgiven, unforgiven th.ey remain' " (Jn 20:21-23). He creates a correlation between his ministry which comes from the Father, and the mission of the apostles, which comes from Jesus. They are to minister to the fundamental need of hu-mankind, reconciliation with God and with one. another. Thus th+ fundamental ministry of the Church which is poured into the Church is to respond to a need at the heart of the whole of humanity and even of the universe itself. If this ministry fails, then the mission of Ctiiist is aborted. The raw fundamental need of humankind remains un-touched. "We are still in our.sins" (see 1 Co 15:17). Within that fun-damental ministry, which makes die mission of Christ present, ,there are other subordinate ministries, each of them in one way or another a par-ticipation in the fundamental response to the need for redemption. All forms of ministry in the Church, therefore, are responses to the radical need of humankind, the need f+r redemption. They are not self-actuated responses like those belonging to other socie.ties. They are di-rectly evoked and sustained by the Spirit ~vhose intention is to carry out in the Church what he initiated in the life and death of Christ. St. Paul uses a striking metaphor to bring out ministry as response to need. He calls himself a debtor to everyone. What he owes them is the Gospel. This is the Spirit-evoked gift to answer the radical need in the human heart. M6re than health, money, food, or anything else, the radical need is for Christ. "I am in debt to Greek and to non-Greek, to learned and Simple" (Rm i : 14). The Need for the Presence of Christ: Ministry as a Mode of Being Present As I mentioned in the beginning, it i~ important at the outset to dis-tinguish, ministry according to two different modalities: (a) ministry as presence,, which is a mode of being-with, what I called above, the pri-mordial form of ministry, and (b) ministry as partiizular activities which are ways of doing that flow from being-for others. The latter has to do with activities which flow from and presuppose ministry in the first sense. Most often when people talk about ministry they refer only to doing something. They forget that ministry as we find it in the Church is situ-ated within what is deeper, the mystery of an existence that has been trans- Ministry and Ministries / 167 formed through grace. This transformed existence brings a new mode of presence into the world. I spoke above of ministry as the Spirit-created response to need. The great absence, and therefore, the deepest need, is that of the absence of God in the hearts of individuals and society. The first mode of "minis-try" then is not some particular kind of activity. Rather it is a mode of presence that penetrates a person's whole being. It is a kind of "glory," or radiance that end/elopes a person's whole life. It cannot be located within any one particular kind of activity. "We all reflect as in a mirror the glory of the Lord" (1 Co 3:18). Like a mirror, Christian existence reflects tothe world the presence of Christ. This is the primary mode of ministry. This "presence" or glory comes from the fact that, as Paul says, we are a "new creation." "When anyone is united to Christ, there is a new creation; the old order has gone, and a new order has already be-gun" (2 Co 5:17). He tells the Christians that in the midst of an evil world they are to "shine like stars in a dark world, and proffer the word of life" (Ph 2:13). All of Paul's exhortations about what to do as Chris-tians flow as corollaries from the mystery of their transformed existence as a new creation. The images that Jesus uses to describe the primary ministry of the Christian do not concern specific activities. He calls the Christian salt, light, leaven for the world. The Christian's pri(nary ministry to the world, then, is not some particular activity, but a kind of epiphany of the presence of the New Creation. The most fundamental ministry then is to live the Christian life in its fullness. It is a doing that is identified with their very being. How they live flows from who they are. Very sim-ply it is the call to be holy. It helps us understand this primary form of ministry if we reflect on the fact that all Christian ministry receives its meaning insofar as it takes on the.pattern of Christ's ministry. In Christ, we see the perfect expres-sion of "ministry." All that he does flows from who he is. The myste-rious interaction of Jesus with everyone came.from an awareness of a pres-ence in him Which eluded all categories and particular activities. Similarly his primary activity in the Church is not through specific ministries, for example, orders,.charisms, and so forth. It is the fullness of his presence filling the whole Church. "He put everything in subjec-tion beneath his feet, and appointed him as supreme head to the Church, which is his body and as such holds within it the fullness of him who himself receives the entire fullness of God" (Ep 1:22-23). "Be assured. Review for Religious, March-April 1989 I amowith you always, to the end of time" (Mt 28:20). At center of all particular ministries in the Church, then, is the mystery ~f presence. Christ's own ministry is the Si~irit-evoked response to the most radi-cal needs of humankind redemption, salvation, atonement. "I have a ba, ptism wherewith I am to be baptized, and how I am straitened until it be accomplished" (Lk, 12:50). His fundamental ministry then is to re-veal the Father's love. This love is not only an affective, but also an ef-fective love. The Father shows his love through the redemptive gift of his Son. Hence, the mode of being of Christ is a redemptive mode of being. He is from the beginning the? ',Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world." His ministry then is identified with his whole being. No matter what he says or does, it is always the expression of his gift of himself: "This is my body given for you. This is my blood poured out for you." Christ's presence then is a special mode of presence: a re-demptive presence. All particular activities flow from his pervasive pres-ence as the Suffering Servant. The Church itself has only one primary ministry. It is the sacrament of the presence of Christ. It exists only to bring to the world what Christ accomplished through his ministry, to bring.~the world in touch with the mystery of Christ. All of the various particular ministries in the Church, ways of doing, flow from the primary ministry which is a mode of being present. Similarly, the primary mimstry of the Christian is that of pres-ence where God is absent, to be light in the darkness, leaven in a dead world, salt in a world which has lost its savor. The failure to recognize the primary ministry as that of presence has led to many ambiguities, in discussion of ministry today. One gets the im-pression that greater participation in ministry is only (or mainly) being able to participate in many activities which were closed to a person up to the present. But in reality the primary ministry is to respond by pres-ence to what is absence, or anti-presence. This has always been the pri-mary ministry of the saints, canonized and uncanonized. The m.inistry of presence creates an atmosphere that is broader, deeper, more pene-trating, both stronger and more delicate, and more effective while it is more self-effacing than what is brought about by particular ministries. Yet it has to be admitted that this primary notion of ministry is often neglected~ The activistic mentality that pervades our society sees minis-try mainly as involvement in more activities, o~ in activities associated with one form of ministry, that of Orders. But the ministry of presence is not a matter of this ministry or that. It takes in a whole constellation of activities that identify the New Creation. Th.ey are not so much spe- Ministry and Ministries cific activities as Christian modes of being. St. Paul describes this min-istry Of presence as the harvest of the Spirit: "lbve, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, trustfulness, gentleness and self-control" (Ga 5:22). The ministry of presence, then, takes in all of those activities which are gr0upe~d under the names of the spiritual and corporal works of mercyL''When I was hungry., thirsty., a stranger., naked. ill . in prison" (Mt 25:31f). In particular, it takes on Christ's minis-try as the Suffering Servant. "I have set you an example: you are to do as I have done for you. In truth I tell you, a servant is not greater than his master, nor a messenger than the one who sent him" (Jn 13:!5-16). As Paul says, "Let your bearing toward one another arise out of your life in Christ" (Ph 2:5). All of these activities belong to the Christian qua Christian, not to the Christian as having a particular form of ministry. They are insepara-ble from the Christian identity itself. These activities form the primary ministry of,the Christian. I have spoken, then, of ministry as the Spirit-evoked response to needs. The primary ministry is the response to the need for the presence of Christ through the Christian in the world which still needs to be touched by the redemption. This is the ministry that flows from the pres-ence of the New Creation. Presence in torn is not one or other specific activity. It is a kind of epiphany that shows itself in the constellation of activities that irradiates from the New Creation. Ministry on this foundational level is related to specific forms of min-istry as the atmosphere is to thir~gs that breathe. The specific forms of ministry are lifeless unless they live out of this atmosphere that identi-fies the Neff Creation. Yet it has to be. admitted that popular ways of speal(ing of particular ministries in the Church isolate them from their roots in the primary form of ministry, which is a mode of being present as the New Creature to the Church and to the world. It is on the level of the ministry of presence that really important but unheralded ministry takes place in the Church. It is that which belongs to states of life, such as, for example, marriage. The "ministry" of ¯ mother or father is not this or that particular activity. It is a mode of lov-ing presence that creates a kind of a cosmos of relationships which we call the family. Others, for example, a baby sitter, can carry out particu-lar activities that a mother or father also do. But it is only when such particular activities are rfianifestation of the mystery of presence, the mys-tery of motherhood and fatherhood, that such activities create the mys-tery that we call the family. 170 / Review for Religious, March-April 1989 The Catholic lay person, like every other Christian, exercises the min-istry of presence. This presence obviously comes to the fore in ways of acting that are spe~:ifically Christian. But those particular activities have their power because they are witness to a presence that makes Christ pre-sent in the whole of one"s life. The p~resence is that of the New Crea-tion, in a quiet hut powerful way emitting signals that show the 'presence of Christ in the secular world. They are like beacohs of light sending rays out into the night, both illumining the darkness an~! attracting people to the light of Christ. Particular Ministries in the Church Finally, after this long buildup, we come to the place where most people usually begin discussions about ministry. They mean particular activities in the Church directed to building up the Church that have ec-clesial recognition. "Above we spoke mainly of ministry as the manifold group of activi-ties that flow from the new mod~ of being which St. Paul calls the New Creation. They are not activities in the same sense as the particularized m~nistries. In the particularized ministries one does something to accom-plish something else. But in the foundational ministry one is not "'do-ing" one thing to accomplish something else. Rather it is a ministry of transforming presence. "To crown all, there must be love to bind all to-gether and complete the whole" (Col 3: 14). "'I may dole out all I pos-sess, or even give my body to be burnt, but if I have no love, I am none the better" (1 Co 13:3). Ministry as a particular activity ~n the.Church presupposes and lives off the foundational ministry which is presence, the presence of the Holy Spirit in individuals making them the New Creation: The Holy Spirit, then, draws individuals into the love of Christ by givingthem gifts to respond to particular needs in the Church. St. Paul's description of.min-istry always presupposes the presence of the Holy Spirit in the individ-ual not simply as an individual but as a member of the Church. Gifts are given to individuals to enable them to fulfill a need within the Church. Presupposing, then, the fundamental ministry of presence, St. Paul speaks of various ministries which the Holy Spirit calls forth to respond to various needs. While each is izalled to the primary ministry of radiat-ing the presence of Christ to the whole (the fundamenthl ministry), there are particular functional-roles within the community called forth to re-spond to a whole range of different needs, some more essential than oth-ers. Paul describes some of these. "And these were his gif!s: some to be apostles, some prophets, some evangelists, some pastors and teach- Ministry and Ministries / .17"1 ers, to the building up of the Body of Christ" (Ep 4:1 !-13). "Now you are Christ's body; but each of you is a different part of it. In the Church, God has given the first place to apostles, the second to prophets, the third to teachers. " (1 Co 12:18f). However, the primary ministry, the ministry of presence, with love as its animating principle, should animate all the particular ministries. "Be ambitious for the higher gifts. And I am going to show you a way that is better than any of them" (1 Co 12:31-13:1). Then he goes on to describe the ministry of all ministries, the mystery of love as the primary "ministry" to which we should aim. Ministries on this level have to do with the whole social unit, the whole Church. They reorientate a person's whole existence to take on a specific kind of relativity,from Chr.ist,for the Church. This reorienta-tion is such that it modifies in a new way the person's Christian iden-tity. There are three modes in which the presence of the New Creation is radicalized in an individual: the sacraments of baptism, confirmation, and holy orders. Theologically the term "character" describes what St. Paul calls the metamorphosis, the change in the inner structure of a per-son's life (2 Co 3:18). This is the radical reorientation of a person's whole being, first of all, through baptism to become the New Creation, to respond to one's own radical need--the need-for redemption; then, through confirmation which takes presence to a new dimension, orien-tating the baptized person to the needs of the whole Church; then, through holy orders which radicalizes in a person Christ's own gift-presence, making a person "steward of the mysteries of God" (I Co 4:1), a person whose presence is to draw forth the New Creation. The traditional theological term, "character," then, describes three modes of the presence of Christ in the New Creation. Flowing from these modes of presence are different kinds of activity. I have commented briefly above on the mode of presence that comes through baptism and confirmation. These are modes of presence and ac-tivity which belong to all Christians by virtue of their baptism and con-firmation. It is what is specifically called the mini~stry of the laity. Within that mode of presence there are many kinds of activities, as, for exam-ple, that which belongs to those who are married, or to those engaged in secular occupations in the world. I shall comment briefly on the kind of presen.ce that belongs to the priest. It has two sides. The priest mediates to the Church and the world the presence of Christ. On the other side, the priest draws the whole of Review for Religious, March-April 1989 the Church into the presence of Christ. Like John the Baptist the priest is to introduce the Bride to the Bridegroom, and the Bridegroom to the Bride. Priestly ministry has a.single purpose: to bring about the New Crea-tion- to nourish, sustain, and guide the New Creation by word and sac-rament. All of priestly activity then is some form of transubstantiation, that is, to change the old reality into the new. The priest's whole being is to transform the world by touching it with the redemptive event of Christ. The priest lives from Christ, for the Churchl' But at the heart of all ministries in the Church is the radicalization that takes place through baptism which brings into being the New Crea-tion. Confirmation and orders have their roots in the new mode of pres-ence of Christ in the individual and the Church through baptism. Con-firmation draws out another aspect of the giftedness of the New Crea-tion, that is, the apostolic dimension to "let your light shine before oth-ers . " Orders is a gift of the Spirit presupposing baptism which em-powers individuals to draw forth from the "old creation" the New Crea-tion, through word and sacrament, and to direct the community in the ways to live out the implications of the New Creation. Problems Associated With Ministry St. Paul describes ministries as the work of the Holy Spirit in call-ing responses from within the New Creation to particular needs within the Church. The images he uses always suggest harmonics or coordina-tion. In a sense, the Holy Spirit is like a conductor calling .forth from each individual player in the symphony that which leads to the harmon-ics of the whole piece of music. One of St. Paul's favorite images to bring out the .sense of harmonics of ministries is that of the body, where the whole exists for each part, and each part exists for every other part, as well as for the whole. "There is a variety of gifts but always the same Spirit; there are all sorts of service to be done, but always to the same Lord, working in all sorts of different people; it is the same God who is working in all of them" (1 Co 12:if). The words "same Spirit," or the "one Spirit" oc-cur about ten times in the passage to show that ministry is a Spirit-evoked response to different needs. The same emphasis is found in Ephe-sians 4: If. "Do all you can to preserve the unity of the Spirit. , there is one Body, one Spirit . . . one Lord, one faith~ one baptism, one God." It is interesting that Paul's extensive description of the interplay of the gifts of the Holy Spirit for the good of the whole Church is found mainly in a community where there was the greatest.disharmony, the Ministry and Ministries / "17'3 Church at Corinth. He is therefore calling attention to a special kind of sin, the obstruction of the power of the Holy Spirit in the very persons who are called to build up the body of Christ. But the situation at Corinth does point to what have always been three problems with ministry in the Church: (1) the failure to see minis-try as the Spirit-evoked response to different needs within the Church; (2) the failure to see that each ministry has its meaning not in itself, but only insofar as the foundational ministry of presence animates it; (3) the adaptation of the uniqueness of Christian ministry to secular models. I shall comment on these briefly. (1) The problems in the Corinthian community that turned the sym-phonic movements of the Holy Spirit into groups of warring factions have always been part of the sinfulness of the Church. Basically it is the problem of what in Jungian psychology is called the "persona," the pub-lic image a person seeks before the eyes of others. The symphonic na-ture of ministry becomes discordant when one's attention turns from the ministry in itself to an awareness of the public image associated with dif-ferent ministries. The attention then is not on what the Holy Spirit is do-ing through one's ministry, but on the way ttiat one's own glory appears before others. Some even felt they got a better public image by the fact that they were baptized by a person associated with such an image-creating personality, for example, the eloquent and gifted evangelist, Apollos, in contrast to someone like Paul who apparently did not pro-ject such an image. (2) The second problem which has plagued the Church in her past history, as well as at the present, is tile dissociation of the ministry of doing from the primary ministry of being or of presence. For this reason Paul insists that though the Corinthian Community exercise all of the other ministries, even to the point of giving all they have to the poor, or giving their bodies to be. burnt, yet if they are isolated from th~ min-istry of presence, of being, that is love, (hen all activities are like activi-ties of a corpse. There might be much activity, very busy people, but it does not carry the life-giving power of the Spirit. It is dead. The lack of holiness in those who are supposedly the New Creation has been the biggest obstacle to the work of the Spi.rit during the whole of the history of the Church. (3) The third problem, related to the first two, comes from a failure to recognize the uniqueness of ministry in the Church. Ministry in the Church is a reversal of all notions of service that we find in societies that owe their existence to some natural cause, for example, the state or the 174 / Review for Religious, March-April 1989 family. In these societies, a person enters at a certain level, then makes every effort to move to the top, with increase of salary, prestige, power, and the expansion of the "public image" as one works to the top. In the process, whoever is above is a threat because the one above stands in the way. Those who are below are looked on as inferior. Judgments about the importance of different "ministries" are always made accord-ing to the ladder\of the upward-bound movement and then more specifi-cally to what rung of the ladder one is on. This problem has always been with the Church. It was practically im-possible for the apostles to put this new wine into old wineskins. They argued who was the most important. Then Jesus taught them, "If any-one wants to be first, he must make himself last of all and the servant of all" (Mk 9:35). The sons of Zebedee asked Jesus, " 'Grant us the right to sit in state with you, one at your right and the other at your left.' Jesus said to them, 'You do not understand what you are ask!ng. Can you drink the cup that I drink, or be baptized with the baptism I am to be baptized with?' " Jesus tells them that if he as master and Lord has washed their feet, then they should wash one another's feet. This is a symbolic way of describing Christian ministry. Paul says, "Rivalry and personal vanity should have no place among you, but you should hum-bly reckon others better than yourselves" (Ph 2:3). I am sure there are many other problems that have to do with minis-try today. Some are organizational problems, others from many of the feminist questions. The ones I mentioned above are attitudinal. They have always been with us, and are with us today. They can be at work also in other problems such as organizational or the feminist issues. I can-not imagine people agitating for a job which, for example, would mean that they would take a salary cut, pay more taxes, have longer hou.rs, and work anonymously. The Christian notion of ministry~ is even more out-landish than that. Ministry and Religious Life In his Apostolic Exhortation on the religious life, The Gift of Redemp-tion (March 25, 1984), Pope John Paul II presents what is probably the most profound theology of religious life that has ever been thought out. He roots religious consecration in the New Creation that comes into be-ing through baptism. Religio6s life then has its primary ministry in what we spoke of above as the ministry of presence. It is foundational to all other particular forms of ministry. But the presence that forms the fundamental ministry of religious life takes on a particular paschal duality. It is to image forth the life of Jesus Ministry and Ministries as the Suffering Servant. It exists to show forth the duality that belongs to Christ's own paschal mystery. The paschal duality means that one and the same reality has two related aspects: the cross (sacrifice) and the res-urrection (the New Creation). The vowed life of the religious, then, is to bring into the world a particular modality of paschal presence. That is the fundamental ministry: the ministry of the paschal presence. But there are particular ministries which religious congregations ex-ercise for the good of the Church and society. When we look at the his-tory of the Church in our own country, these ministries are numerous. Some of the majors ones are education, hospitals, orphanages, care for the elderly, but there are many others, including the contemplative life of intercession for the Church. Other forms of particular ministries have emerged over the last twenty-five years. But it is the foundational ministry above all which must activate all particular ministries. To quote Pope John Paul: "It is precisely this wit-ness of love that the world today and all humanity need. They need this witness to the Redemption as this is imprinted upon the profession of the evangelical counsels" (no. 14). "From this witness of spousal love for Christ, through which the entire salvific truth of the Gospel becomes par-ticularly visible, there comes., as something proper to your vocation, a sharing in the Church's apostolate, in her universal mission . . ." (no. 15). He goes on to speak of the particular apostolates. Then, "And thus, even though the many different apostolic works that you perform are ex-tremely important, nevertheless the truly fundamental work of the apos-tolate remains always what (and at the same time who) you are in the Church. Of each one of you can be repeated, with special appropriate-ness, these words of Saint Paul: 'For you have died and your life is hid with Christ in God' " (no. 15). Conclusion Questions about ministry are very much with us today. Many of these questions were brought up in the recent synod on the laity. But the end results did not bring much clarification. Perhaps the most positive result was to bring an awareness of the need for a theology of ministry that relates ecclesiology, pneumatology, grace, sacraments, and voca-tion. I am sure that the synod wa~ an important step along the way to clarification. As the history of the theology and development of doctrine show, clarification of issues that touch the life of the Church very pro-foundly is a long process. .What I have tried to do above could be summed up as follows: (I) since ministry belongs to a unique reality, namely, the Church, which "176 / Review for Religious, March-April 1989 is, so to speak, held together 'from above,' through the Holy Spirit, min-istry in the Church is unique, and cannot be reduced to service as~we find it in any human society; (2) ministry is not self-initiated but originated by the Holy Spirit in order to respond to needs, some of which are con-stitutive of the Church, for example, sacrament of orders, and others which depend on historical, sociological factors; (3) the primordial min-istry is that of presence, which cannot be limited to presence of the Spirit "because God's love has flooded our inmost heart through the Holy Spirit he has given us" (Rm 5:5); (4) particular ministries address par-ticul~ ir needs within the Church or the w.ay the Church interfaces with the world; (5) three main problems were singled out: (a) the use of min-istry to glorify oneself; (b) the shift from primacy of presence ("the more excellent way" which Paul describes as love) to a primacy of par-ticular ministries; (c) the subtle adaptation of the gospel paradoxes about ministry ("Then if I, your Lord and Master, have washed your feet, you ought also to wash one another's feet" (Jn 13:14) to promotional mod-els taken from secular societies; (6) finally, I spoke of the particular min-istry of religious, whether active or contemplative: it is the ministry of a special mode of presence, a kenotic presence, which translates the words of Jesus, "this is my body given up for you . . . blood poured out for you" into the three evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty, obe-dience, creating a paschal presence which animates all particular minis-tries. Come and See: An Experiment in Vocation Discernment in Africa Martin O'Reilly, C.F.C. Brother Martin O'Reilly, C.F.C., does vocation counseling work in Liberia and Si-erra Leone. His address is Christian Brothers; P.O. Box,297; Monrovia, Liberia. ~lln unkind joke, certainly thought up with post-Vatican II religious life in mind, asks: how do you join a small religious congregation? Answer: join a big one and wait. It is, however, a joke that would not be under-stood in many parts of the Church, particularly in Africa. Let me explain. Between 1975 and 1985 the number of local priests rose in West Africa by a staggering 630%; local sisters increased by 280% and'brothers by 340% (Statistics compiled from L'Englise Catholique en Afrique, edited by Pere Perraud, Pontifical Missionary Union, France, 1987). T.he prob-lem for many seminaries and religious communities in the younger. churches is not so much trying to attract candidates, but to find ways in which to sort out the wheat from the chaff. This article will focus on the ways in which vocation counselors can effectively carry out their ministry in situations where the large numbers applying for entrance to religious communities, the newness of the ,~o-cation to many people, and the particular backgrounds of the applicants make it difficult to accurately assess the. seriousness of an application. If the postulancy is to really be a preparatory period for entry into the. novitiate, and not simply a sorting out of suitable candidates from the unsuitable, then there is need for some kind of system of deselection prior to that. A method for doing so is what is proposed here. It is the result of my own involvement over these past five years in vocation coun-seling in Liberia and Sierra Leone. 177 "17~1 / Review for Religious, March-April 1989 The Game Plan ~ Perhaps the best way to begin is by saying how I don't carry out my ministry: I don't advertise; I don't give talks in schools or churches; I don't have a telephone; I don't have my own means of transport; and I am not fulltime on the job. I prefer, rather, to spend a couple of weeks, five or six times a year on the road, covering some 3,000 miles or so, visiting those who have contacted me. I stay with them in their town or village, and meet their family and friends. Just as an ordinary friendship grows, so does mine with .those who have expressed interest in the life of a Brother. Through the people who have invited me to visit their homes, I have met others who want to know more about the religious vocation. Many people have joined our community through a friend or relative introducing them to me. Since b~ginning in my ministry in 1982 I have developed a network of contacts that r.uns into the hundreds. When my relationship with an applicant has developed past a cer-tain point, I then invite him to "come and see" where 1 live. I invite him to spend ten weeks with myself and the community. Apart from help-ing with his transport costs, he has to arrange his own travel documents and come under his own steam--just as any person would have to do, were he or she to travel and visit a friend in a far-off place. The idea behind the ten-week vocation discernment program is for candidates and the community to experience each other for a sufficient length of time, allowing both parties to get to know each other, and to see if they are compatible and willing to grow together in community, prayer, and service. :Who Is Invited? ~ There are fivemarkers I would look foi in a person suitable for ac-ceptance into the pre-postula.ncy program (I am presuming that an appli-cant is baptized and confirmed as a Catholic, has reasonable references and is in good health): (I) An applicant must have shown evidence of being able to commit him-self to a group within the Church (for example, The Legion of Mary, St. Vincent de Paul, Y.C.S., or a prayer group) for a substantial period of time. Simply "attending Mass'? regularly is not enough evidence of a commitment to the Church within the African context. (2) An applicant must have "nets to leave behind." The economic con-dition of many of the countries in West Africa is such that the vocation . of a priest or a religious can be a very attractive proposition. It offers a person security and status, to say nothing of sanctity! Those straight Come and See / "179 from school are not usually in a position to have ~proved their compe-tence in the art of living and providing for themselves. With few excep-tions school-leavers have the added problem of not seeing entrance to a religious community as anything more than pursuing "further stud-ies." Those who apply, and have no job, I advise to look elsewhere. (3) The family of an applicant must be able to understand what decision a young person is making in asking to join a religious community. There has to be some significant member of the family, not necessarily a par-ent, who supports his intention. The applicant, for his part, must explain to the family that all he is trying to do is to "find God's will." If he finds out that it is not God's intention forhim to be a religious, then he should tell them that he will return home a wiser person; but if it is, then he must explain thathe will be returning to join the community as a pos-tulant with, hopefully, the understanding and support of his family. (4) An applicant has to be able to see that there are difficulties for him in asking to join a religious community. His ability to talk of his'fears about the demands of a celibate life are as good an indicator as any of the degree of his seriousness. If he cannot see this as a tremendous chal-lenge, then I tell him that he probably has not thought enough about the vocation. (5) With regard to the intellectual ability of an applicant, it is essential that he be capable of tertiary education. A person's particular paper quali-fications do not always reflect his academic ability, so it is not appro-priate to apply the same rules for entry to everyone. A candidate should certainly have finished his secondary school education and not beqook-ing to resit exams at a later date. If I am unsure as to the suitability of a person applying for the pro-gram, I will give him the benefit of the doubt; but when it comes to en-try into the° six months postulancy, and I am s.t!ll unsure of his suitabil-ity, I give the benefit of the doubt to the community and ask him to look elsewhere for his vocation. The Rationale Behind The Program The pre-postulancy program, as outlined here, is conceived of as an extension of the vocation counselor work, .rather than the beginning of religious formation. Those selected for the prograrfi--never more than twelve--are fully aware of the temporary nature of the experience, and understand that at the end of the program they may, or may not, be in-vited to apply for admission to the postulancy program. For most of those entering the program, this will be their first expe-rience of living in a multi-cultural environment. Great care, therefore, 180 / Review for Religious, March-April 1989 is taken to make our candidates feel at home--if not, then they will prob-ably wish they were at home.! We have found that candidates, at this stage of the life in a religious community, prefer to share rooms and need ample opportunity for settling in ,and' being themselves. It goes without saying that the personnel involved in directing the program are comfort-able living with young people and are prepared to trust them. I have found that for a pre-postulancy program to work well, there must be a group of candidates with a specified program to follow. Sim-ply inviting young Africans to come and live with a religious commu-nity and to occupy themselves with some form of pastoral work is not a sufficient basis for helping them understand the meaning of religious life. Candidates need clear guidelines so as to help them negotiate the difficulties in living in a structured environment with others from differ-ent backgrounds and cultures. Growth in appreciation of the meaning of religious life will take place when candidates begin to experience the com-munity as sufficiently safe and supportive so that they can be themselves. However a person presents himself prior to joining the community, he cannot maintain a pretense for long when invited to participate in a strong community experience. Candidates, also, can be so concerned with try-ing to match our real or imagined expectations of them that they find it difficult not to think of themselves as playing the lead part in a drama scripted by others. As far as is possible I make the agenda of our daily living together the responsibility of all and try to foster a sense of ac-countability among them, a sense that "we are in this together." For people to encounter themselves, others, and God in a real way there has to be a ring of authenticity about the experience. I am espe-cially interested in exploring with those invited to join the program their notions about themselves, talents as well as weaknesses; the ways in which they handle questions relating to anger and misunderstanding~ sexu-ality and intimacy, and obligations towards family members--as well as the ways in which they enjoy praying. Matters spe(ifically related to the meaning of the vocation to the religious life, I leave for later on in the p6stulancy. Hopefully, as a result of this approach candidates come to build up their identity as members of the community and as people of prayer on more than the superficial foundations of rules and ritual. Sometimes formators can be afraid to get close to c.andidates, pre-ferring to treat them in h remote fashion. This is, 1 feel, wholly unac-ceptable within a cultural climate where tactile contact and verbal com-munication are so important.~Shaking hands, giving hugs and passing the time of day together are as natural to Africa as the sunshine. Most of Come and See 181 those applying to join us have encountered a good deal of opposition from their friends and family. They need to know from the outset that they are really welcome into the community, not simply for who they might become, (that is religious brothers), but for who.they actually are. That is not to say that there is no room for tough love, but simply that the most effective direction will be given by the formator who is capa-ble of sharing his or her affection for the candidates in concrete ways. A crucial element in thesuccess of the "Come and See" program has been the close presence of professed religious, actively involved in the mission of the congregation, and a novitiate community prepared to welcome candidates, albeit for only ten weeks, into the religious fam-ily. Both professed members and novices have provided a tangible ex-pression of the ideal and the possibility of becoming a religious candi-date. The director of the program is also supported by this in the com-plex business of evaluating applicants to the postulancy. Counseling and helping people discern their vocation is very much, at this stage, a group experience. The value of regular or weekly com-munity meetings, with the opportunity of bringing into the open any is-sue of concern to individuals or the group, cannot be overestimated. If something important to one or more of the candidates is being intention-ally avoided by the community, then nothing of importance will be ta~ked about either. Our weekly sessions start with a review of the pre-vious week and points arising from the reading of the community jour-nal take up the first part of the meeting. I have known that part of the meeting to go on for two hours. The principle of dialogue in Africa seems to be "to talk until you agree"! The length of the program--ten weeks--is long enough for both the candidates and the community to come to have a fair idea of one another, and yet short enough for a person to feel as though he has not burnt his boats by leaving home to enter into a religious community. Having a ter-mination point after ten weeks, instead of say six months, lessens the .chances of early drop-outs and an accompanying lowering of morale 'within the group. It also makes candidates feel free to reevaluate their own decision in the light of their experience of religious life and leave without recriminations, should they feel that such a life is not for them. Conclusion In the five years that the Brothers' Formation Center has been in op-eration in Gbarnga, Liberia, forty-two candidates have completed the "Come and See" program. To date, we have eight postulants, four nov-ices and ten junior professed. Most of those who have left us did so at 1~19 / Review for Religious, March-April 1989 the end of the pre-postulancy program, and left in good spirits. Those who entered the postulancy, and have stayed with the community, say thai the important thing about the pre-postulancy program was that it was religious life "small, small" and hence made them able to realize the importance of being themselves within a culture (religious life) vastly dif-ferent from the 6he they were used to. They were more able to relax and relate to the idea of becoming religious once they knew that they were accepted for who they were; and not who they might become. If those who enter the postulancy do so with some semblance of realism in terms of themselves, and the firm knowledge that "it. is indeed good when brothers dwell as one," then there is a reasonable chance that they can give themselves fully to the significant step of embarking upon the path of becoming members of the Congregation, and I as vocation counselor will have don~ my job. Assessing The "Moral Integrity" Of Candidates For Religious Life Charles Shelton, S.J. Father Charles Shelton, S.J., has a doctorate in clinica! psychology and is currently an Assistant Professor of psychology at Regis College in Denver, Colorado. A more detailed understanding of this theory of conscience is presented in his most recent book, Morality and the Adolescent: A Pastoral Psychology Approach. New York: Crossroad, 1989. His address is Regis College; 3539 West 50th Avenue; Denver, Colorado 8022 I. Over the past twenty years, it is safe to state that the application process for entering reli~ious life has radically changed. Gone are the days when a simple behavioral observation of the candidate's religious practice or the encouraging word of a religious who knows the candidate suffices for entrance. Instead, the application process for most orders and insti-tutes focuses on a thor~ough social history, detailed interviews, psycho-logical evaluations, and an overview of the candidate's sp!ritual life. Sur-prisingly, little has been written regarding one crucial aspect of the ap-plication process--that of the candidate's moral integrity. This article ad-dresses this issue by offering a theoretical yet practical view of the can-didate's capacity for moral growth. The linchpin which holds together the candidate's vocational aspirations with his or her moral integrity is "conscience." Accordingly, we will provide a model of conscience and suggest a practic,al approach which will be of use to vocation directors and interviewers of candidates. The thesis of this article is that the "moral integrity" of a candidate is a crucial area of assessment and that a perspective which utilizes an integrative understanding of conscience offers the best way for providing a thorough examination of the candi-date's capacity for living the moral life. 183 11~4 / Review for Religious,~ March-~April 1989 ,The Moral Life of the Candidate Perhaps one reason that little has been written about the candidate's moral life is that one simply "assumes" that anyone wishing to enter priestly ministry or a religious congregation possesses an upright moral character. Although understandable, such a position remains question-able. Any vocation director can readily provide stories about candidates who express interest .in religious life, many of whom are ill-suited for psychological reasons, as well as at times "moral" reasons, for proceed-ing with the application process. The question of the candidate's moral integrity, however, has taken on new significance over the past two decades. Several reasons can be offered why serious examination needs to be given in this area. First, many candidates seeking to enter religious life today are ~lder. This be-ing the case, the backgrounds and experience of the candidates provide an often admirable, yet at times puzzling, array of experiences. Many involved in the candidate selection process at times wonder what has re-ally gone on in the life history of the candidate. Secondly~ the psycho-logical nature of candidates often admits to a complex personality struc-ture which is threaded with a variety of motives and psychological ex-periences, not all of which are compatible with the demands of the re-ligious community.For example, I was once presented with a situation about a candidat~ to a diocesan seminary. The candid.at~e had. admitted to several questionable behaviors but now contended that a conversion experienc6 had resolved these issues. Since I did not know the candidate, I refused to offer an opinion regarding his suitability. I did suggest, though, that given the behaviors in question careful scrutiny must be given this person's motives. The capacity for rationalization is virtually limitless. Thirdly, the complexity of today's ministerial roles and struc-tures necessitates a well-developed and well-defined moral conscience Which allows flexibility, sustains insight, and fosters behaviOr~ which are~ healthy and which nurture moral integrity. The recent scandals surround~ ing sexual acting out among priests and religious necessitate a.well-integrated conscience which assists a person in reflecting 6n his or her own vocational commitment. All in all, conscience remains the single most vital human mechanism for assisting an individual's living of dis-cipleship. As a consequence, it becomes important to offer a view'of con- ~Cience that is'integrative and best captures the human desire to live the life of Christian discipleship. As a clinical psyChologiSt my own view is that for conscience to make sense it must be intimately rooted within the very human experience of life; indeed, conscience must arise from The "Moral Integrity" of Candidates / 185. the very depths of human experience as it responds to the self-commu-nicating presence of God's offer of grace. This perspective allows the very moral integrity of the person to be encapsulate~l within the reality of h.~uman life and surface in the very depths of human personhood. Ac-cordingly, I think that conscience is best explained as the decision for other-centered value in the concrete decision of everyday life. That is, conscience serves as the capacity to appropriate more and more the Chris-tian dynamic of love in the existential reality ot~ one's life. It is the one force .within life that serves to break through deceit and self-deception and challenges one to strive for a more authentic living of discipleship. In order to see this clearly, I would like to offer a model of con-science that incorporates seven dimensions. My thesis is that only an ex-amination of these seven features will allow a more complete and thor-ough understanding of a'person's capacity for moral int'egrity. As a way to assist the application process of candidates, I will offer specific com-ments and questions that are applicable for a candidate seeking to enter religious life. Through an eva, luation of these seven dimensions, a more adequate sense of the candidate's moral integrity can be ascertained.~ Evaluating for Moral Integrity Within a model of conscience, the following seven dimensions should be considered. Adaptive Psychic Energy. We are what we focus on and experience. Stated another way, what we give attention to offers insight into the type of person that we are. Psychic energy is required for all human endeav-ors. Indeed, perceptions, thoughts, emotions, attachments, and behav-iors ~all rely upon an adequate investment of psychic energy. At the same time, psychic energy is itself limited. One has only so much energy to invest. Thus, to tend to certain tasks and goals precludes, by necessity, investment in other ventures. Developmentally, psychic energy is best utilized in the successful resolution of developmental tasks. Applicants seeking to enter religious life require careful scrutiny of both their level of identity formation as well as their capacity for intimacy. Most likely, individuals who are without a sense of healthy identity or a balanced and mature sense of the demands, ambiguities, and feelings associated with intimacy are susceptible to the pull of a pervasive dependency or the un-due influence of others (or environmental situations) which deflect needed psychic energy for spiritual growth. Moral growth is most apt to take place when one can bring to one's evolving and (increasingly. con-solidated) ethical self the accumulated wisdom derived from a felt (yet evolving) sense of "who I am" and the felt attachment (yet continual 186 / Review for Religious, March-April 1989 self-discovery) that "I am loved and I do love." Some needed questions to consider in this regard include: To what extent does this ~:andidate know who he or sh~ is? How influenced is this candidate by his or her own needs or by the influence of others? With what degi'ee of self-awareness can the candidate speak of a sense of self-definitioh? Does there exist appropriate intimacy experiences in this per-son's life (or for yoUn(er candidates, the maturing capacity for inti-macy)? Has this candidate's sense of identity and intimacy allowed for greater self-awareness that is capable of dealing with increasing ambi-guity and the com, pl~xities of adult (and religious) life? Defensive Psychic Functioning. Healthy growth is dependent upon adap-tive psychic functioning which incorporates mature defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms are psychic operations whose function is to allay anxiety and.p~rovide a more flexible and adal~table resPonse to reality. Healthy defenses include sublimation, a flexible and resourceful sense of humor, role flexibility, s~ppression's"(the conscious contro~l of im-pulses), and altruism. Needless to say, the living in community and the demands of the chaste life require wide use of these defenses in order that the religious might integrate and deal with sexual and aggressive urges. Community life, the constant demands of the apostolic life, and the need to continually appropriate the ideals of the vowed life require an adaptable and flexible approach to others. On the other hand, there exist a' wide variety of defense mechanisms which are apt to prove un-healthy for living and which in turn stunt moral growth. These include: projection (the attributing of unacceptable feelings to others); externali-zation (the blaming of one's difficulties on others); acting out (the ac-ceding to impulses); rationalization (the making of excuses); stereotyp-ing (theorefusal to allow and accept differences); and compartmentaliza-tion (the excluding of one area of life from self-examination). A classic example of this last defense is the person who lives a credible life as a religiousin most areas of life, yet refuses to look at one area such as sex-ual acting out. As the candidate becomes less able to marshal mature defenses, the inevitable result is a limit of self-knowledge and of reflective self-awareness needed for interior examination. Naturally, this form of lim-ited psychological functioning is bound to impact on the discerning of choices or a balanced and realistic reflection on personal life issues. Some pertinent questions are: Does the candidate rationalize'? exter-nalize? project? and so forth. What does personal responsibility mean for this candidate? How comfortable is the candidate with his or. her ira- The "Moral Integrity" of Candidates pulses? How does the candidate sublimate? How does the candidate deal with ambiguity? To what extent is creativity possible for this candidate? Empathy. Conscience is not only rational reflection; it includes emotional investment and attachment. Empathy best exemplifies this emotional ex-pression since it points to the capacity to bond and show sensitivity to others. Normally, empathic expression is not an issue for religious. How-ever, there exist several areas for scrutiny. Does the candidate overem-pathize? The person who cannot maintain healthy identity boundaries is apt to lose objectivity. Further, when empathizing how does the candi-date deal and integrate his or her empathic stirrings? How self-aware is he or she of emotional distress which arises from pastoral situations which often elicit intense internal feelings? This issue is critically im-portant because burnout (an ever present problem for members of caring professions such as those in religiousolife tend to be) often results from continual exposure of the self to empathic distress (experiencing the pain and hurt of others in pastoral situations) which, over time, wears down the religious both physically and emotionally. This burnout in turn less-ens the capacity for reflection, healthy objectivity, and discerning choice. Self~esteem. Adequate self-esteem is indispensable for maturation. S;~lf-esteem refers to a felt sense of inner goodness and a sense of self-competence. There are several ways self-esteem relates to the candidate's level of moral integrity. First, without a healthy sense Of Self-esteem, a person is psychologically limited in the capacity to admit personal fault and the seeking of forgiveness. Lack of self-esteem leads invariably to over-compensating behavior and desires for control; or, conversely, there exists denial~ of responsibility or rationalizations. Without self-esteem the religious who hurts a fellow community member is disinclined to view himself or herself as bearing responsibility for the hurtful action. An equally problematic behavior that is likely to surface from lack of self-esteem is over-dependency on the behaviors and thoughts of others. In other words, the religious who lacks a felt sense of "inner goodness" is vulnerable to being overly influenced by another. Consequently, such "neediness" is likely to evoke blindness regarding personal action and the rationalization of specific behaviors. Several questions come to mind that could be integrated into an as-sessment of the candidate. First, does the candidate genuinely "like" himself or herself? Is the candidate capable of independent and mature judgment which is open to input and guidance from others? At the same time, are there indications that this candidate is overly dependent on ob- Review for Religious, March-April 1989 taining a good impression from or the approval of others? Guilt. Feelfngs of guilt exact a tremendous toll on the psyche. They can be'the source of debilitation leading to weakened self-esteem, depres-sion, a sense of personal devaluation, and compensating behaviors which often take on a compulsive quality. Still, there is a vital, indeed neces-sary role for guilt in moral development. Healthy guilt serves as a vital linchpin'in orienting one to awareness of personal transgressions and the need for forgiveness. Furthermore, such guilt' experiences induce a re-sponse that is caring and sensitive to the concerns of others. Admittedly, the experience of guilt is one of the most difficult psychological tight-ropes to walk. If experienced too intensely, its effects can be crippling. On the other hand, to deny the experience of guilt deprives the self of' a naturally occurring psychic experience whose function nourishes increas-ing sensitivity and altruistic responding. My own impression is that many religious downplay the vital role that guilt exercisesin the experience of forgiveness, I suspect this is most likely due to many religious' own back-ground and difficult time with guilt feelings. Several questions are pertinent. How. has the candidate dealt with moral transgressions in his or her own life? Can he or she discuss them? Is there a sense of openness and also a healthy distance from these past experiences? What has the candidate learned from these experiences? Is the candidate still reacting to them? How does,the candidate speak of his. current limitatiohs? How does the ~candidate believe that he or she needs further growth? Note here the view of growth from a sense of positive integration as opposed to a compulsive sense of goals to be accom-plished. Idealization. The role of idealization is vital for the development of a healthy moral sell It is within our capacity for 'idealization that the can-didate 'is able to construct a view of the order or congregation and the personal desire"to enter religious life. Idealization speaks of dreams, hopes, desires and what the ca.ndidate wishes to become. It implies a mold~ ing process of gradual evolvement which is shaped from images and hopes yet to be realized. Idealizations indicate the quality of one's emo-tional investment and the underlying values to which the moral self is committed. Several questions are pertinent.~,How realistic is the candidate's view of self? religious life? It is to be expected th~at the view of both self and the order/congregation might be somewhat distorted; and the issue b'(- comes how open 'is the candidate to having his or her idealizations rfiodi-fled? A further question refers to the capacity of the candidate to deal The "Moral Integrity" of Candidates with disillusionment. Since idealizations are so valued, the failure of them to occur or be implemented can lead to tremendous hurt and an-ger. Behaviors emanating from such perceived slights and disappoint-ments include acting out, cynicism, passive-aggressive behavior, ration-alizations. In other words, the negative affect resulting from disil-lusionment can cloud healthy moral reflection and an authentic living of the vows. Teleology. A final dimension of the well-integrated conscience is a re-flective sense of purposive meaning. A teleological perspective is sim-ply one's capacity for rational reflection which provides reasons ("that for the sake of which") why one's behavior is carried out. Candidates to religious orders and congregations, of course, are capable of reasoned and reflective behaviors. The issue here is more the "style" of one's telic inclinations rather than the content of the reasoning. In other words, most people could give reasoned responses for their behaviors. The key for mature functioning, and most certainly for moral functioning, is the motivation behind such reflection. Tendencies to be observed include the following: Does the reasoning of this candidate contain a healthy per-sonal investment? Is there an emotional investment in his reasons? Con-victions are most apt to be lived out when they contain a mature blend-ing of reasoned reflection and emotional commitment. On the other hand, does the candidate isolate affect? Does he or she appear to sepa-rate reasons from the emotions which such content would naturally elicit? For example, a candidate who would,speak of a particularly disturbing experience in a cold and very intellectualized way might well not be aware of underlying emotional dynamics. On the other hand, the candi-date whose rationales are continually interspersed with an impulsive qual-ity or tinged with emotionally laden content might be too absorbed in de-veiopm+ ntal issues or underlying dynamic processes to offer healthy dis-tance and the requisite discerning that is needed for moral decision mak-ing. Conclusion This article has underscored the significance of exploring the moral integrity of applicants in any overall assessment of candidates. It is ar-gued that moral development is not simply a process of doing right or wrong. Rather, growth in the moral life is a complex event best exem-plified as an integrative process emanating within the rooted experiences of human living. In the assessment process itself, an exploration of the candidate's past life history is imperative. Equally important, though, is assessing some quality of the candidate's capacity for moral growth. This 190 / Review for Religious, March-April 1989 article argues that optimum moral growth for the candidate is most apt to take place when the following qualities are present: appropriate work-ing through of developmental issues, a realistic and adaptive view of self and others, a caring sensitivity, the capacity for admitting wrong, a healthy sense.of self-esteem, aspiring ideals that are realistic, and reflec-tive reasoning. Though no assessment procedure can accurately predict a candidate's ability to live consistently the moral life, it is well worth the efforts of those involved in the formation process to address every candidate's capacity for moral integrity. An Easter Prayer Love's force is stron.ger than the pull of dark: It can level mountains, raise the dead To a new life, and strengthen weary feet To walk on waters, piled rough waves of night. Its breath can blow the dying coals to light A tunnel black as pitch and radiate The way round pitfalls and sucking s~nds Even to the long, long corridor's end: Chain love's force in tomb with rock-seal tight, Beat it level on Friday's cross and still After three-days He rises above The morning sun in Tabor splendor. See how He moves unhindered through barred doors, All His glory sta.mped on hand and foot and side: Balm to festered sores of Calvary, Now free from binding shroud and fastening nails. Oh, Beacon Light at the end of the sea's corridor, Ointment spice for hurt eyes and wounded hands, Oh, Summoning Bell, buoyant to all our stumbling feet, Help us, Risen Christ, to walk life's dark waters! Marcella M. Holloway, C.S.J. 6400 Minnesota Avenue St. Louis, Mo. 63111 Comprehensive Counseling David Altman, O.C.S.O. Father David is a monk of Holy Trinity Abbey; Huntsville, Utah 84317. At one time or another during our lives, individuals will come to usfor the help they think we can give. Whether or not we find ourselves ex-pert in various kinds of problem-solving, we ought to be able to help them identify problems and be able to present recommendations. Perhaps the key to success in relating to and helping others is to see personal relationships as Christian ministry. The people we meet are, of course, Christ himself, in one of his many disguises. They are also our current pastoral assignments, to be met with faith and self-sacrifical love. Upwards of 85% of helping others consists.in listening: listening at-tentively with compassion and understanding. At times we will be called upon to respond, and this must not be done tritely, but intelligently and constructively. The Approach The secret, if there is one, of a good approach to solving personal problems is to meet each person-situation comprehensively, which is to say, completely. This simply means that we have to use a method which will ensure that problems are not permitted to get by undetected. We want to throw out a net, so to say, which will catch and identify all the difficulties from which a person is suffering. A way to do this is to realize that we human beings are basically three-fold in our makeup: we are physical beings, mental-psychologi~:al be-ings, and moral-spiritual beings, Obviously, then, we can have three gen-eral kinds of problems: physical, mental-psychological, and moral-spiritual. 191 Review for Religious, March-April 1989 These categories are not mutually exclusive since they all pertain to one human person in each case. I have found them useful in my own coun-seling experience because they are complete: they are the net from which no problem need escape, provided that each category is kept in mind dur-ing communication with the person who is seeking help. Competency Few of us are competent to handle difficult cases of pathological na-ture. Of course, those with severe illnesses are to be directed to pro-fessionals with the appropriate expertise. Psychotics need psychiatrists or psychologists; seriously sick bodies require medical attention; and mor-ally ill people need men and women who can show them God's healing ways. Because we presumably are these men and women of God, we ought also to have a certain competency in identifying problems in the other two areas of each person: the physical and the psychological. The body-soul unity is the temple of God's Spirit, sharing intimately in the spiri-tual life of each of us. Therefore our desire to, help the suffering Christ in others ought to carry us beyond spiritual and moral interests alone. Though we may not have the professional training by which we can solve a probiem fully, our working knowledge of various problems en-ables us to provide reasons to a person of his (or her) need for another with more expertise. Simply remarking, "You need a doctor" can be a slap in the face for one who is in pain. We should be able to convince another of his need for help, and perhaps even supply a good name for reference. Difficulties One of the greatest difficulties in attempting to solve individual prob-lems in any of the three areas is to give a suffering person What we want instead of what he needs. When a medical doctor sees a patient, the as-sumption is that the patient has a medical problem. Tunnel vision can take over, and physical medicine is all the doctor can see, whereas the patient's main difficulty may be in a quite different area. It is not un-usual for doctors to listen to remarks such as "I'm not feeling well" and respond with great pastoral concern: "Here, let me give you something for your nerves." This is treating the, sympto.m rather than attempting to identify the underlying cause, the root problem. When a person sees a psychologist with a problem, the psychologist will usually presume that the problem lies within the bounds of psycho-logical expertise. This too may not be the case at all. Remember the story Comprehensive Counseling / 193 of the man who went to a psychologist with a physical ailment that was impinging on his nervous system. "I feel terrible," was the complaint. The doctor responded unwaveringly with talk therapy and persevered in missing the mark. There is little sense and even less success realized in forcing one kind of solution on an entirely different kind of problem. Equally futile and costly is the failure to address real problems in favor of their symptoms. Worse still is the failure of the health-care specialist torecognize a ~prob-lem, then write off the patient as a hypochondriac. This is no solution, only an excuse. When religious or priests are approached for counseling, we nor-mally presume, in our turn, that the person is simply looking for a closer relationship with God, and we proceed accordingly and unfortunately. I remember a person coming to see a religious for years, feeling terrible for a great deal of her time. The counselor came across very generously with saccharine exhortations to a deeper relationship with the Lord. The individual responded with nodding smiles as tears of pain continued to roll down her cheeks. The religious was giving what he wanted, not what the person needed. As it was, the individual had developed a severe case of hypogly-cemia, diagnosed laterby a physician. And, as counselors should know, fluctuating blood-sugar levels have very much to do with a person's emo-tional dispositions. As soon as the suffering person said, "I feel terrible," that was the tip-off for aphysicai condition. After all, we can only feel, bodily, through our nervous-system cells. When they are offended, they are go-ing to let us know about it, one way or another, In addition to hypoglycemia and diabetes, people today are subject to stress situations--and with widely varying nutritional needs. Medical science today knows that under these stress conditions the body gobbles up vitamins and minerals to an enormous degree. Since the B vitamins, vitamin C, and calcium predominantly nourish the human nervous sys-tem, a deficiency is going to show up with contributions toward various kinds of problems: mood swings, nervousness, anxiety, anger, irritabil-ity, depression, compulsive sexual problems, insomnia. Any nervous-system- related problem can be caused or made more burdensome by the severely deficient diets that are practiced today throughout our junk-food land. One person complained of not feeling quite herself: irritable, even biting toward others. I learned that she had just recovered from the flu, Review for Religious, March-April 1989 which is just one of the stress factors we experience. I suggested a vita-min- mineral supplement on an as-needed basis, and the problem was cleared up. A third physical difficulty, also masked as spiritual or psychologi-cal, is the problem of intolerances. Pioneer medical research has shown that all kinds of personal difficulties are really the human body's reac-tion to ~,arious environmental factors: food intolerances certainly, but also paints, finishing substances, and other chemicals, even artificial light-ing. PhysiCal problems are the first options to explore in c~unseling. They are the most quantifiable, and perhaps the easiest to identify, if not to solve. Relationships People have trouble with relationships, and each of us has three re-lationships in life: a relationship with God, with others, and with one-self. Problem areas are identified by determining the quality of these three relationships, and there are many tip-off statements that come your way as a~counselor. They come voluntarily to the listening ear, and they can be elicited .by asking the right questions. For example, a counselor can determine the quality of someone's re-lationship with God by asking for details about private and communal prayer-lives and: about fidelity to known moral obligations :in 'marriage and work-commitments. Listening to descriptions of interpersonal rela-tionships can reveal much. On one occasion I heard, "They're pickin' on me." This could be true, or it could be a defense. In this particular case, "they" were not the problem. I was talking to the problem. We all enjoy the forbidden luxury of finger-pointing, but we should be mos'e aware that whatever we do, whatever~we say, whatever we wil.l-fully think, we are always saying something about ourselves. We behave out of what we are. Often individuals will present their relational difficulties in terms of an impossible situation with absolutely no way out. The answer is the awareness of the great difference between a real relational situation, and the particular way it is described. Simply reframe the problematic situ- ¯ ation. Discard the impossible description, redescribing the circumstances yourself, so as to provide as many solutions as you can. This takes imagi-nation, and first attempts will result in grasping at straws. But hold on to the straws, as they lead to stronger, more promising answers. It should also be clear that principles of good counseling are appli-cable not only to others,,but also to ourselves. In this connection there Comprehensive Counseling / 195 is a check on the judgments we must make in order to help others: the golden rule, the virtue of empathy, placing oneself in the other's shoes. These principles demand questions such as: Would I follow this advice myself? How would I feel were this advice given to me? Would I bene-fit from the behavior I am planning to recommend? The measure of the quality of any relationship--with God, others, or oneself--is the answer to this question: How does the individual han-dle conflict? We are all fair-weather friends of God, of others, especially of ourselves. But the true measure of a person's strength of character and personal integration is how one stands up in adversity. Do we respond to challenges with virtue and resultant, growth, or with vice and rebel-lion in its many forms? : We cannot give what we do not have; we can only give what we have, so the personal problems we carry around are going to show up in relationships with others. Do they handle re!ational conflicts with at-tempts at reconciliation and peace, or are they inclined to antagonism, revenge, and consequent alienation? Vices In the course of counseling experience, we come across the problem of evil: evil circumstances, evil behavior. We are all sinners before God, and before each other, a fact which ought never to be discounted in problematic relationships. We meet people who sin against God, against others, against them-selves. One of the best favors we can do for them is to help them admit and own their own evil. It is a mistake to try to identify every problem medically or psychologically. Wrongdoing must be identified, owned, and corrected. We are admittedly honest and generous in assigning praise for vir-tue and for any good act; we must be just as honest in recognizing and assigning vice (evil habits)and sinful acts. How we speak about this to others is important, but the honesty must be there, because the only way to solve a problem is to' face it. The love of Christ is a challenging love, because it is only through challenges that people grow. We must often challenge others' behavior, challenge their sin, challenge our own sin. It is these challenges which are the cross-experiences of our lives and the meaning of suffering. We grow through challenges into the strength of character that we need, to live life well, and to die well. These challenges or crosses hurt, because growing pains always do hurt. But the rewards are well worth the perse-vering effort. Review for Religious, March-April 1989 After the apparently innocuous complaint "My life seems to have no direction or purpose," aofew questions were able to uncover a some-what profligate sex life, little or no prayer, and a difficult family back~ ground. Well, we are all products of our background, but we never need be slaves of our backgrounds: Psychotherapy can be of great healing bene-fit; so can a humble confession of guilt with attendant petitions for for-giveness and :mercy; so can the healing power of prayer: holding up bad memories in prayer, exposing them to divine remedies. Whatever difficulties we:have had to endure, they tend to force upon us burdens and pressures which are often channeled compulsively as they please. Kn~owing that our two main emotion-vices are anger and lust, we see that compulsions can spell big trouble. As a result~ people gravitate toward giving up dominion over their own beings:~They become slaves of various emotions and habits. Indi-viduals abdicate the kingship or queenship of their beings in favor of an-ger, lust, drive for power, vain ambitiow, money, prestige, or another person. Taking steps to become one's own man, one's own woman, elimi-nates this slavery, and the first and most important step is fidelity to God ~nd his laws governing human living. This is i'eal love, which will in-variably be returned in greater measure, because w'e love a God who will not be outdone in generosity. Conclusion This contribution has also been called comprehensive because it is only an overview. There is no substitutefor common sense in counsel: ing, and no substitute for prayer. The Jesus Prayer o~: another prayer,of aspiration before, during, .and after the counseling session deepens the session in God, exposing both parties to divine healing power and spe-cial graces. We are ourselves healed as we heal others, because with our love, our desire to give.God to others,' we find that the same generous God gives to us in response to our needs. We offer the gift of our lives to the suffering Jesus in others,', and he returns this gift with his own life and gifts: the graces we need to accomplish our healing task well, and the grace to grow through our own physical, psychological, and moral prob-lems into the personal sanctity ordained for us. The Power of Romantic Love William F. Kraft, Ph.D. William Kraft, Ph.D., is well known to our readers. Dr. Kraft is on the faculty of th~ Psychology Department of Carlow College where he may be addressed: 3333 Fifth Avenue; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213. ~1 don't know what's gotten into me, but I do know that I'vemever felt like this. I never thought I could feel so alive, so open, so good. Since becoming friends with Sarah, I feel more confident; it's as though prob-lems don't bother me like they used to. I function better, I'm more open, and life just seems to finally make more sense. Especially when I'm with Sarah, I feel light, energetic,optimistic. It's as if almost anything is pos-sible. "Some sisters label our relationship as exclusive, or God forbid: par-ticular. In some ways, I guess it is. I know I can hardly wait to see her, to spend the weekend with her, to go on vacation with her. And some-times, I think I yearn too much to be with her. And yet, how could some-thing as wonderful and good be bad? True: sometimes we get a bit too physical, but never genital. We really strive to be chaste, but it's diffi-cult at times. I would like to be more physical, to give all, but I know that would be going out of bounds. "Before my friendship with Sarah, I was sort of happy. I was a good teacher and got along okay in the community. But ! always had the feel-ing that I was missing something important, that life should be more than getting by or maintaining the status quo. And I was always kind of shy or constricted. It was as if I had all these flashing red and yellow lights in my mind, and now there are more green lights." This sister has fallen romantically in love--one of our most invigo-rating and seductive modes of love. She has been lured into and is en- 197 Review for Religious, March-April 1989 joying the experience where almost anything seems possible and almost nothing seems impossible. Feeling more courage and confidence, old problems seemed to have changed and new possibilities have emerged. And her friend seems to be the center of her life, the source of her new vision and strength. Her life is so much more alive than her relatively constricted past. Understandably, she wants more of this new life. Such is romantic love. Listen to this male religious. "Something incredible happened to me this summer. While finishing my master's degree, I fell in love. I met. Carol, and my life changed. It wasn't as if I had a game plan; it wasn't even on my mind. It just happened. "It's great. I've never been so open in my life, especially with a woman. I share everything, and it feels so good. We hold nothing back, and we seem to know what each other is thinking and feeling without even saying anything. It's magic. She's on my mind and in my heart all the time, and I can't wait to see her or at least call her. Thank God she lives in the same city. When we are together, time goes so quickly. A few hours seem like a few minutes. "I think others would say that I've been a good religious. I've done well in my ministry and have gotten along in my community. I am grate-ful to my fellow brothers and priests. So it is difficult to think about leav-ing the religious life, and neither is it an easy question for Carol. We love each other very much, but we also love the religious life. And it has been good to us. "When you asked me what is wrong with Carol, I was stumped. I know she is not perfect, but I don't see or feel anything wrong with her. And I feel so much better myself. I'll take your advice to wait until life settles, and not make a hasty decision that would change my entire life. True, I have known Carol for only four months, but it seems like I have known her all my life. "Why shouldn't I leave. True, it would be difficult to find a good job, and family life would certainly be different. But I could still do much of what I do now, and I feel that being married to Carol, I could even be closer to God. I will, with the help of you, my friends, and God discern my experience. But why would God give me such a beautiful gift and then expect me to reject it?" Indeed, romantic love is wonderful. Although this man has been a very rational, successful, and good community religious, he finds him-self in a serious dilemma: to leave or stay in religious life. His past has been good to him, and he to it, but his future seems to offer an even bet- The Power of Romantic Love / 199 ter life. Being immersed in the magic of love, he feels strongly drawn to this land of apparently unlimited possibilities. Both of these religious are enjoying and being inspired and chal-lenged by romantic love. Their love consumes them, embracing all their senses, mind, and spirit. Radically new horizons of meaning have opened up, pressuring them to restructure their lives. What should they do? In this article I will discuss the nature and dynamics of romantic love, its positive and negative possibilities and consequences in religious life, and ways to cope with oneself and others in service of healthy and holy growth. The Nature and Dynamics of Romantic Love Romantic love lures us into a world where there is nothing dull and mundane, a world that promises a new and better life. It offers us an ex-hilarating and inspiring unity of feeling intensely and of being strongly involved with the ideal. To experience transcendence passionately can be awe-fully seductive. Romantic love offers us an exhilarating and inspiring unity of feel-ing intensely and of being strongly involved with the ideal. As romantic lovers we yearn to be with each other, constantly think about and feel for each other, and so it seems touch each other even when we are physi, cally absent. Being without each other, we feel an intense void as well as presence in absence, and being with each other brings warmth, secu-rity, and fulfillment along with this sensuous enrapture. We initially ide-alize each other, feeling that we can do and share anything, and be our most perfect selves. We feel what love can be without its limits, and we want to give, to be,and to receive all that is possible. There is a special magic--a passionate affair with the ideal, an experience of heaven. What happens when we fall romantically in love? Initially we prob-ably feel as though we are walking on clouds, and that everything is pos-sible. We experience each other in terms of perfection, while our imper-fections are denied, minimized or rationalized. We may feel thatwe want to live together, to capture this love forever. This romantic time is one of the most exciting, pleasurable, and satisfying experiences. In the in-itial stages of friendship we may experience new possibilities in testing our limits, risking our vulnerability, feeling more alive than ever before, and willing to do almost anything. We may feel that everything is possi-ble and all right, and that life is radiantly alive. Our romantic friendship usually inspires us to become our best selves, and often new energy and courage provide the way. We can have romantic experiences in solitude. For instance, we may 200 / Review for Religious, March-April 1989 intensely feel the spiritual possibilities of contemplation. We may expe-rience a world of meaning that is transcendent and permanent. To ask ultimate questions and to be confronted with mysterious issues can be a peak experience. T° hear silent music can include the romantic. Romantic lovers--religious, single, or married--initially experience the unlimited potential of each other and concretely celebrate each other's perfection. However, paradise does not last; our romantic time is usually followed by one of imperfection. Sometimes suddenly, instead of experiencing each other as unlimited, we intensely experience our limi-tations. We find ourselves criticizing, obsessed with the other's imper-fections, or perhaps withdrawing from each other. Think of a sister and priest (or lay couple) who fall in love and get married. At first, they radiate with love and cannot stand to be without each other. But sooner than later they begin to test and question their love, and at times cannot stand to be with each other. Instead of diviniz-ing each other, they now demonize each other. For instance, minor hab-its may become irritating. One squeezes the tooth paste from the middle and the other from the ind. His snoring upsets her, while her hair curl-ers upset him. More seriously, she becomes frustrated and angry because he no longer shows his feelings as he apparently once did. He becomes confused and angry with constant complaining about his overworking and in general his unavailability. Whatever the focus of criticism, they focus on eacffother's limits, as contrasted with their past when they en-joyed their unlimitedness. Instead of heavenly, being with each other feels more hellish. Their magic has disappeared. Consider a novice who experiences religious life as a perfect way of living. Particularly in early formation when there is considerable personal affirmation, exploration, and direction, religious life offers extraordinary opportunities for individual and communal growth. However, "reentry problems" may be experienced when a new religious moves from the no-vitiate to living in an ordinary community. Community living seems rnuch~different than it was in the novitiate, or how it was ideally de-scribed. The inevitable imperfection of living with others may feel more like a burden than a joy. A danger is to identify religious life (or any life form or person) with its perfections and possibilities, or with its limits and obstacles to growth. Like any personal (and professional) life, there are more or less problems and opportunities. Positive and Negative Seduction As its etymology indicates, seduction conveys a negative meaning, namely, some thing, activity, or person that leads us astray or into The Power of Romantic Love / 201 trouble. And indeed, this can be the case. However, seduction can also have positive meaning in luring us to a better life. One reason romantic love is important is that it can be a prelude and invitation to a more committed love. Its strong attraction, gentle excite-ment, and erotic idealism make it easier, more enjoyable, and exciting for us to enter love. Since love, especially intimate love, is a risky ven-ture, romantic love makes the entry into love relatively easier, safer, and moi'e fun. It is a delicious taste of heaven. But like food, its satisfaction is temporary, and if we eat too much of that elixir, we can get sick. Ro-mantic love is an intense promise of a more permanent love that is both ideal and limited, erotic and transcendent, for the moment and forever, pleasurable and painful, divine and demonic--a love that embraces and dignifies all of us. If some of us knew the total picture of religious life, especially its hard times, before entering religious life, we may have had second or third thoughts about making a life commitment. Strictly from a rational-istic view, religious life may not have been as appealing. Fortunately our Holy Spirit called us with an alluring voice. Likewise, some of our friend-ships may never have occurred without romantic love's promise of an even .more balanced, wholly, and permanent love. To be sure, not all men and women entered religious life or friendship in a romantic aura. But many did, and few people live without any romanticism. Our spiritual journey with and toward God can also include romantic times. It is not unusual to go through a time--or times--of being roman-tically in love with God. We may suddenly feel that anything is possi-ble, that everything will turn out all right, that everything makes sense. We may bask in a divine light while minimizing, forgetting, or even re-pressing darkness. Although there is much truth in the vision, dark nights will come in service of a deeper and more realistic presence to God. Romantic love is not only a means toward an end. When immersed in romantic love, it is good to celebrate and proclaim our romantic stand in the world. Our experience is a witness to love and often promotes hap-piness for others. We can also build a precious source of memories that can help us gain perspective when going through difficult times. And in-deed as authentic lovers we can, though not constantly, congistently cele-brate times of romantic love. Helping Oneself and Others Think of two religious who care for each other and become close friends. Initially, they may idealize their relationship so that it is basi-cally exclusive. At first, they may wonder how they ever li.ved without 202 /Review for Religious, March-April 1989 each other. Especially if one or both persons have had restricted feelings of affection, now they can feel free to express themselves without re-straint. They feel liberated and more wholly alive. Their "particular" friendship, however, soon incorporates limits and obstacles. For in-stance, they discover that they can irritate and confuse each other, and :they can become hurt, angry, jealous, and perhaps guilty and ashamed. Instead of harboring resentment, or ending the friendship, both persons can step back--physically, psychosocially, and spiritually--and listen to themselves and each other, and hopefully return to renew and deepen their friendship so that it includes both their positive and negative dimen-sions. The challenging ideal is that both the light and dark sides of life be integrated, rather than absolutizing one of them. In fact, these experi-ences point to and affirm what life is--both divine and demonic, light and dark, life and death. When we experience a person as perfect, it is helpful to keep in mind that every person is imperfect. When there are disagreements, past agreements can be remembered as well as agreeing. to disagree. Our challenge is to see potential virtue where there is vice, strength where there is weakness, joy where there is sadness, love where there is hate, life where there is death. Courage and commitment are needed to move with and grow from life's paradoxical rhythm. Although romantic love is particularly enjoyable, the genuine desire to give one's self totally to another p~'esents challenging difficulties. Be-cause of the affective and ideal qualities of romantic love, we may nei-ther want nor perhaps experience any limits, and consequently may yearn to give unconditionally in every way pogsible. As religious we may yearn to celebrate our love in genital experiences, but we can say "no" in serv-ice of a "yes" to our love. What can superiors, friends, or other community members do when they observe religious in romantic love. Particularly when the exclusivity is causing little community I~arm, the wisest approach may be to do noth-ing, that is, to let romantic love run its course from the divine to the de-monic. However, when infatuation occurs or the dark, limited phase ap-pears, interveution may be called for. What you d6 depends on the kind and amount of power and responsibility your superior and others in re-sponsible roles have, as well as what you are willing and able to do, par-ticularly in being willing and able to invest the time and energy on con-fronting, processing, and following through with consequences. A superior may choose to confront a priest with his infatuous friend-ship. Confrontation means to state assertively and with concern what you The Power of Romantic Love / 203. observe in the other's behavior. It does not mean to interpret or analyze a person's behavior, nor does it include verbal oppression or emotional rape. We give feedback, and depending on our authority, we state natu-ral and logical consequences of one's behavior. For instance, if you con-tinue to date this woman as well as isolate yourself from the community, then counseling must be pursued or you will be transferred to another city, or you will be asked/told to leave. It is important to remember that although we impact on one another more or less positively and negatively, we cannot change anyone. We can give others opportunities, feedback, advice, consequences, and so forth, but only they can change themselves. We can only change and con-trol ourselves, and this is accomplished within varying degrees of lim-its. Authoritarian, codependent, and other well-intentioned and overly responsible people may find this fact difficult to accept. Ideally, a radical decision (for example, leaving religious life) or a life commitment (for example, vowed religious life) should not be made in either the so-called divine or demonic phases of love. When we are madly in love and experience no imperfections whatsoever, a life com-mitment is precarious. And we should be equally as prudent about mak-ing radical decisions, those that significantly irnpact on our lives, while in a demonic phase. When life is overwhelmingly dark, any light or re-lief can be tempting. It is better to wait until light emerges in our pre-sent situation--to wait until we make more sense of our struggle and be freer to choose. To paraphrase an old saying: the darkest and coldest time is right before dawn. Ideally, we should also not make a decision for life only out of ro-manticism or infatuation--when there are no limits or imperfections, but rather when we can be open to both the positive and negative factors of our past, present, and future situations. For instance, a brother who falls in love with a sister may be in the divinizing stage of romantic love. When asked what is wrong with his beloved, he may say nothing con-crete. Until he can point out experientially what is positive and negative about her and himself, it is probably better for him to wait before mak-ing such a radical decision such as leaving religious life to get married. A decision to leave, not because of romantic involvement, but be-cause nothing seems right and satisfying is quite tempting. When under enormous stress, we can be duped into feeling that a change in lifestyle will solve personal and interpersonal problems. It is more likely that we will take our problems with us and unconsciously seek a similar situ-ation. It is wiser to look at and deal with the dark side in ourselves and 204 / Review for Religious, March-April 1989 then make decisions. In short, authentic committed love is never perfect or divine, and nei-ther is it always imperfect or demonic. It is a combination of both. When on earth, life and love are matters of heaven and hell. If authentic love were perfect, commitment would not be necessary, there would be heaven, not earth. Because we are a unity of perfection and imperfec-tion, commitment is called for. Seed I .know interpretation has rules, But they should not freeze mystery. Why can't metaphors step between parables, And people and plots mingle? The sower, for instance, and the birds on the wayside who fed, the birds Who never fall unknown any more Than the bum thrown out of the bar And the starving, potbellied African baby. How wide is the wayside'? Past oceans And deserts and ranges and space to Ultimate doing of truth in love? And the rocks (poor Peter), are they always shallow? Have you seen those rock walls on roads Where, in spite of technology, a stubborn Wild shoot adorns the crazy face of An impossible height? or the sturdy Root that splits concrete apart and Frees the seed of a water main (prodigal spill)? Then There's the child who patiently pulls the Tufts from the cracks between bricks And scatters the clumps for the wind To sow next season's crop and chore. But the thistles--I don't know about them. I cringe at the vision of crowns And wonder if scarlet hands too Can drip the seeds of the realm That the sower went out to sow. Clarita Felhoelter, O.S.U. 3105 Lexington Road Louisville, Kentucky 4020'6 The Experience of Mid-Life Divorce and AlienationI David J. Hassel, S.J. Father David Hassel, S.J., is currently Research Professor of Philosophy at Loyola University of Chicago. The contents of this article will be part of his forthcoming book called The Ache of Alienation. His address is Loyola University; 6525 N. Sheridan Road; Chicago, Illinois 60626, Helen,s husband had confronted her a year ago after a very quiet dinner. "Helen," he had said, "there is something we have to talk about in the living room while the kids are out." They had sat there through a long silence before he said in a rush of words: "I want a divorce; I cannot go on living as we have been--distant, on parallel courses, never really meeting. The kids already suspect something and are old enough to han-dle this now. I've made a decision and no talking will change it. I don't want to hurt you anymore than I've already done. My lawyer has drawn up the legal papers; you'll be taken care of financially." Helen, her voice sounding like cracking ice, had said to him: "Joe, it's Anita, isn't it. That day down at the office I saw the glance you gave her--like the one you had once given me." "Yes," he said, "but we are not going into that." Helen could recall herself slowly getting up, slowly going up the stairs to her room, throwing herself on the bed and beginning to shudder with great dry heaves. No tears, only a terrible emp-tiness. When during the course of the following weeks, she had been alone with each of the children, she had received some additional shocks. Jim, the twenty-two year old just finishing college, put it simply: "Look, Mom, where have you been the past two years? Dad has been home less and less, and telling less and less what he has been doing. What have 205 206 / Review for Religious, March-April 1989 you been thinking?" The twins, Edith and Carol, high school seniors, were rather casual: "Morn, this is the way things go these days; you have to be ready for the worst and this is the worst, no doubt about it." Timothy, the twelve-year old, was inconsolable: "Dad's leaving us be-hind and it's unfair; I hate him now. But what can we do? I guess we just get used to it the way Jerry Kanz did when his Dad moved out." Helen, like many another to-be-divorced woman, had looked back over her life and wondered bitterly: Where did it start to go wrong? Where did I fail? Except for Timmy, the children seemed so casual about it all. Were they simply ungrateful, without any affection for her and Joe or were they covering up their anger and disappointment? Her telephone call to her mother had caused a flood of tears and a scalding anger-- more at Helen's stupidity than at Joe's two-timing. Her favorite brother had only said, "Well, the bastard finally owned upto it, did he?" Women friends had been properly shocked and consoling for some weeks; then the telephone calls became less frequent and one friend fi-nally said to her: "Honey, you have to stop lamenting and get your life together--without Joe; the sooner the better." All her doings had be-come meaningless: cooking meals, house-cleaning, shopping, bridge-clubbing, fulfilling the immediate needs of her children, attending Mass, telephoning friends, volunteering at the hospital, watching TV late into the night. Then the depressing guilt-fits began. Why were her children so un-feeling unless she had failed badly in their upbringing? Why had she not noticed sooner her husband's wandering and done something to woo him back? Had she become an insensitive creature herself? Were all her friend-ships superficial, revealing her own lack of depth? Was all her busyness merely a way to hide from herself who she really was: an empty shell of a woman? How could even God find time for her anymore? Actually her past seemed gutted, her present confused and her future dark with anxiety. The Woman Religious' Parallel Experience of "Divorce" Helen's experience, in one form or another, is that of thousands of wives and mothers as divorces continue to multiply across America. But is it so very different from the experience of not a few women religious who at mid-life review the past ten or twenty years of their own lives and wonder where their prayer-union with Christ has gone? The woman religious has been living the regular routines of a life consecrated to Christ: spending some time with him before breakfast and before heading to bed; taking care of his people in hospital, school, day- Mid-Life Divorce and Alienation care center, parish, and social work office; making some friends along the, way; watching TV and going for occasional walks; attending family gatherings, and centering her life in daily Eucharists. But in everything she feels hardly any feedback of gratitude or joy. If she is a social worker, she may have been called a meddler by the fam-ily whose children she has seen through hospitals, remedial reading courses, and angry bouts with their parents. The high school teacher of twenty-five years' experience may have been told by a lay colleague that she is twenty years behind the times in her teaching techniques and thirty years behind in her understanding of today's high schoolers. The sister-nurse may be overwhelmed with the ugly fact that her order's hospitals are now big business and that she had better play it safe with charity cases lest the hospital's budget-report show red ink. An almost exhausted sister may be informed by her superior that if she cannot take this job of religious coordinator at the disorganized St. Dismas parish, she had better find another job.to earn her way. Meaning seems to have drained out of her work. The once beautiful routines connected with teaching, nursing, administrating, catechizing, parish organizing, and social work-ing feel drab, spiritless, and unending. Meanwhile, because of her busy dedication to her order and its works, she has allowed her own brothers and sisters to fade out of her life as they moved to the distant coasts and as she wrote less and less ¯ often. Her parents have become elder.ly, somewhat absent-minded, eager for her presence but hardly able to carry on a relaxing conversation, and evoking melancholy in her at their decline and helplessness. Her sister-friends are as busy as she; glad to see her and to chat for a time, but al-ways on the move to another appointment: little time for long leisurely conversations, not many fun times." Because she is one of the few younger sisters in tier older community, she may have to assume greater responsibilities without any contemporary nearby in whom to confide and with whom to laugh at life's crazy antics. This is a new aloneness never felt in her initial formation. The simple joys of life seem few and far between during these periods of intensely felt alienation. She wonders: is all my past life for nothing? Have I lost the respect of my own family; those who first gave me life and hope? Have I missed out on community life? Or did it never exist and I pretended, that it did? Why has my ministry lost its zest? Have I begun to give up on it and, if so, will I ever find a second ministry and trust myself to its demands for a disciplined life of sacrifice? Do my superiors and fellow religious value me for myself or only for what I can do? Are we all just worker- Review for Religious, March-April 1989 bees in the religious hive? Where is the reality of my prayer life? God seems so distant, so uninterested in me, so unlike the intimate friend of my early religious life. Around me I seem to find so many happy fami-lies and fulfilled career women. Or am I just romanticizing their lives out of my own drabness? Then begin the guilt-fits. Mow did my life dissipate into merely con-stant duties, deadlines, hurried moments of leisure with friends, commu-nity tensions, and superficial moments with Christ? How could I have ¯ let it happen? Does all this mean that I never had a vocation to religious life or that religious life in my particular group is now ,antiquated and no longer viable in ou~ present culture? What is my future--if anything? Who but a recently divorced iaywoman could Fully appreciate these questions and feelings 0f the woman religious. The divorced man, hear-ing a man,religious venice similar questions and feelings, would surely resonate to these pains of the heart and mind. The Feel of Alienation from the Church Among the Divorced and the Alienated The suffering asked of divorced men and women and of alienated re-ligious is scandalous not only to them but to the people who love them dearly. The shock felt by the "divorced" is such that at times they do feel isolated from their family (blood or religious) and perhaps even from Christ's Church. Their great temptation is to cut loose from past ties; to be free from all the b~aggage of the past~ They ask themselves: "Why not just leave the family or the religious order and forget any service of the Church?" It seems so much easier simply to concentrate on a career and, if the occasion offers, to form a small manageable group of new friends. Later some of these "divorced" will leave the Church deliber-ately and others will slowly drift away complaining: "'I'm tiredof fight-ing Church bureaucracy and small-mindedness." There is no denying that, in the twentieth-century Church, the petty pride of place, the drift towards disorder, the trickery practiced in the name of the kingdom, the mechanical use of the sacraments, the eloquent extolling of poverty by comfortable clerics, andthe depreciation of women's ministry are all very much alive. In fact, Christ found them quite active in his first century Church: the women's announcement that they had met the risen Christ was called "women's gossip"; John and James used their mother to agitate for their occupying the seats of power next to Christ; Paul had to confront Peter about using different standards for Jewish and gentile converts; Jerusalem converts tried to saddle all gen-tile converts with the hea~y apparatus of Judaic Law; Ananias and Sa- Mid-Life Divorce and Alienation / 209 phira embezzled the common holdings of the Christian community; some of the apostles, notably Judas, deplored Mary Magdalen's ministry to Christ as frivolous. This is the kingdom, God's people, as Christ de-scribed them in the parables where the net is thrown into the sea to haul in both good and bad fish or where the wheat field is sown with weeds by the enemy. The problem is not that scandal is always in the Church but that faith-fulness is needed to live through the scandalous events amid feelings of alienation. Men and women religious suffering alienation from their com-munities need to share their lives with divorced laymen and laywomen if they are all to remain faithful to the Church and to their families, lay and religious. The pooling of experience, the companioning in common sorrows, the cooperative attempt to let the Church know their agony, the working together to build better futures for each other and for the Church, enable the divorced lay people to take heart and the alienated religious to remain loyal. One woman religious who has been offering a program for divorced women in her motherhouse found that the prayers of the retired sisters gave solace to the divorced women, while the faith of the divorced women amid severe mental suffering proved encouraging to elderly sis-ters, some of whoin felt~ intensely their seeming uselessness to the world and to their Church. One of the divorced women approached this woman religious directing the program and said to her: "Were you divorced be-fore you entered religious life? You seem to read us so well." Aloud the sister said: "No, I've never b~een married," but whispered inside her-self "But I have experienced divorce--from my congregation." Recently women and men religious groups have been welcoming some divorced into their communities and finding that these women and men bring in a dimension of life much needed by the religious order. The divorced woman or man has gone through devastating bereavement from all that once gave meaning t,o her or his life. Through this stripping, they have rediscovered their own personal worth, having learned how to dis-tinguish life-roles (mother or father, wife or husband, secretary or car-penter, daughter or son, sister or brother) from their own selves which play out these roles. The divorced woman, for example, no longer de-fines herself merely by what she can do, but by what she can be--first in herself and then for others. This, of course, affects her relationship with Christ. She is devoted to him, first of all, for his own sake; and she expects his affection to be directed towards her for herself and not sim-ply for her accomplishments. Neither God nor herself is made out to be 210 / Review for Religious~ March-April 1989 an heroic workaholic. Such a mature attitude can be benevolently conta-gious. On the other hand, women and men religious have something to of-fer divorced laywomen and laymen. After all many religious have had to deal with the mid-life transition.2 They have come to see that the "yes-terdays outnumber the tomorrows" and that they have to trim their ap-ostolic sails accordingly. Their eqergy is less, their talents are not quite as rich as they first thought, they must drop some projects totally, oth-ers partially, in order to do the central works. At this point envy of the younger, the more energetic, and the more talented can creep in. Amid these tensions, one becomes more aware of personal shortcomings, pre-tenses, sins of revenge .and cattiness, and suddenly vehement sex-drives. This discouraging aspect of life is often allied with a sense of being enmeshed in a great bureaucratic machine (at the job or in the congrega-tion o~in work with the local government) with which one must battle for personal values without destroying oneself or the organization. At this same t~me friendships take on greater importance and one must re-order one's commitments to people, work, and God. Here the man and woman religious~face bereavement from parents and older friends who die. They have moved away from pet projects, from. former work that gave much satisfaction, and from favorite attitudes or ideas that no longer fit the times.' Death, including their own,.seems at times to totally sur-round them. But at the same time, if the man and woman religious can ride all these waves with some gratitude and graciousness, the slower pace al-lows them to have time for more care of others. A warm Wisdom, the fruit of keeping a sense of humor amid much suffering, can pervade their every day. A new stability may take shape at the center of their being. In their lasting friendships, they may rediscover their faithful God. And all this they can offer to divorced laymen and laywomen out of the very alienations which they had felt towards their own congregations. How bountiful the divorced lay people and alienated religious can be towards each other and thus towards the people of God--even though at times they feel so utterly empty and find themselves walking laboriously as though in desert sands. This desert experience has been chronicled and deserves our attention since out of it can come a conversion which will reveal a new self, a new God, and a new world. The Desert Experience of Transition Before Conversion Two women have given us brutally honest yet sensitive accounts of Mid-Life Divorce and Alienation their transitions from one congregation to another. The great change seemed to them like a lay person's divorce and remarriage with its awk-wardness, periods of loneliness, and rediscovery of self and life.3 Sr. Marie Conn found the loneliness of transfer to a new religious commu-nityunique in its roots and in its intensity. For she left behind a vibrantly rich past with only a vague future in mind. Besides, those with whom she would live her present and future had little idea of her past and she, of their past. When one starts all over with new and slowly developing friendships, with fresh routines, and with no one able to enter into one's more precious memories, one is thrust into a new relati