Suchergebnisse

History of the formation of the komsomol and its inclusion in the new Soviet Stalinist State

The paper reviews the main activities of Komsomol organizations in the South Ossetian Autonomous Region of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic during the Great Patriotic War. The author enumerates the main events of the 1930s that contributed to the education of Komsomol members not only as future political cadres of the country, but also as future soldiers and officers of the Red Army. The paper studies participation of representatives of the Komsomol in support of the Red Army, organization of its sustainment, industrial and agricultural production. The author analyses ideological and agitation activities of the Komsomol organizations that are considered a state function assigned to the Komsomol of the region during the most severe military struggles in the Caucasian theater of operations. The paper identifies the main motive of the Komsomol organizations' activity driven by personal initiative of Komsomol members, as well as the reasons for its formation during the most difficult conditions of wartime.

Based on extensive and diverse primary material, this article provides a detailed analysis of the development of Belarusian government-affiliated youth organisations from the late 1980s until 2002. Using a historical institutionalist approach, it examines the transformation of the Belarusian Komsomol into an independent association and the emergence of new, proactive pro-government youth organisations. The article demonstrates that, contrary to common assumptions, building a mass membership pro-presidential youth organisation in Belarus was a complex project that took years to complete. When the Belarusian Republican Youth Union finally emerged in 2002, it was a result of an interplay of many structural and agency-related factors. ; Peer reviewed

The paper is devoted to the civic (communist) education of Soviet citizens in Soviet Ukraine of the second half of the 20th century. The process of formation of social and political values and aims system providing the legitimacy of the Party and Soviet regime is analyzed in the paper.Civic education took place during the process of socialization of the individual through the system of social relations and education. Political socialization was directed by the Party and state bodies, had a communist-oriented outlook and was practically reduced to ideological education. Formation of communist consciousness began in kindergarten, continued in the first classes of «Little Octobrists», pioneer detachments, Komsomol camps.The main task of the Soviet school was to impart the sense of civic duty of the communism builder to the students. Forming of ideological conviction and communism morality was an integral part of the educational process and was combined with atheistic and internationalist education. Much attention was paid to the training of the feelings of Soviet patriotism based on the heroic history of the Party, its leaders, the heroic deeds of pioneers, Komsomol members, and red commanders during the Civil and World War II.In the Party, in its middle and upper ranks, the cycle of political socialization completed. The «moral code of the communism builder» included a class assessment, political approach, and formation of communist ideology values – democracy, equality, public ownership, internationalism. Communitarianism, high awareness of civic duty, and an inseparability of personal interests with a state need were cultivated.Officially approved holidays with mass demonstrations, the media, literature and the arts, films and television were widely used for political propaganda, the formation of communist ideology and political identity. The party education system contributed significantly to the formation of communist worldviews and values of Soviet workers.Despite the generally deceitful aims, the membership in mass children and youth organizations, together with other types of education and training, contributed to the identification of workers with the existing socialism social order, the development of collectivism feelings, national solidarity, and pride in the greatness of Soviet State. ; Представлена общая модель организации гражданского (коммунистического) воспитание в советской Украине второй половины ХХ в. Анализируется процесс формирования у советских граждан системы социально-политических ценностей, установок, обеспечивающих легитимность партийно-советской системы. Внимание акцентировано на процессе политической социализации, происходившей на протяжении всей жизни. Доказано, что политическая социализация была направлена партией и государственными органами, имела коммунистически ориентированную мировоззренческую направленность и практически была сведена к идеологическому воспитанию. ; Представлено загальну модель організації громадянського (комуністичного) виховання у радянській Україні другої половини ХХ ст. Аналізується процес формування у радянських громадян системи соціально-політичних цінностей, установок, що забезпечували легітимність партійно-радянської системи. Увагу акцентовано на процесі політичної соціалізації, що відбувалася впродовж всього життя. Доведено, що політична соціалізація була скерована партією та державними органами, мала комуністично-орієнтовану світоглядну спрямованість і практично була зведена до ідеологічного виховання.

The article is devoted to the formation of the system of professional education in the 1920s in Moscow and Moscow Province. The paper highlights the process of creating a system of Central and local authorities of special education. The characteristic of different types of educational institutions is given, statistical data are given. Special attention is paid to the rules of admission to educational institutions, were based on the principle of class selection. On the example of interaction between educational institutions and the Komsomol organisation the author shows the relationship of vocational education and the Communist party. Based on the analysis of the documents, the author concludes on the importance of the development of secondary vocational education in Moscow Region for the socio-economic development of the entire state.

COVER -- CONTENTS -- THE SPARROW, THE COW, AND THE CAT -- A COMMONPLACE STORY -- A LESSON ON DIALECTICS -- TEARS AND LAUGHTERS -- A DEBT OF GRATITUDE -- JUST A MINUTE, PLEASE! -- A NEVER-ENDING STORY -- PENKHOS KARLIK -- THE COOLER -- THE LETTER -- NIKIFOR PROZOROV -- A COINCIDENCE -- THE EXECUTIONER -- DORJI -- MAJOR TCHOUVACHOV, PROTECTOR OF THE SCIENCES -- THE COMPLAINT -- THE FAITH OF THE STALINIST -- POPAUL -- PACK AND GO! -- THE PEASANTS -- STEP TO THE LEFT, STEP TO THE RIGHT… -- STALIN DOES BETTER THAN CUVIER -- SHORTCUTS -- ALBINAS -- SOME FINE PSYCHOLOGISTS -- SAVOIR-VIVRE -- THE COW -- THE BET -- A GOOD JOKE -- BETWEEN THUGS -- THE INFORMER'S PAYCHECK -- PAID LEAVE -- THE PRETTY POLISH GIRL -- TCHEREPANOV, THE WORKSITE BRIGADIER -- THE TRUNK -- A STUPID MISTAKE -- THE BRAIN -- THE CIGARETTE BUTT -- THE LIGHTBULB -- THE SUPERIORITY OF LENINISM OVER TSARISM -- MAN IS NOT EQUAL TO A HORSE -- THE CYCLOPS -- THE ROTTEN FISH -- SHAME -- THE MACHINE TO READ ONE'S MIND -- THE HEAP OF GARBAGE -- THE PRICE OF A MOUTHFUL OF BREAD -- THE SPARROW ON THE WINDOWSILL -- VOLODIA BOOK, HE NEVER STEALS -- A GOOD GUY -- SHARED HAPPINESS -- AH! GIRLS, GIRLS! -- ANOTHER PLANET -- TWENTY YEARS LATER -- THE JAPANESE -- SON! -- YEZHOV -- SOCIALIST LEGALITY -- GOD MOVES IN MYSTERIOUS WAYS -- SZMUL SZWARC -- LE LOUVRE -- BECAUSE MAN'S HANDS ARE LIKE THIS -- THE CHINESE KOMSOMOL -- HUNGER -- COLD -- REVEILLE -- OFF TO WORK! -- A SPRING DAY -- "YOU, YOU AND YOU!!" -- A NAIL STUCK IN BETWEEN BALLS -- "YOU'RE PERFECTLY SAFE -- THE ESCAPE -- THE SECRET MESSAGE -- THE LATRINE -- WHAT ABOUT THE OTHER HAND? -- THE SURPRISE OF THE PROSECUTOR -- TOUFTA: LYING, CHEATING, FORGERY -- WHAT A BEAUTIFUL UTOPIA IT WAS! -- AUTHOR'S DRAWINGS -- DEAR READER -- POSTFACE -- CHRONOLOGY.

The author considers the formation of socio-political discourse in the Baltic republics liberated by the Red army in 1944. The author identifies the explicit and hidden intentions of the liberators and the liberated population. Explicit intentions covered topics: attitude to the Red Army, to Soviet power and collective farms, the deadlines for the end of the current and the danger of a new war, responsibility for the restoration of the destroyed economy. Despite the fact that Nazi Germany's plans for the Baltic population became apparent during the occupation of 1941-1944, after the liberation in 1944, the attitude of the Baltic population towards the Red Army and the Soviet government ranged from a frank greeting to a suspicious antagonism. The criminal collaboration removed questions about the destructive nature of the German occupation, made it imperceptible, blocked the work of emergency commissions to investigate Nazi crimes, and avoided punishing their local accomplices. The figure of silence camouflaged complicity in crimes of extermination of ethnic groups; the destruction or criminal use of labor of Soviet prisoners of war; the elimination of the Komsomol and communist assets during the German occupation. A significant role in shaping the negative image of the Red Army and Soviet power was played by anti-Soviet (anti-Russian) propaganda during the German occupation in 1941-1944. ; На основании документов фонда ЦК КПСС Российского государственного архива социально-политической истории (далее - РГАСПИ. Ф. 17) в статье рассмотрено формирование общественно-политического дискурса в освобожденных Красной армией республиках Прибалтики в 1944 г. Автор выделяет явные и скрытые интенции освободителей и освобожденного населения. Явные интенции охватывали темы: отношение к Красной армии, к советской власти и колхозам, сроки окончания текущей и опасность новой войны, ответственность за восстановление разрушенного хозяйства. Несмотря на то, что планы нацистской Германии в отношении населения Прибалтики стали очевидными в период оккупации 1941-1944 гг., после освобождения в 1944 г. реакция населения Прибалтики на приход Красной армии и восстановление советской власти имела широкую амплитуду от откровенного приветствия до настороженного ожидания и враждебности. Преступная коллаборация снимала вопросы о разрушительном характере германской оккупации, делала ее неощутимой, блокировала работу чрезвычайных комиссий по расследованию преступлений нацистов, позволяла избежать наказания их местным сообщникам. Фигура умолчания камуфлировала соучастие в преступлениях по истреблению этнических групп; уничтожению или преступному использованию труда советских военнопленных; ликвидации комсомольского и коммунистического актива в период германской оккупации. Значительную роль в формировании негативного образа Красной армии и советской власти сыграла антисоветская (антирусская) пропаганда в период германской оккупации в 1941-1944 гг.

The paper considers the development of broadcasting in the Penza region in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Emphasizes that this period is characterized by active and widespread broadcasting across the country and on the territory of the studied region. Radio infection affected not only regional settlements and working centers of the region, but also remote collective farms. The leader in the development of local radio broadcasting was Kameshkir district, which had its own Studio. It is noted that the radio broadcasting of the Penza region was under strict control of the party and Soviet bodies. For each program, a mandatory verification procedure was introduced, and thematic plans of programs were sent to the places. The quality of local programs directly depended on the level of professional training of editorial staff. The most interesting and operative in content were the programs of the Penza, Kuznetsk and Kamenskaya editions, which actively attracted local party, Komsomol and Soviet workers, leading figures in industry and agriculture, propagandists and agitators to the speeches.
Radio broadcasting in the Penza region in the 1940s and early 1950s was actively developed and had a strong propaganda orientation, which was reflected in the subject matter and the quantitative ratio of radio broadcasts.

The study examines the role of rural youth in the socio-economic development of Yakutia Arctic regions in 1970–80s based on statistical archival sources on the history of the Soviet Arctic. In the 1970–80s, a rapid growth in agricultural production took place in Yakutia. The traditional branch of agriculture in most of the Northern regions of Yakutia was reindeer breeding. The proportion of young people in agriculture has grown steadily. However, the work of the reindeer breeder was hard and low-paid, so young people were not interested in working there. They chose to work in industrial enterprises, where there were better working and living conditions and high wages. In the 1970–80s the leadership of the republic, through the committees of the Komsomol, together with interested organizations, took actions to attract secondary school graduates to rural production, improve the working and living conditions of rural youth. They also determined a clear system for educating future farmers.

The article analyzes the role and significance of rural activists in carrying out organizational and mass work on grain procurement during the Great Famine of 1932–1933 on the basis of materials of Collection No 1 "Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CC CPU), Kyiv (1918–1991)" of the Central State Archives of Public Organizations of Ukraine.These archival materials contain information about the quantitative and qualitative composition of rural activists' groups, their selection, formation, and practical actions. Also, they disclose the ways used by the Soviet government to mobilize human resources for its own maximal benefit to implement grain procurement plans by creating the necessary resource base with centralized special supply for its leading district staff to strengthen the repressive apparatus of the designated local authorities. Working with the collective farms' activists, the party organization kept a wary eye on the implementation of the grain procurement plan, the involvement of villagers in outreach activities conducted by the party and the Soviet government, and ensuring the measures on implementation of the "correct" Bolshevist policy, their main task being the struggle with "kulaks" (higher-income farmers), "petliurivshchyna" (Petliura movement), and other counterrevolutionary elements that undermined the implementation of grain procurement plans.It is claimed that the appearance of rural activists – the army of executors and designated local authorities, carefully controlled by the prompt grain procurement management represented by the district party committees – led to terrible consequences. In fact, it was the terror that struck the "kulaks" who stood in the way of the "revolutionary expediency". Archival materials show that the top party leadership made much effort and spent a lot of resources to form the groups of active subordinates, carrying out constant purges of local "saboteurs" due to the awareness of the activists' role in the Famine-genocide. ; У статті проаналізовано роль і значення сільського активу у проведенні організаційно-масової роботи з хлібозаготівлі під час Голодомору-геноциду на основі матеріалів фонду № 1 «Центральний комітет Комуністичної партії України (ЦК КПУ), м. Київ (1918–1991)» Центрального державного архіву громадських об'єднань України.Виявлені архівні матеріали містять інформацію про кількісно-якісний склад сільського активу, його підбір, формування та практичні дії, про те, як радянська влада намагалася з максимальною користю для себе мобілізувати людський ресурс навколо виконання хлібозаготівельних планів, створюючи необхідну матеріальну базу з централізованим спецпостачанням для керівних районних кадрів задля зміцнення репресивного апарату уповноважених на місцях. Партійна організація, працюючи з колгоспним активом, звертала увагу на виконання плану хлібозаготівель, залучення активістів до роз'яснювальних заходів партії та радянської влади й забезпечення заходів із впровадження «правильної» більшовицької політики, де його основним завданням мала бути боротьба з «кулаком», «петлюрівщиною» та іншими так званими контрреволюційними елементами, які зривають виконання планів хлібозаготівель. Стверджується, що поява сільського активу, армії виконавців та уповноважених на місцях, за умови ретельного контролю та оперативного керівництва хлібозаготівлями з боку райпарткомів, призвела до жахливих наслідків, по суті, терору, який обрушився на «куркулів» – заможних, і не тільки, господарів, що стояли на заваді «революційній доцільності». Архівні матеріали свідчать, що вище партійне керівництво докладало чималих зусиль і залучало значні ресурси для формування підконтрольного йому активу, здійснюючи постійні чистки від «саботажників» на місцях, адже добре усвідомлювало його роль у вчиненні Голодомору-геноциду.

The article analyzes the role and significance of rural activists in carrying out organizational and mass work on grain procurement during the Great Famine of 1932–1933 on the basis of materials of Collection No 1 "Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CC CPU), Kyiv (1918–1991)" of the Central State Archives of Public Organizations of Ukraine.These archival materials contain information about the quantitative and qualitative composition of rural activists' groups, their selection, formation, and practical actions. Also, they disclose the ways used by the Soviet government to mobilize human resources for its own maximal benefit to implement grain procurement plans by creating the necessary resource base with centralized special supply for its leading district staff to strengthen the repressive apparatus of the designated local authorities. Working with the collective farms' activists, the party organization kept a wary eye on the implementation of the grain procurement plan, the involvement of villagers in outreach activities conducted by the party and the Soviet government, and ensuring the measures on implementation of the "correct" Bolshevist policy, their main task being the struggle with "kulaks" (higher-income farmers), "petliurivshchyna" (Petliura movement), and other counterrevolutionary elements that undermined the implementation of grain procurement plans.It is claimed that the appearance of rural activists – the army of executors and designated local authorities, carefully controlled by the prompt grain procurement management represented by the district party committees – led to terrible consequences. In fact, it was the terror that struck the "kulaks" who stood in the way of the "revolutionary expediency". Archival materials show that the top party leadership made much effort and spent a lot of resources to form the groups of active subordinates, carrying out constant purges of local "saboteurs" due to the awareness of the activists' role in the Famine-genocide. ; У статті проаналізовано роль і значення сільського активу у проведенні організаційно-масової роботи з хлібозаготівлі під час Голодомору-геноциду на основі матеріалів фонду № 1 «Центральний комітет Комуністичної партії України (ЦК КПУ), м. Київ (1918–1991)» Центрального державного архіву громадських об'єднань України.Виявлені архівні матеріали містять інформацію про кількісно-якісний склад сільського активу, його підбір, формування та практичні дії, про те, як радянська влада намагалася з максимальною користю для себе мобілізувати людський ресурс навколо виконання хлібозаготівельних планів, створюючи необхідну матеріальну базу з централізованим спецпостачанням для керівних районних кадрів задля зміцнення репресивного апарату уповноважених на місцях. Партійна організація, працюючи з колгоспним активом, звертала увагу на виконання плану хлібозаготівель, залучення активістів до роз'яснювальних заходів партії та радянської влади й забезпечення заходів із впровадження «правильної» більшовицької політики, де його основним завданням мала бути боротьба з «кулаком», «петлюрівщиною» та іншими так званими контрреволюційними елементами, які зривають виконання планів хлібозаготівель. Стверджується, що поява сільського активу, армії виконавців та уповноважених на місцях, за умови ретельного контролю та оперативного керівництва хлібозаготівлями з боку райпарткомів, призвела до жахливих наслідків, по суті, терору, який обрушився на «куркулів» – заможних, і не тільки, господарів, що стояли на заваді «революційній доцільності». Архівні матеріали свідчать, що вище партійне керівництво докладало чималих зусиль і залучало значні ресурси для формування підконтрольного йому активу, здійснюючи постійні чистки від «саботажників» на місцях, адже добре усвідомлювало його роль у вчиненні Голодомору-геноциду.

The collection of documents "Chelyabinsk province, 1919—1923: the outline of history", authored by the chief archaeographer of the Joint State Archive of the Chelyabinsk Region M. A. Bazanov, is dedicated to the initial years of the existence of an independent territorial-administrative unit — the Chelyabinsk province within the borders 1919—1923 years. Documents and materials placed in the publication reveal the process of formation of the Soviet governing bodies, party, Komsomol and trade union bodies. The diverse activities of the provincial structures to establish a peaceful life in areas of the Southern Urals liberated from the forces of Admiral A. V. Kolchak are highlighted. A significant place is given to the implementation of social and economic policies in cities and rural areas, the formation of law enforcement agencies, cultural and educational bodies, and religious policy. The collection is preceded by a review article prepared by Doctor of Historical Sciences Professor I. V. Narsky, equipped with a map and subscript biographical index.

Fandom is a term referring to the organized groups of popular culture's consumers, who are interested in its certain forms. Fantastic fiction fandom is specific due to its highest level of unity and is rather interesting for sociology.As the fandom develops, it implements the following forms of social activity:1) forms a developed system of horizontal communications around the plots, characters, or popular culture events; becomes a source of the analytical efforts of the popular culture's consumers.2) enables the members' creativity development and writing of co-creative texts; it refers to the "fan-fiction" phenomenon.3) allows creating recruitment connections between "the readers" and "the authors". Membership in a fandom facilitates the assimilation of the minimal knowledge for the reconstruction of the genre canon.4) creates the background for the feedback expansion between "the author" and "the reader"; this feedback allows the authors to fulfill certain social orders (conscious or unconscious).5) promotes social activity: holding conventions and festivals, working with youth, as well as with the authorities and cultural sphere's institutions, publishing activities, and so on.In the USSR, fandom emerged in the middle of the 1960s as a Fantastic Fiction Club. In the beginning, the fandom was literature-centric and separated. The situation had been changing since 1981 when the first fantastic fiction convention "Aelita" was held.Holding the conventions promoted the common practices' transformations; that was how the fandom was created. From the early 1980s in the USSR, Fantastic Fiction Club became a holistic system. In 1983-84, an attempt to establish the United Fantastic Fiction Club "Velyke Kiltse" (The Great Ring) was the formal confirmation of the above-mentioned process. The purpose of the United Fantastic Fiction Club was to coordinate the activities of the smaller clubs in the USSR.At the same time, formal and informal practices emerged within Fantastic Fiction Clubs. First of all, it was the appearance of fandom literary awards (for instance, "Aelita"). However, the main flaw of such prizes was that people were awarded not only for the significant works but "for services" as well. For example, the winners of the first "Aelita" award in 1981, became the Strugatsky brothers (for the story "Beetle in the Anthill") and O. Kazantsev, as a "fantastic fiction patriarch". In addition, there were tensions between Kazantsev and the Strugatsky brothers.The informal and dangerous, considering the informational monopoly of the Soviet government, fandom activities, were the publication of fanzines and the amateur translation (samizdat) of the Western authors, whose books could not be published officially.The latter activities resulted in the overreaction of the Party: during 1984-1986, the Komsomol and parties attempted to control the fandom.The third period of the Soviet and post-Soviet fandom's development started in the late 1980s when the ideological control weakened. Diversification of the fandom became its major characteristic since various groups focused on various practices emerged. First of all, it was the LARP movement and its first even "The Hobbits' Games", which was both a role-play based on Jr. R. R. Tolkien's novels and a convention, held in 1990.Until the 1990s, the fans had not communicated actively. However, it changed when the fandom gained access to the Internet. The fandom's virtualization resulted in: 1) increasing number of contacts of the particular fan and making it easier to join the fandom; 2) further diversification of the fandom, when the one becomes a member of several groups; 3)further transformations of the conventions and literature-centrism's reduction; 4) emergence of "info-hubs", which specialized in the popular culture issues; 5) simplified establishing of the reference groups, which are the "non-academic critics"; 6) formation of the interpretational fantastic fiction canon.In addition, communication between "the author" and "the reader" changed as well. The main tendencies were: 1) reduction of the distance between the reader and the author, profanization of the author; 2) facilitation of the fan's transfer on the author's position (with the help of both seminars and the possibility to publish literary works on the Internet, without official publishers).The main obstacle for the fandom's existence is its "ghettoization", which means its transformation into a self-sufficient social machine in the cultural production and consumption space. Furthermore, the other problems are popular culture's recursiveness, authors and fans' breaking with the "big culture", and facilitation of creation and utilization of the ideological constructs, which later integrate into the system of social practices.The positive tendency is an attempt to transform the fandom from a closed social group into the social landscape's element. The conventions' transition into the urban space, which is a novation for the Soviet culture, illustrates this tendency perfectly.Therefore, there are two tendencies, which create the current fandom's landscape in the post-Soviet space. Firstly, it is the issue of impermeability and "ghettoization" of the fandom. Self-sufficiency of the fandom members' forms of activity and the cultural product's recursiveness create barriers for holistic development. Secondly, the fandom attempts to reach the "open" forms of communication between culture and society. Diversification, a complication of the structure units, an increasing number of events related to the fandom's functioning, growing number of members, and rising quality of the communication with social reality allow the author of the paper to discuss the trajectories of the fandom's further development as an element of society. ; Рассмотрены ключевые особенности и векторы развития фендома – неформальных объединений потребителей популярной культуры. Проанализированы особенности изменений фендома в условиях социополитических и культурных подвижек последних десятилетий. В частности, зафиксированы базовые изменения в функционировании фендома на постсоветском пространстве в условиях развития системы интернет-коммуникаций. ; Розглянуті ключові особливості та вектори розвитку фендома – неформальних об'єднань користувачів популярної культури. Проаналізовані особливості змін фендома в умовах соціополітичних та культурних змін останніх десятиліть. Зокрема, зафіксовані базові зміни у функціонуванні фендома на пострадянському просторі в умовах розвитку системи інтернет-комунікацій.