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The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the formation of a new geopolitical reality in the post-Soviet space with the emergence in 1991 of five new independent states in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) and a complete transformation of their political and economic systems. The purpose of this study is the institutional and socio-economic evolution of the Central Asian region (CAR) and its states after Chapter I defines geographically the different possible boundaries of the Central Asian region, which over the centuries were part of different empires, kingdoms, and states, and the population of which historically de jure and de facto never had their independent national statehood until 1991. The study also focuses on the consequences of the policy of the ethnic and territorial division adopted in the Soviet era in Central Asia on the current political instability in the region. The chapter analyzes the features and results of the transformation of the Soviet political system into a Western democratic system in the CAR. Why did Central Asian countries abandon communism for democracy, then turn to authoritarian rule? This paper proposes a theoretical framework, which discusses the durability and sustainability of the super-presidential regimes in the region, and the key factors that have largely determined the failure of a democratic transition in all five post-Soviet Central Asian states. Special attention is given to the issues of political legitimacy of the current authoritarian regimes and the prospects of further democratic modernization. Chapter II is devoted to an analysis of the main features and results of the socio-economic transformation of the Soviet planned economy to a market economy in Central Asian states. The research area includes an analysis of the structural changes in the five Central Asian economies. State capitalism and critical dependence on external factors have become today the main common features of all these economies. In particular, the second chapter describes the restrictions imposed on the Central Asian commodity and labor exported economies and the protectionist policies adopted by national governments. Protectionist policies are aimed at reducing the economies' vulnerability to external shocks, which are due to the high sectorial and geographical concentration of exports, significant migrants' remittances and consistent inflows of foreign direct investments. The chapter discusses the issues of regional cooperation and integration and the perspectives of sustainable economic development in the states of Central Asia. Finally, this study highlights the emerging challenges associated with the intersection of the competitive multidirectional interests of the major world powers, which consistently expand and strengthen their control over the natural resources of the CAR. Through different economic instruments, such as providing loans and investments, or the formation of alternative macro-regional integration projects in Eurasia, they seek to achieve their ambitious strategic objectives in Central Asia.

Nei primi anni dopo la rivoluzione d'ottobre, il governo bolscevico si imbarcò in un ambizioso programma di radicale trasformazione sociale che andava ben al di là dei tradizionali ambiti di lotta politica. Anche l'alimentazione dei cittadini, un'attività apparentemente poco significativa dal punto di vista politico, divenne parte del programma bolscevico per costruire una società nuova. È impossibile parlare dello sviluppo della cultura culinaria e del sistema di ristorazione collettiva sovietici senza considerare la condizione femminile dell'epoca: pur essendoci una retorica rivoluzionaria rispetto all'emancipazione della donna dalla schiavitù delle faccende domestiche, le condizioni sociali dell'epoca contribuivano a rafforzare il ruolo tradizionale delle donne di mogli e madri. In questo articolo vengono analizzate le ragioni che mossero la politica di emancipazione e i risultati che ne conseguirono. ; After the October Revolution, the Bolshevik government introduced an ambitious programme aimed at a radical change of society, going well beyond traditional political fighting. Even a matter of apparently low political interest such as alimentation became part of their programme intending to build this new society. Discussing the development of Soviet culinary culture and public food service is impossible without analysing the condition of women. Over the years, an attempt at liberating women from the burden of domestic labour was made. This paper analyses the reasons behind the Soviet women emancipation policy and its outcomes.

This item is part of the Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements (PRISM) digital collection, a collaborative initiative between Florida Atlantic University and University of Central Florida in the Publication of Archival, Library & Museum Materials (PALMM).

The Stone Guest. The Soviet Rediscovery of Formal Linguistics Towards the Early Chomsky After Stalin's death, Soviet linguistics seemingly steered in a new direction, enthusiastically adopting mathematical methods within the upsurge of interest in machine translation. This fos- tered the acceptance of formal models disjointed from the rigid dictates of dialectical materialism and paved the way for the rediscovery of the scientific legacy of (post-)structuralist Euroamerican schools. In the eyes of the protagonists of this epistemological change, linguistics seemed to be freed from the traditional methodological constraints imposed by philology and literature. This short- lived yet intense period, however, is characterized by the polyphonic coexistence of several ideas and personalities, whose research activity can be properly understood and evaluated only from a broader historical perspective, encompassing both earlier and later stages, thus substantially cur- tailing the explanatory power of historical and thematic periodization. The study aims at examin- ing the salient characteristics of the scientific environment surrounding the early critical reception of Noam Chomsky's Syntactic Structures in the Soviet Union. By tackling specific terminological and epistemological issues, it is argued that the evolution of Soviet linguistics was not defined by abrupt saltational processes, but rather by a constant pendular oscillation which – depending on cultural, political, and historical circumstances – would grant temporary priority to some scientific approaches and orientations at the expense of others.

Dopo il collasso dell'Unione Sovietica e la fine del bipolarismo Usa-Urss è iniziato un processo di ridefinizione dei tradizionali equilibri geo-politici che hanno caratterizzato la seconda metà del Novecento. Le profonde trasformazioni politiche cui abbiamo fatto cenno coinvolgono in modo diretto non solo gli Stati Uniti ed i paesi della Comunità degli stati indipendenti, ma anche i paesi dell'Europa occidentale e centro-orientale, nonché lealtre potenze del nord-America, il Giappone ed i paesi confinanti con la Federazione Russa. Nello spazio geo-politico della ex-Unione Sovietica vi sono, inoltre, particolari elementi di instabilità che potrebbero generare seri rischi di frammentazione su base nazionale e regionale. L'ordine internazionale che risulterà in futuro dalla fine del bipolarismo, i problemi interni della Federazione Russa e le relazioni di questa ultima con gli ex-avversari e gli ex-alleati di un tempo sono alcuni dei temi discussi nella Tavola Rotonda che ha coinvolto Mikhail S.Gorbaciov, ultimo presidente dell'Unione Sovietica, Sergej A Filatov, già capo dell'Amministrazione presidenziale della Federazione Russa, Georgij A. Satarov, consigliere politico del presidente Eltsin, Vladimir V. Zirinovskij, leader del Partito liberal-democratico. ; After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of U.S.-Soviet bipolarism there began the redefinition of the traditional geo-political balances that have marked the second half of last century. These profound political changes directly involve not only the United States and the Commonwealth of Independent States, but also western and central-eastern Europe and the other powers in north America, Japan and the countries bordering on the Russian Federation. In the geo-political area of the former Soviet Union there are also particular factors of instability that could in the future produce serious risks of fragmentation on a national and regional basis. The international order that will follow the end of bipolarism, the domestic problems of the Russian Federation and its relations with its former adversaries and allies are among the themes discussed in this Round Table. It was attended by Mikhail S. Gorbachev, former President of the Soviet Union, Sergeij A. Filatov, Head of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation, Georgy A. Satarov, Foreign Relations Advisor to President Yeltsin, and Vladimir V. Zhirinovsky, leader of the Liberal Democratic Party.

Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- 4 H.eccl. 1507 n

This article explains the present situation of the Lithuanian libraries in the light of what happened during the period of the Soviet Union occupation and after regaining the independence in 1990.Lithuania has a very old and important tradition in the library field that can be traced to the Fourteenth Century. When Lithuania was a independent nation its libraries developed in a way similar to the other European libraries, till the Soviet Union occupation. In fact, after the second world war the Soviet librarianship was introduced in Lithuania with negative and positive consequences. The regaining of the independence in 1990 became a landmark for Lithuanian society and libraries as fundamental reforms have been changing the political, economic and cultural framework of the State.The article describes the present system of the Lithuanian libraries and the recent juridical and administrative measures, with their consequences on the development of libraries. It has reserved the biggest attention to the public libraries as them are more undergone to the changing.The last part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the future prospects of the main aims to pursue for improving the quality of Lithuanian libraries and librarians. What is more, it is also given prominence to the help and cooperation that some international organisation and institution, expecially Scandinavians, are supplying to the Lithuanian libraries.

The article deals with the critical reception of Italian artist Renato Guttuso in Socialist Europe from the late Forties up to the early Sixties. A Communist activist and an outstanding personality of cultural diplomacy in post-war Europe, Guttuso enjoyed a wide exposure in Central and Eastern Europe, where his artwork circulated both within itinerant exhibitions and as reproductions in the press. A further reason for his popularity was provided by his activity as an art critic and author of pamphlets against the hegemony of abstract art in the West. In the Fifties, Guttuso's paintings were presented as the work of a "Western realist", thus playing a crucial role in the art debates of each host nations, but also ending up adapted to the State promoted cultural policies. In Central-eastern Europe, and more specifically in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, the artist was greeted as an alternative to Soviet socialist realism, while in the German Democratic Republic as a master of anti-fascism, thus providing common ground for a shared critical discourse on interwar regimes, both in Italy and in Germany. Only starting from the late Fifties, Guttuso gained popularity in the Soviet Union as a neo-realist painter, thus echoing Italian popular cinema, which provided the critical framework for the reception and the popularization of his art. His first solo exhibition in the Soviet Union was planned and promoted in 1961 as a key event in the new cultural agenda between Italy and the USSR, paving the way for his popularity in the homeland of real existing socialism

Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Pol.g. 1140 a

The Republic of Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine are the only countries of the former Soviet Union to have signed Association Agreements with the European Union. In doing so they committed to respect the essential elements of these Agreements, among which democratic principles, human rights and freedoms. Moreover, all these three countries are members of the Council of Europe. The aim of this essay is, therefore, to verify whether the interaction with the aforementioned organizations has conditioned - or still conditions - the choices made by these States in terms of legal instruments adopted to prevent and reduce the spread of the new coronavirus-Covid19.

Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- H.eccl. 343 p

The crisis of communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the accompanying shock waves felt in Cuba starting in 1991, intensified internal divisions within the regime. This article has a two-fold purpose. First, it seeks to present and assess critically the changes that took place in Cuban so-ciety, economy, politics, and culture as Cuba emerged from the rectificación and the crisis of the 1990s. Second, it analyzes the Constitution of 1992 connected with the new dynamic between state and society that is shaped by the characteristics of Cuba's national history, as well as the interac-tions between exogenous and endogenous factors during the "Special Period".

The paper shall discuss the different evaluations to which the Russian foul language has been submitted since the fall of the Soviet Union, moving throughout three decades from a state of marginality to institutional legitimization and again to marginality while maintaining a high level of popularity and creative force. Firstly, a theoretical frame will be given, outlining the main features and function of foul language. Secondly, some examples of swearing by political elites will be shown, which initially fostered the massification of vulgar language, facilitated also by the rapid spread of the Internet. Thirdly and finally, an analysis of the legislative interventions carried out since the early 2000s in order to achieve a restriction of the norm will be provided, trying to frame the current dialectic between the Russian speakers' community and the government's linguistic policy in the broader framework of the political status quo of the "power vertical".

This study aims to analyze the reasons and the dynamics that brought the Cossacks to collaborate with the Nazi Germany during the World War II and to understand what drove the fighting troops and their civilian refugees to follow the German troops from the Don Region to Ukraine, Poland, Italy and eventually to Austria. Starting from the political and military context, this article analyses the formation of the troops, the different phases of the Cossacks retreat in Poland, the allocation of the military contingent and the civilian population that was following it in Friuli and Carnia, the delivery of the Cossacks to the Soviet Union by the British at the end of the war. In this work, for the first time, Italian publications and documents have been compared with the Russian ones. Then they have been consistently used to understand the complex phenomenon of the Cossacks collaborating with the Nazi Germany.

Nella produzione musicale di Rodolfo De Angelis, cantautore di epoca fascista vicino al movimento futurista, è forte una componente di natura propagandistica che, conformemente alla visione ideologica del regime, mostra un'aperta ostilità nei confronti dei Paesi stranieri. Ma, come dimostra l'analisi linguistica e musicale di diversi brani, se la satira e le critiche nei riguardi delle altre nazioni sono palesi e convinte da parte di De Angelis, altrettanto non può dirsi del velleitario ideale autarchico: è quanto emerge tra le righe di testi che fanno della varietà linguistica e del gioco verbale uno dei loro punti di forza. ; Rodolfo De Angelis was a singer-songwriter belonging to the Italian Futurism. Many of his songs show his connections with the Fascist ideology: the author mocked foreign nations, mistreating in particular Great Britain, France and Soviet Union and their leaders; but, on the other hand, it's undeniable that De Angelis didn't approve the autarchic politics fostered by Benito Mussolini. The songs analyzed in this paper stand out for their eccentricity and their linguistic varieties.