Suchergebnisse

This article, taking as a starting point the Gulf Wars, traces the profile of the new world order that took shape with the end of Cold War & the Soviet Union, & the raise of the United States as the major power in the 21st century. The author also affirms that the new world order, proclaimed in order to promote permanent development & peace, combines the economic-politic binomial of the neo-liberal democracy. Adapted from the source document.

Mild that is triggered by a war, we never know quite well and truly occur when the systemic changes. Not this is an isolated happen! Cement, but several which together demonstrate that certain balance of forces gave way to another. The symbolic date of the start of the international post-cold-war system may be the fall of the Berlin Wall that united Europe (1989), the Gulf War I that brought together the international community in supporting a common cause (1990) or collapse the Soviet Union (1991) that made the United States the remaining power. Twenty-five years began, unexpectedly, the unipolar system. Adapted from the source document.

This essay wishes to debate the concept of History in Karl Marx's work, in opposition to the "end of History" theory proposed by Francis Fukuyama. In a historic setting that involved the end of the communist era in the Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe, the American author introduces his ideas about the victory of liberal democracy being the culminating point in the history of humanity. Well, to what extent is it possible to consider a system like the one advocated by Fukuyama as the ultimate goal of mankind? Furthermore, to what extent can we consider that there actually is a goal that humanity is seeking to achieve? This essay intends to answer these questions through a Marxist understanding of History.

Since 2000 there is a new bibliography on the Spanish Civil War with new tendencies on the historiography of this crucial period. Their starting point is the Right-wing government of the Partido Popular (1996-2004) & its ideological vision of the Civil War. The politicization of this issue is to be found on general works rather than historical & scientific research, where high standards have been maintained. The research on the War of 1936-1939 is still haunted by old problems & now also by more recent ones, including the memory of the conflict in present day democratic Spain. The main surprises came from works exploring new sources such as the former Soviet Union archives or from research using more sophisticated methodologies. References. Adapted from the source document.

The author notes that to speak of democracy in the countries of Central Asia would seem to be a futile effort. The republics that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union are known for their authoritarian, repressive, & centralized regimes. Following a review of the history & sociopolitical context of the Central Asian countries, the author describes being in Bishkek in Jan 2010, when Kyrgyzstan was between revolutions & popular revolts, & discusses the country's internal dynamics as well as foreign relations with the US, Russia, & other Western nations. While a ray of hope was apparent at that time -- with the establishment of a new legitimate government & a new social contract -- it was soon extinguished. Once again, the future of Kyrgyzstan, like that of the other Central Asian countries, appears unlikely to change anytime soon. S. Stanton

China's emergence as a superpower is inevitable, given its growing economic might. Military, diplomatic & economic conflicts with the US are unavoidable. To meet the challenge, the US should strengthen its regional balance of power in the Far East, while avoiding military adventures in the region. In order to manage the risks that are attendant to China's rise, the US should adopt a Bismarckian strategy. Such a strategy would require containing China by focusing on maintaining & strengthening the US military presence in the Pacific. The best outcome for this strategy, from the US perspective, would be to create a new Cold War, but one without hot military flashpoints. US allies in the region would act in the same manner as NATO when it helped to contain the USSR, leading to the USSR's collapse from its own internal contradictions. Because China also suffers from economic & political contradictions, its ascent can therefore be contained. References. R. Young

Since the beginning of the Cold War, Raymond Aron chose to be on the front line of the French, European & Western debates on how to respond to the challenges of communism & Soviet power. As a philosopher, a journalist, & a politician, Aron committed himself to the search for a strategy that could contain both the risks of war & the perils of surrender in the face of the double threat of imperialist domination & totalitarian normalization. The way he showed stressed four main dimensions: the restoration of pluralist democracy & the streghtening of national states, the institutionalization of the transatlantic alliance & European integration. Adapted from the source document.