Suchergebnisse

Anlass des Beitrags ist der 25. Jahrestag des Erscheinens von "The Social Construction of Reality" von Peter Berger und Thomas Luckmann. Die Grundthese des Buches ist, dass Realität sozial konstruiert ist und das es Aufgabe der Soziologie ist zu erforschen, wie dies geschieht. Berger und Luckmann weisen diese Aufgabe einer empirischen Wissenssoziologie zu. Eine wichtige Rolle in ihrer Untersuchung spielen phänomenologische Überlegungen, die die Autoren in "philosophical prolegomena" behandeln. Der Standpunkt von Berger und Luckmann ist kein subjektivistischer - die "soziale Konstruktion" entsteht in sozialen Interaktionen und erhält so ihre Gültigkeit. "The Social Construction of Reality" hat einen wichtigen Beitrag bei der Popularisierung von Schütz' Phänomenologie in der Soziologie geleistet. Das Buch hat darüber hinaus eine Brücke zwischen der Wissenssoziologie, der Sozialpsychologie und der philosophischen Anthropologie geschlagen (ICE)

Notwithstanding the fact that stereotypes and ethnocentrism constitute central topics of social psychology a cultural psychological question has almost been completely neglected in the discipline's reflections on its own scientific endeavors: How has Western psychology's construction of the "Indian" and the "Eastern psyche" been influenced by stereotypes that are embedded in culture-specific traditions of European scholarly and non-scholarly thinking? The problems tackled in this article are related to current social and cross-cultural psychological perspectives on the Indian context. In addition, they are related to social and cross-cultural psychological contributions to the well-established differentiation between the "West" and the "East," which many psychologists have become used to and which are the foundation of current psychological theories about so-called "West-East differences."

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"This study examines the effects of two information components on observers´ ability to learn from group discussion. A social emotional and a factual information component were integrated in videotaped group discussions of a classical problem-solving task. To eliminate normative influence observers were employed to evaluate manipulated performance quality (good/bad) and group atmosphere (harmonious/conflictual). It could be demonstrated that without comparison level observers were unable to detect differences in performance quality but were secure in identifying the group atmosphere. With possibility for comparison of manipulated discussions the group atmosphere was used to evaluate performance quality revealing that learning was based on the wrong cues. Variation of both components showed that by increased complexity reference points were not present any more to correctly evaluate performance quality. Results suggest that wrong individual learning effects are considerably detrimental to group problem-solving quality."[author´s abstract]

"In this article, two scientific approaches are conjoined: Small group research and evolutionary theory. In the past 50 years, small group researchers have identified various deficits in group performance. Presently, how to improve group interaction is a focal point of their work. Meanwhile, social psychologists are paying more attention to evolutionary theory, and process losses in group performance may be evaluated differently from such a perspective. It appears that proximate performance losses could mean ultimate gains for the individual. A reduction in group performance should therefore be anticipated from a proximate perspective, because it represents an individual selection advantage from the ultimate view. As a means of intervention, group facilitation techniques are the key to proximate gains in group processes."[auathor´s abstract]

"Every scientific field can be described by its typical research focus or paradigm. These research paradigms or research matrices reflect what is viewed as "normal science" in the respective field. This study aimed to find out what defines the research matrix of the typical Anglo-American social psychology journal versus the typical German social psychology journal and why the "German Journal of Social Psychology", that was founded in the 1970ies in order to enhance application orientation and theoretical integration in social psychological research, had to resign its publication in German and reappeared in English. Twohundredandthree research articles of 4 different journals, published in either English or German, were rated according to differences in their research paradigms. Structural differences in the profiles of these journals showed that the journals published in English take a rather empirical and quantitative approach towards research while the German journals seem to show a stronger theoretical orientation and a more qualitative research approach. Patterns of the unsuccessful German journal suggest a lack of consistency and individuality compared to the other journals." [author's abstract]

"In this article, two scientific approaches are conjoined: Small group research and evolutionary theory. In the past 50 years, small group researchers have identified various deficits in group performance. Presently, how to improve group interaction is a focal point of their work. Meanwhile, social psychologists are paying more attention to evolutionary theory, and process losses in group performance may be evaluated differently from such a perspective. It appears that proximate performance losses could mean ultimate gains for the individual. A reduction in group performance should therefore be anticipated from a proximate perspective, because it represents an individual selection advantage from the ultimate view. As a means of intervention, group facilitation techniques are the key to proximate gains in group processes."[author´s abstract]

"It is a truism that the rationality of a decision can only be analyzed through its context and the reasons that the decider had. This approach broadens the concept of heuristics, which underlie human decision behavior. It is possible, at least for moral decisions, to deduce all relevant heuristics from basic philosophical ethical positions. This thought interloops the explanatory power from the two decision theories of Kahneman & Tverskys (2000) and Gigerenzer & Selten (2001) to a model of context dependent application of incommensurable principles. To proof this claim the classical Asian disease dilemma (ADP), used by Kahneman and Tversky in 1981 to show the framing effect, was varied by degrees of personal proximity. The ADP was understood as a dilemma with a moral context. The variation of personal proximity influenced the answer behavior and led to a disappearance of the framing effect at interindividual proximity. The main reasons accounted for answering the ADP were of utilitarian and deontological nature. With increasing proximity hedonistic reasons became more important while utilitarian reasons diminished. Different framings were accompanied by different importance of intuitionism." (author's abstract)