Suchergebnisse

In diesem Artikel sichten wir die vorliegende Literatur zur Nutzung von Body-Maps (BM) in den Gesundheitswissenschaften, um zum einen den aktuellen Wissensstand zu systematisieren und zum anderen zu dessen Weiterentwicklung beizutragen. Unsere kritische Recherche wurde durch zwei Fragen geleitet: 1. Wie sind BM in den Gesundheitswissenschaften eingesetzt worden? 2. In welcher Weise können BM zu einer antikolonialen Agenda verhelfen? Insgesamt wurden 27 englische, spanische und portugiesische Studien in die Untersuchung einbezogen. Die meisten wurden zwischen 2011 und 2016 veröffentlicht und waren in Südafrika, Kanada, Australien, Brasilien, Chile und den USA durchgeführt worden. Thematisch geht es zumeist um marginalisierte Gruppen und soziale Determinanten von Gesundheit, wobei Methoden der Datenerhebung und -analyse erheblich variieren. Auch werden BM unter teilweise unterschiedlichen Bezeichnungen und in verschiedener Weise zunehmend im Rahmen visueller, narrativer und partizipativer Methodologien eingesetzt. Doch trotz dieser Diversität sind einige Kernelemente erkennbar, dass nämlich Forschungspartner/innen als vernunftfähige und reflexive Individuen erachtet werden, die bei der Artikulation ihrer teilweise sehr komplexen Lebensgeschichten durch das Zeichnen (z.B. ihrer Körper und sozialen Umstände) unterstützt werden können. Eine Dekolonialisierung der Gesundheitswissenschaften finden dann statt, wenn auf diesem Weg Gegennarrative zu exklusiven kapitalistischen, patriarchalen und kolonialistischen Rationalitäten entstehen, eine Methodologie, die wir als "Body-Map-Erzählung" bezeichnen.

The adoption of arts-based research methods is gaining popularity in health care yet few of these methods integrate the arts throughout the inquiry. Given that so much of the human experience is imbued with emotion and complexity, it would be counter-intuitive to omit research methods, such as the arts, that mobilize different ways of thinking. The purpose of this article is to discuss the creative and rigorous use of art throughout the research process, drawing on the example of a graduate research study that explored women's narratives of intimate relationships while living with irritable bowel syndrome. The findings reveal that the arts can evoke a different kind of knowing and can portray the artist's personal thoughts and feelings without the use of words. Embracing creative functioning through the arts necessitates surrendering conventional ways of pursuing knowledge. This work advances research to date on arts methodology by explicating how the arts can be used to support each stage of the research.

Karrieren im wissenschaftlichen Feld lassen sich praxistheoretisch als Trajektorien begreifen und empirisch mittels mehrebenenanalytischer Zugänge erforschen, wobei die Rekonstruktion der alltagspraktischen Produktion spezifischer Passungsverhältnisse in den Fokus rückt. Ausgehend von einer Auseinandersetzung mit verschiedenen Ansätzen der qualitativen Mehrebenenanalyse wird dieser Zugang anhand des Forschungsprojekts "Trajektorien im akademischen Feld" vorgestellt und seine Potenziale auf Basis exemplarischer Ergebnisse diskutiert. Dabei lässt sich zeigen, wie wissenschaftliche Laufbahnen auf die Herstellung von Passungsverhältnissen zwischen Wissenschaftsorganisationen, Arbeitsbereichskulturen und Wissenschaftler*innen verwiesen sind und dass dieser Hervorbringungszusammenhang seinerseits in einen gesellschaftlichen Diskurs- und Praxisraum eingebettet ist.

Heterogeneity of local conditions and spatial dependencies are typical aspects of sociological phenomena. However, large-scale empirical data is often rather limited with regard to the spatial references that are (publicly) available to researchers. We describe several aspects of the problem and assess possibilities and potential errors associated with limited information. Our examples are returns to education and gender-based and migration-related wage gaps as popular research topics. We base our analyses upon widely used survey data from Germany, the GSOEP, which contains geographical information on various levels of aggregation. Our particular interest is in the decisions that have to be made with regard to problems of space and place in standard surveys, available options and consequences. We conclude with a number of practical suggestions for data users.

Im Rahmen des gegenständlichen Beitrags werden das subjektive Sicherheitsempfinden bzw. der subjektiv empfundene Sicherheitsverlust als Determinante der Lebensqualität wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen unterzogen. Damit wird ein Beitrag zur Verbesserung der Indikatoren- und Datenlage im Bereich der Sozialberichterstattung und Wohlfahrtsforschung geleistet und es werden zuverlässige Kennziffern für subjektiv empfundene Unsicherheit bzw. Sicherheit entwickelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen u. a., dass generell die aktuell empfundene Sicherheit in allen abgefragten Bereichen geringer eingestuft wird als noch vor der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise, jedoch noch bei weitem besser als die künftig erwartete Absicherung. Dass der subjektiv empfundene Sicherheitsverlust in bestimmten Bereichen die Lebensqualität determiniert, ist ein weiteres wichtiges Ergebnis.

"With the expansion of all-day schooling in Germany, students' extracurricular activities are being brought into greater focus in educational and social sciences. However, the diverse range of activities and individual biographies makes it difficult to gather data on the variety and periods of extracurricular activities in classroom-based surveys. This paper introduces a tailored calendar instrument that was applied by the Study on the Development of All-Day Schools (StEG) to retrospectively survey the activities of senior students since the fifth grade. Unlike other calendar applications, the calendar was not filled in by trained staff but self-administered by the students in a group setting. We discuss methodological issues regarding this procedure by examining the current state of research and by sharing experiences of tests of the instrument prior to the survey. By further analysing the survey data, we find no indication that the calendar task induces higher non-response as a result of overburdening the respondents. Calendar elements with an open-ended format resulted in heterogeneous reports, which were nonetheless mostly suitable for further analysis. According to our findings, the number of reported activities does not vary for students with longer intervals of retrospection. From our results, we conclude that a calendar instrument can be successfully applied in classroom-based surveys but should be implemented with a step-by-step procedure under a supervisor's guidance." (author's abstract)

"More and more respondents use mobile devices to complete web surveys. These devices have different characteristics, if compared to PCs (e.g. smaller screen sizes and higher portability). These characteristics can affect the survey responses, mostly when a questionnaire includes sensitive questions. This topic was already studied by Mavletova and Couper (2013), through a two-wave experiment comparing PCs and mobile devices results for the same respondents in a Russian opt-in panel. We replicated this cross-over design, focusing on an opt-in panel for Spain, involving 1,800 panellists and comparing PCs and smartphones. Our results support most of Mavletova and Couper's (2013) findings (e.g. generally the used device does not significantly affect the reporting of sensitive information), confirming their robustness over the two studied countries. For other results (e.g. trust in data confidentiality), we found differences that can be justified by the diverse context/culture or by the quick changes that are still characterizing the mobile web survey participation." (author's abstract)

Our paper applies an innovative method combining network and disours analysis on a big sample of tweets posted at the moment of the attack against Charlie Hebdo. Our study contradict, at least partially, the idea that the attack against Charlie Hebdo produced a unanimous point of view. We notice first that exchanges on Twitter about the events were highly structured by political homophily. Then, if condemnation and outrage seem to be the norm for the vast majority of comments, it also appears that political positioning remains a powerful differentiator when it comes to the kind of discourse used as well as privileged themes and news sources.

Various network paradigm approaches are increasing in significance in the field of social-spatial sciences. In recent times, scholars engaged in research related to spatial features have more frequently grasped and explained social structures and discourses using an analytical network perspective. A relatively young strand of Social Network Analysis (SNA) is Visual Network Research, which uses network maps to gather and analyse social relationships, mostly using participative methods. This article discusses the specific possibilities and challenges that emerge by applying a visual network perspective in social- spatial sciences. Therefore, two different tools for visual data collection are introduced by presenting exemplary case studies that discuss the processes of space constitution. Net-Map is a pen-and-paper tool and is meant to manually draw multiplex networks in cooperation with interview partners or focus groups. By doing so, qualitative and quantitative network data are collected. Additionally, the influence, aims and roles of different actors are evaluated in relation, for example, to spatial scales or resources. The VennMaker tool offers cooperative network reconstruction through computer software. It generates a digital network map, collects quantitative relational and attributive data and provides a simultaneous qualitative triangulation of these data. Finally, the article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the different tools and suggests a conceptual and methodological combination of Visual Network Research and the relational sociology of space for a richer understanding of social action and space.

This article suggests a new methodological model for the study of hybrid media events with global appeal. This model, developed in the project on the 2015 Charlie Hebdo attacks in Paris, was created specifically for researching digital media - and in particular, Twitter. The article is structured as follows. Firstly, the methodological scope is discussed against the theoretical context, e.g. the theory of media events. In the theoretical discussion, special emphasis is given to i) disruptive, upsetting, or disintegrative media events and hybrid media events and ii) the conditions of today's heterogeneous and globalised media communication landscape. Secondly, the article introduces a multi-method approach developed for the analysis of hybrid media events. In this model, computational social science - namely, automated content analysis (ACA) and social network analytics (SNA) - are combined with a qualitative approach - specifically, digital ethnography. The article outlines three key phases for research in which the interplay between quantitative and qualitative approaches is played out. In the first phase, preliminary digital ethnography is applied to provide the outline of the event. In the second phase, quantitative social network analytics are applied to construct the digital field for research. In this phase, it is necessary to map a) what is circulating on the websites and b) where this circulation takes place. The third and final phase applies a qualitative approach and digital ethnography to provide a more nuanced, in-depth interpretation of what (substance/content) is circulating and how this material connects with the 'where' in the digital landscape, hence constituting links and connections in the hybrid media landscape. In conclusion, the article reflects on how this multi-method approach contributes to understanding the workings of today's hybrid media events: how they create and maintain symbolic battles over certain imagined constructs of social imaginaries of solidarity, belonging, contestation, and exclusion, a topic of core value for the theory of media events.

Modern social sciences in imply rather than apply functional differentiation and remain preoccupied with the cross-tabling of variables associated with earlier forms of differentiation. The key variables of modernity hence remain blind spots or theoretically motivated constants of most sociology. The problem with this conceptual gap is that social theories and sciences have always featured a trend toward the observation of trends in functional differentiation such as the secularization, politicization, mediatization, aestheticization, juridification, or, most popularly, the economization of society. These trend statements, however, inevitably call for a systematic reflection not only on the individual trends, but also on the full concept of functional differentiation. Yet, in predominantly zooming in on political and economical issues, most social theories and sciences perform rather than study an assumed political and economic bias of modern societies, thus projecting it to the future. The challenge is hence to create a broader vision of sometimes changing trends in functional differentiation, and the contributions to this special issue of Cybernetics and Human Knowing may be read as pioneers in this venture.

Stichproben für Inhaltsanalysen im Internet sind aufgrund der spezifischen Eigenschaften von Online-Inhalten nur schwer zu realisieren. Häufig greift die Forschung auf Suchmaschinen zurück, um mit ihrer Hilfe öffentliche Kommunikation im Internet zu erfassen. Dabei ergeben sich jedoch verschiedene Probleme, die einerseits mit einem noch stark massenmedial geprägten Medienbegriff und andererseits mit den Algorithmen der eingesetzten Suchmaschinen zu tun haben. In einer Studie anhand verschiedener Suchanfragen bei Google wurde untersucht, welche Folgen ihr Einsatz für Online-Stichprobenziehungen haben kann. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Suchmaschinen erstens eine Öffentlichkeit konstruieren, die weit über die herkömmliche massenmediale Öffentlichkeit hinausgeht und zweitens zu erheblichen Unterschieden je nach suchender Person führt. Als Schlussfolgerung sollten in Zukunft verschiedene Nutzungspraktiken berücksichtigt und Analysen auf alle auffindbaren anstatt nur auf journalistische Angebote bezogen werden.

Many test constructions show a lack of awareness concerning the comprehensibility of items, specifically in personality tests. However, this lack of awareness can have implications for psychometric quality. Frequently, it is simply assumed that respondents' understanding of a test item matches the meaning implied by the test developer. It is, however, rarely ever tested whether all respondents of the targeted population actually understand the test items correctly and in a similar way. As pointed out in the last editorial (Ziegler, 2014), item content should be precisely tuned to the needs of every potential respondent in a population targeted by a newly developed test. More specifically, person variables such as age, gender, and education (Rammstedt & Kemper, 2011) have to be taken into account when constructing test items in order to assure that each potential respondent fully understands the meaning and may respond accordingly. If these person variables are neglected in the process of test construction, the psychometric quality of a test may be substantially affected by fuzzy concepts. The goal of this editorial is to raise awareness for the detrimental effects fuzzy concepts can have in test development and possible remedies. (author's abstract)

"This paper introduces a methodological framework to develop dimensions for measuring social innovation capacities of spatial units. The framework is designed to ensure the compatibility of these dimensions with theoretical concepts as well as innovative practices. Therefore, theoretical top-down strategies have been combined with an empirical bottom-up strategy. From the top-down perspective, we assess opportunities and limits
of existing metrics of technological-economic innovation in the light of theoretical requirements of social innovation. As an interim result we present measurement dimensions for social innovation at the national level. Within the framework of the bottom-up strategy, we start our analysis from the local level. In qualitative case studies in four German cities, we investigate whether these dimensions are of significance for the innovative practice. In order to study the innovation process in the context of innovative practice we look at the example of the integration of migrants and discuss systemic determinants of social innovativeness. Finally, these systemic implications have been used to modify the measurement dimensions and to adjust them to the local level." (author's abstract)

"Innovation studies have hardly investigated the link between innovation and organization with respect to what individual actors in organizations mean when they refer to innovation. More precisely, there are few research designs with the goal to understand (Verstehen) the meaning of innovation in organizations. To address this gap on a methodological level, I introduce an interpretative research design to study the organizational sense-making of innovation. Informed by the knowledge-based view of innovation and organizations, this research design suggests a combination of the qualitative methods artefact analysis, semi-structured qualitative interview and participant observation to generate data. Using qualitative content analysis to analyze the collected data separately, first-order concepts are constructed. Joining these separate concepts with the constant comparison technique creates second-order concepts and therefore a comprehensive understanding of the meaning of innovation in an organization. The application of the interpretative research design in innovation studies enables to build new theory on the link between innovation and organization that is empirically grounded." (author's abstract)