Suchergebnisse

While spoken about spatial distribution of total fertility rates (TFR), generally attention is paid to changes in level of (total) fertility rates and/or birth rates. In the paper attention is paid to stability of ranking of Polish regions defined in terms of TFR values, and to changes in fertility distribution among regions with extreme TFR levels. Age groups with the largest fertility differences are sought. Despite high liability group of "losers" could be found (regions with low TFR – Opolskie and Dolnośląskie Voivodships). In spite of fact that fertility distribution are becoming more and more similar, growing differences are observed when analyzed fertility of teenagers and females aged 35+.

Abstract Background There has been a lack of investigation into the spatial distribution and clustering of suicide in Australia, where the population density is lower than many countries and varies dramatically among urban, rural and remote areas. This study aims to examine the spatial distribution of suicide at a Local Governmental Area (LGA) level and identify the LGAs with a high relative risk of suicide in Queensland, Australia, using geographical information system (GIS) techniques. Methods Data on suicide and demographic variables in each LGA between 1999 and 2003 were acquired from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. An age standardised mortality (ASM) rate for suicide was calculated at the LGA level. GIS techniques were used to examine the geographical difference of suicide across different areas. Results Far north and north-eastern Queensland (i.e., Cook and Mornington Shires) had the highest suicide incidence in both genders, while the south-western areas (i.e., Barcoo and Bauhinia Shires) had the lowest incidence in both genders. In different age groups (≤24 years, 25 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years, and ≥65 years), ASM rates of suicide varied with gender at the LGA level. Mornington and six other LGAs with low socioeconomic status in the upper Southeast had significant spatial clusters of high suicide risk. Conclusions There was a notable difference in ASM rates of suicide at the LGA level in Queensland. Some LGAs had significant spatial clusters of high suicide risk. The determinants of the geographical difference of suicide should be addressed in future research.

An examination of the links between migration and development using census micro data for 15 Latin American countries reveals that: (i)internal migration is diminishing, which was not foreseen in the specialist literature, (ii) internal migration, while apparently helpful for individuals and beneficial for successful regions, erodes the human resources of poorer regions, and (iii) as a result of increasing urbanization, urban-urban migration is replacing rural to urban migration as the predominant flow and other types of migration are on the increase, an example being intrametropolitan migration which, unlike the traditional kind, is driven by residential and not occupational factors. Where policy is concerned, the governing principle is freedom of movement within a country's borders, without restrictions or resettlements. Governments have to resort to incentives and indirect measures if they wish to influence migration decisions; however, local measures and regulations do influence intrametropolitan migration choices. (CEPAL Rev/GIGA)

According to the latest estimates over 16 per cent of the EU citizens are poor (based on monetary concept). Using Europe 2020 strategy indicator people at risk of poverty or social exclusion over 23 percent of EU citizens can be considered poor. Analyses of poverty may be based on several poverty concepts. The assessment of well-being for poverty analyses is usually based on two main conceptual approaches: the welfarist approach and the non-welfarist approach. Measurement of well-being using welfarist approach is based on proxies such as income, consumption or expenditures data, while the non-welfarist approach is based on proxies such as material deprivation. Furthermore distinction may be made between objective measures of poverty and subjective perception of the phenomenon by individuals alone. The goal of this paper is to analyse the spatial distribution of poverty across the EU regions. The following poverty concepts are considered: monetary poverty, relative material deprivation, and subjective perception of poverty. Analyses performed in the study are based on EU SILC 2005-2010/2011 microdata using standard spatial statistical tools. All countries do not publish the "region" variable, and hence poverty measures may not be estimated for all EU regions. In terms of monetary poverty, poverty line is set at 60% of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers. In our study two additional poverty lines are adopted to each region: EU-wide poverty line, and a region-specific poverty line. There are considerable differences in these three results, especially for Eastern EU countries. Furthermore, it is interesting to see the differences in poverty measures across EU regions before and after the crisis, and the different perceptions of poverty in Western and Eastern EU countries.

Poor waste management facilities led to uncontrolled waste disposal on improper sites in the proximity of human settlements particularly in rural areas. This bad practice prevailed in all rural regions until 16 July 2009 when these garbage dumps should be closed and rehabilitated according to Government Decision number 345/2005 which comply the Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC. The paper aims a spatial analysis of waste indicators concerning the rural dumpsites at administrative territorial units on national, regional and local scale. These data are correlated to geographical conditions reflecting spatial patterns in their distribution across and within Romanian counties. The role of geographical conditions is revealed at local scales in these spatial patterns due to a low coverage rate of rural communities to waste collection services. Such analysis supported by field observations is necessary for a proper understanding of illegal waste disposal issue. Rural regions are still exposed to such bad practices polluting the local environment.

Poor waste management facilities led to uncontrolled waste disposal on improper sites in the proximity of human settlements particularly in rural areas. This bad practice prevailed in all rural regions until 16
July 2009 when these garbage dumps should be closed and rehabilitated according to Government Decision number 345/2005 which
comply the Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC. The paper aims a spatial analysis of waste indicators concerning the rural dumpsites at administrative territorial units on national, regional and local scale. These data are correlated to geographical conditions reflecting spatial patterns in their distribution across and within Romanian counties. The role of geographical conditions is revealed at local scales in these spatial patterns due to a low coverage rate of rural communities to waste collection services. Such analysis supported by field observations is necessary for a proper understanding of illegal waste disposal issue. Rural regions are still exposed to such bad practices polluting the local environment.

The aim of this study was to verify and characterizes the spatial distribution of the microregions specialized in bovine milk production in Paraná State, Brazil, using data from the Municipal Livestock Survey conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and the Central Bank of Brazil's National Program to Strengthen Household Agriculture (PRONAF), from 2000 to 2012. Methodologically, we carry out location quotient (LQ), principal component, (PCA) and cluster analyses. Based on the results of the LQ, of the 39 microregions in Paraná State analyzed, 13 are identified as specializing in milk production. In particular, the West and Southwest mesoregions as well as the microregion of Ponta Grossa, in relative terms, account for 58% of the milk produced in the study period. Additionally, based on the PCA, 2 principal components are found to explain 91.5% of the variability in the data, termed technically enhanced production and household production. Finally, by using cluster analysis, five groups are identified among the microregions specializing in milk production, thus indicating marked heterogeneity across the state. This situation requires the expansion of public policies that mitigate regional disparities and provide the state with production gains from milk farming.

While the suburbanisation process has been well documented in some large cities of several developed countries, much less attention has been devoted to the case of small and middle-sized cities in developing countries. This article focuses on an exploratory spatial data analysis to investigate the location of the central business district (CBD) and other employment centres in Hermosillo, Mexico. The results reveal the significant presence of spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity, although their extent varies with the sector under study. These spatial effects take the form of a persistent cluster of high values of employment around the historical district of the city shaping a huge CBD, although a sub-centre of high values emerges to the south and to the north-west of the CBD in 2004. Overall, Hermosillo is still characterised by a traditional monocentric model, but the role of its CBD has changed.