Suchergebnisse

International audience ; The economics of defence and international security is not a specific research discipline in France, unlike the fields of health and education. However, wars have historically been factors of predation, domination, colonisation or slavery as organised economic systems. Today, how can we approach the international economy without highlighting international or civil wars, economic wars and conflicts, the effects of domination, the real or potential existence of military-industrial complexes, the importance of the arms industries, the considerable influence of military research and technology on economic development. Any system of armament or disarmament has a considerable influence on the economic life of states, especially for arms producers. ; L'économie de la défense et de la sécurit internationale n'est pas une discipline spécifique de la recherche en France, contrairement aux domaines de la santé et de l'éducation. Pourtant, les guerres ont été historiquement des facteurs de prédation, de domination, de colonialisation ou d'esclavage comme systèmes économiques organisés. Aujourd'hui, comment aborder l'économie internationale sans mettre en évidence les guerres internationales ou civiles, les guerres et conflits économiques, les effets de domination, l'existence réelle ou potentielle de complexes militaro-industriels, l'importance des industries d'armement, l'influence considérable des recherches et technologies militaires sur le développement économique. Tout système d'armement ou de désarmement influence considérablement la vie économique des Etats, principalement pour les producteurs d'armes.

International audience ; The economics of defence and international security is not a specific research discipline in France, unlike the fields of health and education. However, wars have historically been factors of predation, domination, colonisation or slavery as organised economic systems. Today, how can we approach the international economy without highlighting international or civil wars, economic wars and conflicts, the effects of domination, the real or potential existence of military-industrial complexes, the importance of the arms industries, the considerable influence of military research and technology on economic development. Any system of armament or disarmament has a considerable influence on the economic life of states, especially for arms producers. ; L'économie de la défense et de la sécurit internationale n'est pas une discipline spécifique de la recherche en France, contrairement aux domaines de la santé et de l'éducation. Pourtant, les guerres ont été historiquement des facteurs de prédation, de domination, de colonialisation ou d'esclavage comme systèmes économiques organisés. Aujourd'hui, comment aborder l'économie internationale sans mettre en évidence les guerres internationales ou civiles, les guerres et conflits économiques, les effets de domination, l'existence réelle ou potentielle de complexes militaro-industriels, l'importance des industries d'armement, l'influence considérable des recherches et technologies militaires sur le développement économique. Tout système d'armement ou de désarmement influence considérablement la vie économique des Etats, principalement pour les producteurs d'armes.

International audience ; The economics of defence and international security is not a specific research discipline in France, unlike the fields of health and education. However, wars have historically been factors of predation, domination, colonisation or slavery as organised economic systems. Today, how can we approach the international economy without highlighting international or civil wars, economic wars and conflicts, the effects of domination, the real or potential existence of military-industrial complexes, the importance of the arms industries, the considerable influence of military research and technology on economic development. Any system of armament or disarmament has a considerable influence on the economic life of states, especially for arms producers. ; L'économie de la défense et de la sécurit internationale n'est pas une discipline spécifique de la recherche en France, contrairement aux domaines de la santé et de l'éducation. Pourtant, les guerres ont été historiquement des facteurs de prédation, de domination, de colonialisation ou d'esclavage comme systèmes économiques organisés. Aujourd'hui, comment aborder l'économie internationale sans mettre en évidence les guerres internationales ou civiles, les guerres et conflits économiques, les effets de domination, l'existence réelle ou potentielle de complexes militaro-industriels, l'importance des industries d'armement, l'influence considérable des recherches et technologies militaires sur le développement économique. Tout système d'armement ou de désarmement influence considérablement la vie économique des Etats, principalement pour les producteurs d'armes.

Developments of the types of dwellings between the two wars of 1870 and 1914, their production and design (HBM specific programme), the rules for the distribution of dwellings and associated rooms according to whether they are intended for popular classes or for bourgeoisie. In particular, the status of the kitchen, the dining room, the bedroom, the hall of special hotels, the luxury and pleasure places are changing. ; Évolutions des types d'habitations entre les deux guerres de 1870 et 1914, de leur production et de leur conception (programme spécifique des HBM), des règles de distribution des pièces d'habitation et pièces annexes selon qu'elles sont destinées aux classes populaires ou à la bourgeoisie. On étudie plus particulièrement l'évolution du statut de la cuisine, de la salle à manger, de la chambre, du hall d'hôtels particuliers, des lieux du luxe et de plaisir.

Foreign Immigration in the Rural World between the Two Wars

For a few years historians have begun to highlight the essential role played by immigration in the economic development of France, particularly in industry, since the end of the nineteenth century. The purpose of this article is to show that immigration has also been an important factor in the transformation of French agriculture after the first World War. It examines the economic trends and the structural causes which explain why it has so often been necessary to resort to foreign labour and on such a large scale. The various elements it consists of as regards the nationalities represented as well as professional statutes and recruiting regions are studied in detail. A brief survey of the life conditions of this immigrant population is given before concluding on the specific role it has played in transforming French agriculture.

International audience ; The Enemy as a Woman in the European wars of the Twentieth CenturyDuring the wars of the Twentieth century, barriers between, civilian and military, front and rear, were increasinly broken down. Total war and mass mobilisation affected the whole of society. In this context, the enemy was also conceived of as a woman. Three aspects of the enemy as a woman are discussed.First, the feminisation of the adversary was a means to strengthen his unmanliness and hence his otherness and inferiority.In the second place, what about the women of the opposite camp ? They are the daughters, the wives or the mothers of the enemy. As such they are ignored, seduced, or they become targets of specific forms of violence (such as rape).In the third place, women of the opposite camp, whether or not they take part in the armed struggle, could be considered as genuine enemies. ; Dans le contexte guerrier du XXe siècle, les frontières entre civil et militaire, front et arrière, sont de plus en plus brouillées. Dans chaque camp, c'est la société dans sa totalité qui se trouve mobilisée. Penser alors l'ennemi, c'est également le penser « femme ». Trois aspects de cet ennemi au féminin sont ici soulignés.La féminisation de l'ennemi comme moyen de le rejeter dans le camp de l'altérité en retirant à l'autre-combattant sa virilité.L'attitude vis à vis de celle qui sans être encore des ennemies sont pourtant les femmes de l'ennemi (filles, épouses, mères). Qu'il s'agisse de les nier, de les séduire ou de leur faire subir des violences spécifiques (viols).Enfin, lorsque les femmes du camp adverse sont considérées comme de véritables ennemies, qu'elles soient ou non combattantes.

International audience ; [All risks explaining the conditions of mortality of mankind is divided into many categories, among which must be distinguished health risks, those due to political functioning of societies and major risks. A first type of risk takes particular health and social systems more or less favorable to prevent mortality, particularly infant mortality. Geopolitical and political conditions can increase the risk of mortality, particularly in cases of civil conflicts or wars. Third, in the spectrum of major risks that may affect the mortality conditions of the populations, earthquakes affect the inhabitants of the areas within these specific natural hazards. It is important to clarify the geography of these three risks to determine if it overlaps or conversely if it fits for everyone in its own logic.] ; L'ensemble des risques expliquant les conditions de la mortalité de l'humanité se décompose en de nombreuses catégories, parmi lesquelles il faut distinguer les risques sanitaires, ceux dus au fonctionnement politique des sociétés et les risques majeurs. Une première nature de risque tient notamment aux systèmes sanitaires et sociaux plus ou moins favorables à prévenir la mortalité et notamment la mortalité infantile. Les conditions géopolitiques et politiques peuvent accroître les risques de mortalité, tout particulièrement en cas de conflits civils ou de guerres. En troisième lieu, dans l'éventail des risques majeurs qui peuvent influencer les conditions de mortalité des populations, les séismes concernent les habitants des espaces soumis à ces risques naturels spécifiques. Il importe de préciser la géographie de ces trois risques afin de déterminer si elle se recoupe ou au contraire si elle s'inscrit pour chacun dans une logique propre.

International audience ; [All risks explaining the conditions of mortality of mankind is divided into many categories, among which must be distinguished health risks, those due to political functioning of societies and major risks. A first type of risk takes particular health and social systems more or less favorable to prevent mortality, particularly infant mortality. Geopolitical and political conditions can increase the risk of mortality, particularly in cases of civil conflicts or wars. Third, in the spectrum of major risks that may affect the mortality conditions of the populations, earthquakes affect the inhabitants of the areas within these specific natural hazards. It is important to clarify the geography of these three risks to determine if it overlaps or conversely if it fits for everyone in its own logic.] ; L'ensemble des risques expliquant les conditions de la mortalité de l'humanité se décompose en de nombreuses catégories, parmi lesquelles il faut distinguer les risques sanitaires, ceux dus au fonctionnement politique des sociétés et les risques majeurs. Une première nature de risque tient notamment aux systèmes sanitaires et sociaux plus ou moins favorables à prévenir la mortalité et notamment la mortalité infantile. Les conditions géopolitiques et politiques peuvent accroître les risques de mortalité, tout particulièrement en cas de conflits civils ou de guerres. En troisième lieu, dans l'éventail des risques majeurs qui peuvent influencer les conditions de mortalité des populations, les séismes concernent les habitants des espaces soumis à ces risques naturels spécifiques. Il importe de préciser la géographie de ces trois risques afin de déterminer si elle se recoupe ou au contraire si elle s'inscrit pour chacun dans une logique propre.

The Portuguese communist party (PCP), founded in 1921 within essentially anarchist circles, acted for forty eight years under a dictatorship. Although the specification of the New State (authoritarian, totalitarian or fascist) established by António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933 after the military coup d'état of May 28, 1926, is still matter for debate, it nonetheless determined the conditions of militancy for the members of the party until the Revolution of April 25, 1974, the date marking the end of this research. These two characteristics therefore complicated the enactment by the Portuguese party, of the International Communist (IC) principles – already difficult for other communist parties - and then the instructions emanating from the « centre », namely the USSR. The PCP combined discourses reaffirming the International theories and « deviant » positions, as the party retrospectively referred to them. This dualism is to be found both in general politics and in specific issues such as colonialism.Portugal used to be a colonizing country « owning » many colonies in Africa (Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe) as well as trading ports in Asia (Goa, Damao, and Diu in India, then Macao and East-Timor). The dictatorship boosted imperial nationalism and developed a strong propaganda which cemented the national cohesion. As permeable to its national culture as any communist party, and to the colonial imaginary as any other Portuguese political force, the PCP tried to conciliate national patriotic ideas and proletarian internationalism. Consequently, though it remained for a long time the only political force to defend the theoretical right to separate the colonies, it accumulated « historical failures » even after the beginning of colonial wars in 1961. Although the ups and downs of the party can be ascribed to the national factors, this thesis re-examines the part played by the instructions coming from the IC and Moscow. ; Le Parti communiste portugais, né en 1921 essentiellement des ...

The Portuguese communist party (PCP), founded in 1921 within essentially anarchist circles, acted for forty eight years under a dictatorship. Although the specification of the New State (authoritarian, totalitarian or fascist) established by António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933 after the military coup d'état of May 28, 1926, is still matter for debate, it nonetheless determined the conditions of militancy for the members of the party until the Revolution of April 25, 1974, the date marking the end of this research. These two characteristics therefore complicated the enactment by the Portuguese party, of the International Communist (IC) principles – already difficult for other communist parties - and then the instructions emanating from the « centre », namely the USSR. The PCP combined discourses reaffirming the International theories and « deviant » positions, as the party retrospectively referred to them. This dualism is to be found both in general politics and in specific issues such as colonialism.Portugal used to be a colonizing country « owning » many colonies in Africa (Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe) as well as trading ports in Asia (Goa, Damao, and Diu in India, then Macao and East-Timor). The dictatorship boosted imperial nationalism and developed a strong propaganda which cemented the national cohesion. As permeable to its national culture as any communist party, and to the colonial imaginary as any other Portuguese political force, the PCP tried to conciliate national patriotic ideas and proletarian internationalism. Consequently, though it remained for a long time the only political force to defend the theoretical right to separate the colonies, it accumulated « historical failures » even after the beginning of colonial wars in 1961. Although the ups and downs of the party can be ascribed to the national factors, this thesis re-examines the part played by the instructions coming from the IC and Moscow. ; Le Parti communiste portugais, né en 1921 essentiellement des ...