Suchergebnisse

International audience Since the beginning of the Revolution, Cuban authorities have emphasized the fight against sexual discrimination in their speeches and in the law. However, Cuban society has not departed from some sexist clichés and the part played by women within it remains ambivalent. Indeed, while they are presented as one of the pillars of the Revolution, Cuban women are also the main support in many families, at every level. As a consequence, since 1959, their integration into the Cuban territory or, conversely, their departure from it, has impacted both the Island and its population.For different reasons—which this paper will analyze—, migration flows from Cuba have been primarily directed to "the Northern Neighbor". We will therefore first study more particularly the reasons for this emigration as well as the main periods of female emigration since 1959. In a second part, this work will focus on the specificities of Cuban women's migrations to the United States, and we will examine whether these migrations have led to the re-creation of a cultural and identity space and what specific role Cuban woman may have played in the appropriation of the new territory. Lastly, this paper will dwell on the multiple impacts of this migration by analyzing how Cuban women are perceived in the United States, both by their original community and their host community. The influence of Cuban female migrants on both the Cuban and American political and economic systems will be looked into, and we shall then wonder whether Miami may or not be considered a new Cuban border.Haut de pageEntrées d'index ; Dès les prémices de la Révolution, les autorités cubaines ont mis l'accent, dans leurs discours et dans les lois, sur la lutte contre les discriminations de genre. Malgré tout, la société cubaine ne s'est pas départie de certains clichés sexistes, et le rôle des femmes en son sein demeure ambivalent. Ainsi, si elle est présentée comme l'un des piliers de la Révolution, la femme cubaine est également l'étai de nombreuses ...

Dottorato di ricerca in Storia d'Europa: società, politica, istituzioni (XIX-XX secolo) ; La storia del movimento libertario italiano in esilio in Francia rimane un tema ancora scarsamente studiato. Questa tesi è nata da questa constatazione e fa seguito a un precedente lavoro realizzato nel quadro di una tesi di Master II sui comitati Anarchici Pro Vittime Politiche d'Italia1. Questi lavori avevano permessi di confermare parecchie piste e di validare diversi conclusioni. Il ricorso a delle fonti nuove aveva messo in luce delle prospettive inedite e aveva fatto comparire nuove problematiche. Tuttavia, conviene spostare questo studio in un quadro più ampio, quello delle migrazioni politiche del fuoruscitismo e dell'antifascismo in Francia. Effetivamente, la vicinanza con l'Italia e l'anzianità dell'insediamento della comunità italiana nella regione fanno della città focese e più largamente del sud-est della Francia uno sbocco naturale per questo flusso di migranti. Tra le due guerre, gli Italiani rappresentano il gruppo il più importante tra gli stranieri esiliati in Francia. Peraltro, la storiografia si è concentrata sui partiti di massa occultando le formazioni politiche minoritarie che sono per esempio la corrente socialista massimalista, i giellisti e gli anarchici. I nostri ultimi lavori sulla città marsigliese avevano rivelato una componente anarchica italiana fino ad ora sottovalutata perchè in gran'parte clandestina. D'altra parte, gli studii degli storici hanno sopratutto privilegiati i ritratti dei ténors2, dei personnaggi più famosi dell'antifascismo a danno degli «oscuri»3. Tramite il percorso di un militante secondario del movimento libertario italiano, Pio Turroni, questo studio ripercorre le vicende degli anarchici italiani in esilio in Francia e più particolarmente nella regione sud-est tra le due guerre. Dopo un bilancio storiografico e un inventario del materiale mobilitato per ricomporre la storia del movimento italiano all'estero abbiamo deciso di scrivere la biografia di uno di loro per studiare il percorso del gruppo intero. Il cambiamento di scala, il passaggio del ritratto di gruppo allo studio di un percorso individuale permette in fine di studiare l'impegno individuale di un 'attore e la fitta rete delle 1 Françoise Fontanelli Morel, «I comitati Pro Vittime Politiche d'Italia» à Marseille dans l'entre-deux-guerres. Histoire d'une organisation anarchiste en exil, Mémoire de Master II sous la direction de Jean-Marie Guillon, Aix-Marseille I, 2011. 2 Usando un'espressione di Pierre Milza per definire i stati maggiori dell'antifascismo. 3 Usando una parola cara - "les obscurs"- allo storico dell'anarchismo francese, Jean Maitron. Il "sottosuolo" come lo chiama Maurizio Antonioli. sue relazioni sia nel movimento anarchico in esilio che nel seno delle altre famiglie dell'antifascismo italiano. Questo studio analizza la cultura politica, le pratiche e le strategie di un insieme di militanti a partire da uno degli anelli de la catena. Provando di fare della biografia di Pio Turroni un'entrata permettendo di capire la storia delle rete anarchiche in esilio in Francia e al di là contribuire a una migliore conoscenza della storia dell'antifascismo e della loro inserzione nel tessuto politico e sociale dei paesi d'adozione. ; The History of Italian libertarian movement in exile to France, is a faintly studied topic . By this analysis, I hereby declare written this thesis, after a precedent study done as part of a second Master's degree about Comitati Anarchici Pro Vittime Politiche d'Italia1. This precedent work brings me some important information to confirm trails and approve several conclusions. The access of new resource of information allowed to put forward previously unseen possibilities and news issues. It is important to situate this study in link with an another wide topic: the politics migration of the fuoruscitismo and Anti-fascism in France. In fact, proximity with Italy and the old settlement of Italian community in the region, make Marseille and South-east France a natural passage for migrant-flow. During interwar period, Italian people represent the most important group among foreigners who are exiled in France. Firstly, historiography is focused on the masses parties eclipsing the creation of politics minorities groups like Socialist-maximalist, Giustizia e libertà movement and anarchist. Our last work on the city of Marseille revealed a constitutive movement of Italian's anarchists until now underestimated because their actions were mainly clandestine. Secondly, historians favored particularly portraits of « ténors2 » to deal with anti-fascisme of the most famous figures to the detriment of « obscurs3 ». This study traces the history of Italians anarchists who were exiled in France and particularly in South-east France during interwar, through the path of a secondary militant from Italian libertarian movement, Pio Turroni. After a historiographic assessment and an inventory of sources mobilized to complete this study, we decided to write the biography of one amongst themselves to work on the history of the entire group. Change at scale, passage from the group's portrait to the study of an individual trajectory enables to understand the role of a character played 1 Françoise Fontanelli Morel, « I comitati Pro Vittime Politiche d'Italia » à Marseille durant l'entre-deux-guerres. Histoire d'une organisation anarchiste en exil. Second Master's degree extended essay supervised by Jean-Marie Guillon, Aix-Marseille I, 2011. 2 According to the term of Pierre Milza, to define managers of anti-fascism. 3 To use a specific terminology « les obscurs » which belongs to the historian Jean Maitron specialist of the French anarchy. Il « sottosuolo » of the movement underlined by Maurizio Antonioli. by an individual commitment and galloping network of his relations within anarchist movement in exile like others Italian anti-fascism groups. Finally, this study analyses cultural politics, practices and strategies of a militants group from the link plays by Pio Turroni. From the biography of Pio Turroni, we tried to create a way to understand the History of anarchists network in exile to France, and above all contributes to a better knowledge about antifascism and its insertion into the political and social fabric of receiving countries.

International audience ; The economics of defence and international security is not a specific research discipline in France, unlike the fields of health and education. However, wars have historically been factors of predation, domination, colonisation or slavery as organised economic systems. Today, how can we approach the international economy without highlighting international or civil wars, economic wars and conflicts, the effects of domination, the real or potential existence of military-industrial complexes, the importance of the arms industries, the considerable influence of military research and technology on economic development. Any system of armament or disarmament has a considerable influence on the economic life of states, especially for arms producers. ; L'économie de la défense et de la sécurit internationale n'est pas une discipline spécifique de la recherche en France, contrairement aux domaines de la santé et de l'éducation. Pourtant, les guerres ont été historiquement des facteurs de prédation, de domination, de colonialisation ou d'esclavage comme systèmes économiques organisés. Aujourd'hui, comment aborder l'économie internationale sans mettre en évidence les guerres internationales ou civiles, les guerres et conflits économiques, les effets de domination, l'existence réelle ou potentielle de complexes militaro-industriels, l'importance des industries d'armement, l'influence considérable des recherches et technologies militaires sur le développement économique. Tout système d'armement ou de désarmement influence considérablement la vie économique des Etats, principalement pour les producteurs d'armes.

International audience ; The economics of defence and international security is not a specific research discipline in France, unlike the fields of health and education. However, wars have historically been factors of predation, domination, colonisation or slavery as organised economic systems. Today, how can we approach the international economy without highlighting international or civil wars, economic wars and conflicts, the effects of domination, the real or potential existence of military-industrial complexes, the importance of the arms industries, the considerable influence of military research and technology on economic development. Any system of armament or disarmament has a considerable influence on the economic life of states, especially for arms producers. ; L'économie de la défense et de la sécurit internationale n'est pas une discipline spécifique de la recherche en France, contrairement aux domaines de la santé et de l'éducation. Pourtant, les guerres ont été historiquement des facteurs de prédation, de domination, de colonialisation ou d'esclavage comme systèmes économiques organisés. Aujourd'hui, comment aborder l'économie internationale sans mettre en évidence les guerres internationales ou civiles, les guerres et conflits économiques, les effets de domination, l'existence réelle ou potentielle de complexes militaro-industriels, l'importance des industries d'armement, l'influence considérable des recherches et technologies militaires sur le développement économique. Tout système d'armement ou de désarmement influence considérablement la vie économique des Etats, principalement pour les producteurs d'armes.

International audience ; The economics of defence and international security is not a specific research discipline in France, unlike the fields of health and education. However, wars have historically been factors of predation, domination, colonisation or slavery as organised economic systems. Today, how can we approach the international economy without highlighting international or civil wars, economic wars and conflicts, the effects of domination, the real or potential existence of military-industrial complexes, the importance of the arms industries, the considerable influence of military research and technology on economic development. Any system of armament or disarmament has a considerable influence on the economic life of states, especially for arms producers. ; L'économie de la défense et de la sécurit internationale n'est pas une discipline spécifique de la recherche en France, contrairement aux domaines de la santé et de l'éducation. Pourtant, les guerres ont été historiquement des facteurs de prédation, de domination, de colonialisation ou d'esclavage comme systèmes économiques organisés. Aujourd'hui, comment aborder l'économie internationale sans mettre en évidence les guerres internationales ou civiles, les guerres et conflits économiques, les effets de domination, l'existence réelle ou potentielle de complexes militaro-industriels, l'importance des industries d'armement, l'influence considérable des recherches et technologies militaires sur le développement économique. Tout système d'armement ou de désarmement influence considérablement la vie économique des Etats, principalement pour les producteurs d'armes.

International audience ; Ethics is an empirical moral discipline, conceptualised and applied in a specific social context. It applies to all areas of human life. The aim is to determine the specific readings of the notion of ethics with regard to issues concerning military, civil or economic wars, democracy, the process of economic globalisation, the human condition, poverty and inequality, the market economy and marketing, solidarity and gender relations and education in ethical skills. ; L'éthique est une discipline morale empirique, conceptualisée et appliquée dans un contexte social déterminé. Elle s'applique à tous les domaines de la vie des hommes. Il s'agit de déterminer les lectures spécifiques de la notion d'éthique concernant les questions relatives aux guerres militaires, civiles ou économiques, à la démocratie, au processus de globalisation économique, à la condition humaine, à la pauvreté et aux inégalités, à l'économie de marché et au marketing, aux solidarités et aux relations de genre et à l'éducation aux compétences éthiques.

International audience ; Ethics is an empirical moral discipline, conceptualised and applied in a specific social context. It applies to all areas of human life. The aim is to determine the specific readings of the notion of ethics with regard to issues concerning military, civil or economic wars, democracy, the process of economic globalisation, the human condition, poverty and inequality, the market economy and marketing, solidarity and gender relations and education in ethical skills. ; L'éthique est une discipline morale empirique, conceptualisée et appliquée dans un contexte social déterminé. Elle s'applique à tous les domaines de la vie des hommes. Il s'agit de déterminer les lectures spécifiques de la notion d'éthique concernant les questions relatives aux guerres militaires, civiles ou économiques, à la démocratie, au processus de globalisation économique, à la condition humaine, à la pauvreté et aux inégalités, à l'économie de marché et au marketing, aux solidarités et aux relations de genre et à l'éducation aux compétences éthiques.

International audience ; Ethics is an empirical moral discipline, conceptualised and applied in a specific social context. It applies to all areas of human life. The aim is to determine the specific readings of the notion of ethics with regard to issues concerning military, civil or economic wars, democracy, the process of economic globalisation, the human condition, poverty and inequality, the market economy and marketing, solidarity and gender relations and education in ethical skills. ; L'éthique est une discipline morale empirique, conceptualisée et appliquée dans un contexte social déterminé. Elle s'applique à tous les domaines de la vie des hommes. Il s'agit de déterminer les lectures spécifiques de la notion d'éthique concernant les questions relatives aux guerres militaires, civiles ou économiques, à la démocratie, au processus de globalisation économique, à la condition humaine, à la pauvreté et aux inégalités, à l'économie de marché et au marketing, aux solidarités et aux relations de genre et à l'éducation aux compétences éthiques.

In this thesis, we study the warrior's moral dilemma, between the moral interdiction of killing human beings and the moral duty to kill the enemy, from the perspective of the soldier and the perspective of the citizen. For both of them, the issue of killing in war is an aporia than questions the sacredness of human life, which stands as the foundation of the western set of moral values. The warrior's dilemma is very specific and limited to single moments, the ones of combat actions. The warrior faces the dilemma at those specific times but war life conditions (deprivations, traumas, wounds) impede their capability of moral reasoning. Besides, during combat action, the warrior acts reflexively. Combat conditions therefore result in a moral eclipse and the action of killing precedes the decision to do so. The veteran must then judge their own act in a post-action dilemma. The warrior's dilemma does not prevent action but the moral evaluation of past war acts. The veteran is actually facing an aporia on human life's value because they destroyed some to save others, in the name of the sacred value of all human lives. The warrior's dilemma does not regard the citizens. The latter believe that military operations are decided according to moral reasons. During the war, they prefer to deny any death and destruction that happen overseas. In that way, just wars remain clean wars. Eventually, the acceptability mask concealing the real conditions of war fades away and denials become impossible. The citizens then isolate themselves from the unethical soldiers but the unease of their consciences brings them back to their responsibilities. They then face an aporia that is close the veteran's one because based on war's dilemma: destroying human lives to save others. These two aporias demonstrate that war questions the sacred value of human life and therefore western moral values and that it is the responsibility of the citizens, both civilians and the military, to be accountable for the level of moral unacceptability that they ...

This paper assesses the impact of the current changes in international conflicts on the ethics of war. It shows how the fact that interstate wars tend to be superseded by irregular wars is both a moral and political challenge that democracies now have to face. The effects of the changes in international law on the ethics of war will also be analysed. The "Grotian" law of war, based on the theory of the just war inherited from ancient times, initially put limits to resorting to strength while considering the war death toll. The armed conflicts law, which is a specific part of the international humanitarian law, regards war as a pathology which may justify military intervention if it is motivated by humanitarian reasons. Two logics are here confronted: they correspond to two different definitions of the just war. According to the classic approach which was developed by Grotius, the war is just when it complies to a number of normative criteria, and implies a conflict waged according to set rules between states which recognise one another as lawful entities. In the new approach, the war is just if it means an intervention where human rights and democracy are under threat. The armies of democratic states gradually have to adjust to this new state of affairs. The traditional soldier's ethics, which used to be grounded in the chivalry ideal and the virtue-theory now competes with a deontology applied to the war-waging profession, according to which moral dilemmas are solved by a discourse on professional competence. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; The Enemy as a Woman in the European wars of the Twentieth CenturyDuring the wars of the Twentieth century, barriers between, civilian and military, front and rear, were increasinly broken down. Total war and mass mobilisation affected the whole of society. In this context, the enemy was also conceived of as a woman. Three aspects of the enemy as a woman are discussed.First, the feminisation of the adversary was a means to strengthen his unmanliness and hence his otherness and inferiority.In the second place, what about the women of the opposite camp ? They are the daughters, the wives or the mothers of the enemy. As such they are ignored, seduced, or they become targets of specific forms of violence (such as rape).In the third place, women of the opposite camp, whether or not they take part in the armed struggle, could be considered as genuine enemies. ; Dans le contexte guerrier du XXe siècle, les frontières entre civil et militaire, front et arrière, sont de plus en plus brouillées. Dans chaque camp, c'est la société dans sa totalité qui se trouve mobilisée. Penser alors l'ennemi, c'est également le penser « femme ». Trois aspects de cet ennemi au féminin sont ici soulignés.La féminisation de l'ennemi comme moyen de le rejeter dans le camp de l'altérité en retirant à l'autre-combattant sa virilité.L'attitude vis à vis de celle qui sans être encore des ennemies sont pourtant les femmes de l'ennemi (filles, épouses, mères). Qu'il s'agisse de les nier, de les séduire ou de leur faire subir des violences spécifiques (viols).Enfin, lorsque les femmes du camp adverse sont considérées comme de véritables ennemies, qu'elles soient ou non combattantes.

« La más dificultosa y trabajosa de todas las demás »: the Spanish Embassy in Rome in the reign of Philip III of Spain (1598-1621) Rome, spiritual centre of Christianity, modern Europe's diplomatic capital, was crucial for the Catholic Monarchy. This thesis studies the Spanish diplomatic representation in Rome during this very specific period, in several aspects. The reign of Philip III of Spain matches with a charismatic renewal of the French presence in Rome, its capacity to compete with the Spanish power after the end of Wars of Religion. This reign will indeed usher in a new type of government thanks to the emergence of a powerful favourite, the valido. The monarch will agree to delegate him most of his power. Eventually, this period's characteristic is the instauration of a peaceful period, known as Pax Hispanica, through which Philip III will end the conflicts its predecessor had opened with England and the Netherlands, whereas he must implement the Peace of Vervins he had signed with France before he sat on the throne. This thesis is focused on the analysis of the impact of such circumstances on the Spanish diplomacy in Rome and explains how the Holy See intervened in maintaining peace in Europe. This thesis accesses the Spanish Embassy close to the Holy See in order to understand how it works, its institutional aspects and materials. This analysis enables to understand the Spanish multiplicity of represented figures in Rome, among which we can distinguish, though very quite unknown, the Cardinal Protector of Castille Kingdom. Focusing on the activity of the six ordinary Ambassadors of the Monarch, this work highlights its information and clientele networks, and the strategies implemented to enforce Spain's interests and to strengthen the Spanish faction of the College. Eventually, this thesis contributes to highlight the difference between the Spanish and Holy See international intentions during the specific period of Pax Hispanica. ; « La más dificultosa y trabajosa de todas las demás » : l'ambassade ...

« La más dificultosa y trabajosa de todas las demás »: the Spanish Embassy in Rome in the reign of Philip III of Spain (1598-1621) Rome, spiritual centre of Christianity, modern Europe's diplomatic capital, was crucial for the Catholic Monarchy. This thesis studies the Spanish diplomatic representation in Rome during this very specific period, in several aspects. The reign of Philip III of Spain matches with a charismatic renewal of the French presence in Rome, its capacity to compete with the Spanish power after the end of Wars of Religion. This reign will indeed usher in a new type of government thanks to the emergence of a powerful favourite, the valido. The monarch will agree to delegate him most of his power. Eventually, this period's characteristic is the instauration of a peaceful period, known as Pax Hispanica, through which Philip III will end the conflicts its predecessor had opened with England and the Netherlands, whereas he must implement the Peace of Vervins he had signed with France before he sat on the throne. This thesis is focused on the analysis of the impact of such circumstances on the Spanish diplomacy in Rome and explains how the Holy See intervened in maintaining peace in Europe. This thesis accesses the Spanish Embassy close to the Holy See in order to understand how it works, its institutional aspects and materials. This analysis enables to understand the Spanish multiplicity of represented figures in Rome, among which we can distinguish, though very quite unknown, the Cardinal Protector of Castille Kingdom. Focusing on the activity of the six ordinary Ambassadors of the Monarch, this work highlights its information and clientele networks, and the strategies implemented to enforce Spain's interests and to strengthen the Spanish faction of the College. Eventually, this thesis contributes to highlight the difference between the Spanish and Holy See international intentions during the specific period of Pax Hispanica. ; « La más dificultosa y trabajosa de todas las demás » : l'ambassade ...

« La más dificultosa y trabajosa de todas las demás »: the Spanish Embassy in Rome in the reign of Philip III of Spain (1598-1621) Rome, spiritual centre of Christianity, modern Europe's diplomatic capital, was crucial for the Catholic Monarchy. This thesis studies the Spanish diplomatic representation in Rome during this very specific period, in several aspects. The reign of Philip III of Spain matches with a charismatic renewal of the French presence in Rome, its capacity to compete with the Spanish power after the end of Wars of Religion. This reign will indeed usher in a new type of government thanks to the emergence of a powerful favourite, the valido. The monarch will agree to delegate him most of his power. Eventually, this period's characteristic is the instauration of a peaceful period, known as Pax Hispanica, through which Philip III will end the conflicts its predecessor had opened with England and the Netherlands, whereas he must implement the Peace of Vervins he had signed with France before he sat on the throne. This thesis is focused on the analysis of the impact of such circumstances on the Spanish diplomacy in Rome and explains how the Holy See intervened in maintaining peace in Europe. This thesis accesses the Spanish Embassy close to the Holy See in order to understand how it works, its institutional aspects and materials. This analysis enables to understand the Spanish multiplicity of represented figures in Rome, among which we can distinguish, though very quite unknown, the Cardinal Protector of Castille Kingdom. Focusing on the activity of the six ordinary Ambassadors of the Monarch, this work highlights its information and clientele networks, and the strategies implemented to enforce Spain's interests and to strengthen the Spanish faction of the College. Eventually, this thesis contributes to highlight the difference between the Spanish and Holy See international intentions during the specific period of Pax Hispanica. ; « La más dificultosa y trabajosa de todas las demás » : l'ambassade ...

International audience ; [All risks explaining the conditions of mortality of mankind is divided into many categories, among which must be distinguished health risks, those due to political functioning of societies and major risks. A first type of risk takes particular health and social systems more or less favorable to prevent mortality, particularly infant mortality. Geopolitical and political conditions can increase the risk of mortality, particularly in cases of civil conflicts or wars. Third, in the spectrum of major risks that may affect the mortality conditions of the populations, earthquakes affect the inhabitants of the areas within these specific natural hazards. It is important to clarify the geography of these three risks to determine if it overlaps or conversely if it fits for everyone in its own logic.] ; L'ensemble des risques expliquant les conditions de la mortalité de l'humanité se décompose en de nombreuses catégories, parmi lesquelles il faut distinguer les risques sanitaires, ceux dus au fonctionnement politique des sociétés et les risques majeurs. Une première nature de risque tient notamment aux systèmes sanitaires et sociaux plus ou moins favorables à prévenir la mortalité et notamment la mortalité infantile. Les conditions géopolitiques et politiques peuvent accroître les risques de mortalité, tout particulièrement en cas de conflits civils ou de guerres. En troisième lieu, dans l'éventail des risques majeurs qui peuvent influencer les conditions de mortalité des populations, les séismes concernent les habitants des espaces soumis à ces risques naturels spécifiques. Il importe de préciser la géographie de ces trois risques afin de déterminer si elle se recoupe ou au contraire si elle s'inscrit pour chacun dans une logique propre.