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This set of standards is published within the framework of the activities of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables set up by OECD in 1962. It comprises comments and illustrations to facilitate the common interpretation of standards in force and is therefore a valuable tool for both the Inspection Authorities and professional bodies responsible for the application of standards or interested in the international trade in these products

Quality has many meanings - for this exercise it is defined in terms of objective measures that relate to the consumers experience of eating quality. The drivers behind the consumers experience of eating quality (e.g. taste, texture, smell), and the major assessable parameters relating to this experience (e.g. sugar content, acid content, dry matter content, juiciness, texture, firmness and volatiles content) are briefly reviewed, and existing (research literature, government bodies and retailer) standards on these parameters summarised. Achieving these standards has traditionally involved destructive testing of a relatively small proportion of the fruit harvested, and, as such, these standards have generally been poorly implemented. The applicability of new non-invasive technologies, such as near infrared spectroscopy, for assessment of every item of fruit for certian attributes is discussed with reference to existing standards. The uptake of these technologies will be discussed with reference to drivers in the supply chain, with examples given of successes and failures.

This study investigated the practice of artificial fruit ripening among fruit vendors of banana, plantain, mango and pawpaw in Rivers State. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design. Two objectives, corresponding research questions and null hypotheses guided the study. The population for the study comprised all the accessible 1,810 fruit vendors in Rivers East senatorial district. A sample size of 472 fruit vendors was drawn using multi-stage sampling procedure. A validated self-structured questionnaire titled 'Practice of Artificial Fruit Ripening' with inter-scale reliability co-efficient of 0.896 was used as instrument for data collection. The descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while inferential statistics of Z-test and One-Way Analysis of Variance were used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. It was found that fruit vendors in Rivers State sometimes practiced artificial fruit ripening using chemical and non-chemical methods. It was also discovered that regardless of their level of education and years of experience in the fruit business, the fruit vendors sometimes indulged in unhealthy practice of artificial fruit ripening. More so, the study revealed significant difference in practice among the fruit vendors in Rivers State based on level of education and years of experience. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the current practice of artificial fruit ripening in Rivers State is not in tandem with global best practices and therefore portend danger to the wellbeing of Rivers people and other Nigerians. The study therefore recommended among others that; community health workers should carry-out regular and effective health awareness campaigns concerning the dangers of using chemicals to ripen fruits. The Government of Rivers State through the Ministry of Agriculture should organise training programmes for fruit vendors on faster, safer, and economically feasible methods of fruits ripening and other ...

In pome fruit cultivation, apples and pears need to be handled in various processes such as harvesting and sorting. Currently, most processes require a vast amount of manual labor. Combined with a structural shortage of seasonal workers, innovation in this field is crucial. Automated processes could provide a solution wherein the search for an appropriate manipulation tool is essential. Aside from several grippers, customized for harvesting by various researchers, the industry also provides a wide variety of standardized manipulation tools. This paper benchmarks a wide set of the most relevant gripping principles, primarily based on their ability to successfully handle fruit, without causing damage. In addition, energy consumption and general feasibility are evaluated as well. The performed study showed that the customized foam gripper scores the overall best for all test scenarios at the cost of being the least energy efficient. Furthermore, most other gripping tools excelled at certain specific tasks rather than being generally deployable. Impactive grippers are better suited for harvesting at low energy consumption, while astrictive grippers are more suited for sorting tasks constricted by the available space. The results also showed that commercially available soft grippers are not always capable of handling sensitive fruits such as pears without causing damage. ; Flemish governmental authority VLAIO [HBC2019.2051, 1SA9221N]

AbstractThe hypothesis that six EU Member States show a common behaviour on the implementation of food safety standards on fruit and vegetables imports is examined. To do so, we analyzed food border notifications recorded by the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF). Path dependence and reputation effects of past border notifications were explored for the whole period 2001–13, and for sub‐periods 2001–07 and 2008–13. Negative binomial (NB) and zero‐inflated negative binomial (ZINB) distributions were used to deal with over‐dispersion and excess of zero counts. Our findings suggest that the EU cannot be considered as a single unit when non‐tariff measures are studied, although there are some signs that Member State behaviour is becoming more uniform in the most recent period.

Abstract

Research background
Income and prices are important factors that determine and decide households consumption decisions and behavior.


Purpose and research methodology
This paper aims to examine fruits' demand elasticities in Pakistan by using the Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS). For this purpose, data from the Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) 2018–2019 part of Pakistan Living Standard and Measurement is used for the selected fruits.


Results
Marshallian, Hicksian, and expenditures elasticities were calculated through the estimated parameter from the Linear Approximate Almost Ideal demand system. The results show that all the estimated expenditure elasticities of the selected fruits for Pakistan are positive. The magnitude of expenditure elasticities for bananas, malta, apple, grapes, watermelon, plum, and almonds, is less than unity, and are thus categorized as normal food items. The estimated uncompensated own price demand elasticities for all fruits are less than unity (inelastic) for Pakistan and thus categorized as necessities. Based on the cross-price uncompensated demand elasticities eighteen fruits are reported as gross complements and three fruits are gross substitutes. Most of the fruits are categorized as neutral fruits having no cross-price effect on each other's demand as their estimated elasticities are closer to zero. Only apples with grapes and almonds are found to be notable substitutes. As most of the price elasticities of fruits are inelastic, any change in their price would result in a massive increase in expenditure on these fruits. As a result, the government may adopt policies for the stabilization of fruit prices to meet the minimal daily food requirements of the lower segments of society.


Novelty
This study is an attempt to estimate demand elasticities for individual fruit as very little research is available in the study area for individual commodities.

Based on the number of bearing trees and realized production in investigated period (2000-2009) in fruit production in Serbia, the most important fruits are plums, apples, and cherries. With an average production of 482,000 tones, plums contribute 44.90% of total fruit production followed by apples (19.20%), and sour cherries and raspberries with an average share of 7.55% each. Analysis of the investigated period reveals a tendency of the fruit production increase. Trend of increase was especially evident in plum production (rate of change 9.81%), followed by apple (7.42%), apricot (7.31%), peach (6.83%) and cherry 6.64%. From 2010 to 2013, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of Republic of Serbia adopted measures through the National Program of Agriculture for the development of fruit and viticulture production. The measures primarily relate to the production and distribution of planting material, cultural technology with special emphasis on organic production, logistics, quality and standards for packaging. At this time, there is a great opportunity for the adoption of quality production from the choice of certified planting materials and modern variety selections to revolutionize this branch of agriculture. Serbia has many natural advantages for fruit production: the spatial and biological diversity, favorable climate conditions, and our tradition in the fruit production. A considerable interest among fruit farmers, steady government support through incentives and integration through cooperatives (associations) could translate into significant results.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Prologue: The Ethics of Secularism -- Acknowledgment -- Introduction: Living Outside Eden -- The Knowledge of Good and Evil -- Ethics Without God -- Jesus, Moses, and Mohammed Versus Socrates -- Part I -- 1. The Failure of Theistic Morality -- Transcendental Ethics -- Platonism -- Theistic Morality -- Absolute Morality Versus Situation Ethics -- God and Obligation -- 2. Ethical Inquiry -- Two Kinds of Morality -- Ethical Dilemmas -- What Constitutes an Ethical Dilemma? -- The Beginnings of Ethical Inquiry -- Part II -- 3. The Common Moral Decencies -- Principles, Moral and Ethical -- Objective Relativism -- The Justification of Ethical Principles -- A Catalogue of the Common Moral Decencies -- I. Integrity -- Truthfulness -- Promise-Keeping -- Sincerity -- Honesty -- II. Trustworthiness -- Fidelity -- Dependability -- III. Benevolence -- Good Will -- Nonmalfeasance as Applied to Persons -- Nonmalfeasance as Applied to Private and Public Property -- Sexual Consent -- Beneficence -- IV. Fairness -- Gratitude -- Accountability -- Justice -- Tolerance -- Cooperation -- 4. Excelsior: The Ethics of Excellence -- What Is Value? -- Standards of Excellence -- Ethical Excellence -- Excelsior -- I. Excellence Primarily in Regard to Oneself -- Autonomy -- Intelligence -- Self-Discipline -- Self-Respect -- Creativity -- Motivation -- Affirmation -- Health -- Joie de Vivre -- Aesthetic Appreciation -- II. Excellence as Related to Others -- Integrity -- Trustworthiness -- Benevolence -- Fairness -- 5. Responsibilities -- Responsibilities to Oneself -- Responsibilities to Others -- Parental Responsibilities -- Filial Obligations -- Marital Obligations -- The Extended Family -- Friends -- Small-Group Interactions -- Beyond Ethnicity -- The World Community -- Why Ought I to Be Moral?.

Objectivity, although a relatively modern concept in American journalism, has become the standard by which reporters operate in the democratic arena. Along with fairness and balance, it guides journalists in their pursuit of truth. The press began to embrace the idea of objectivity in the middle of the nineteenth century in an attempt to shuck both its partisan past and broad reliance on political parties. Instead of a zealous advocate and ally of the parties, it became a neutral and independent medium of communication, though still retaining its role on editorial pages as an opinion leader. Now, the common practice of today's press is to sift through the facts to present news that is both accurate and objective without letting bias seep into coverage. Through the in-depth examination of candidates and prominent issues in editorials, news organizations are better able to engage readers, stimulate discussion and pontificate on politics. Nonetheless, while newspaper editorial pages still voice the paper's political preferences, fewer papers today choose to endorse political candidates. This presentation will document my analysis, as chronicled in a comprehensive and well-documented research paper, of political endorsements as a means in which media outlets can participate in public affairs. By looking at the transition of the American press from a political party instrument to an autonomous disseminator of ideas and information, I argue that today's endorsements, although subtle vestiges of nineteenth century partisanship, spur public discourse and help readers navigate the sea of political hype and propaganda endemic in contemporary campaigns.

Fresh fruit and vegetables have been identified as a significant source of pathogens and chemical contaminants. As a result, there has been a wealth of research on identifying and controlling hazards at all stages in the supply chain. Improving the safety of fresh fruit and vegetables reviews this research and its implications for food processors. Part one reviews the major hazards affecting fruit and vegetables such as pathogens and pesticide residues. Building on this foundation, Part two discusses ways of controlling these hazards through such techniques as HACCP and risk assessment. The final part of the book analyses the range of decontamination and preservation techniques available, from alternatives to hypochlorite washing systems and ozone decontamination to good practice in storage and transport. With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Improving the safety of fresh fruit and vegetables is a standard reference for all those involved in fruit and vegetable production and processing. Reviews recent research on controlling hazards at all stages of the supply chainDiscusses the implications of this research on food processorsDiscusses the implications of this research on food processors

ABSTRACT Fruit pulp is the most basic food product obtained from fresh fruit processing. Fruit pulps can be cold stored for long periods of time, but they also can be used to fabricate juices, ice creams, sweets, jellies and yogurts. The exploitation of tropical fruits has leveraged the entire Brazilian fruit pulp sector due mainly to the high acceptance of their organoleptic properties and remarkable nutritional facts. However, several works published in the last decades have pointed out unfavorable conditions regarding the consumption of tropical fruit pulps. This negative scenario has been associated with unsatisfactory physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of fruits pulps as outcomes of little knowledge and improper management within the fruit pulp industry. There are protocols for delineating specific identity and quality standards (IQSs) and standardized good manufacturing practices (GMP) for fruit pulps, which also embrace standard operating procedures (SOPs) and hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP), although this latter is not considered mandatory by the Brazilian legislation. Unfortunately, the lack of skilled labor, along with failures in complying established protocols have impaired quality of fruit pulps. It has been necessary to collect all information available with the aim to identify the most important hazards within fruit pulp processing lines. Standardizing methods and practices within the Brazilian fruit pulp industry would assurance high quality status to tropical fruit pulps and the commercial growth of this vegetal product towards international markets.

The ripening of 6.0 million tonnes of imported dessert bananas each year in the European Union is an extensive but not well analysed process in the food industry. Data and information about the biochemistry and the technical realisation of the banana ripening process is missing. The control of the highly complex processes depends on the personal knowledge and experience of the ripening master. For a better understanding of the industrial process, an experimental banana ripening plant was developed, equipped with sensitive measuring technology and connected to a process control system. The produced data of the 4-day to 7-day ripening processes, carried out based on industrial standards and objectives, provides additional and new information about the food technological process. Based on the generated data and knowledge, a mathematical model of the banana ripening process was developed. Characteristic biochemical reactions, like the degradation of starch to soluble sugars and their further oxidation, the change of colour pigments and the ethene production, were described with the help of kinetics specified in related food technological and biotechnological processes. The plant effects and process characteristics were realised with the help of mass and energy balances. The simulation results confirm with the measured values with accuracy below 10%. With the help of the model significant banana ripening process variables, like the starch concentration in the pulp, the peel colour, the mass of bananas, the concentration of carbon dioxide, oxygen, water and ethene in the process air as well as the banana and process air temperature, are simulated and can be used for the process evaluation. Furthermore, the model can be used for the prediction of future process courses and thus help to ensure targeted ripening quality. The model was used to enhance the process control of industrial ripening procedures. For this purpose, the Open-Loop-Feedback-Optimal controller was applied for an adaptive and optimised banana ripening process control. Only two significant parameters, the starch oxidation speed factor and the colour change factor, were fitted to accurate describe the running process. A simplified model was used to calculate an optimised control function with the target of an optimal storage temperature the desired banana ripening degree. The adaption to varying process characteristics and changing ripening times was successfully applied in one ripening experiment. The model-based adaptive control can be used for high quality but practical banana ripening process control.