The publication of the National Commission for Higher Education (NCHE) in 1996 was hailed as the first systematic attempt to map out a policy terrain for higher education in South Africa since the elections of April 1994. Its recommendations, particularly on the governance of higher education, elicited much discussion and debate. The debate continued (and continues) with the publication of the Green and White Papers, the Bill on Higher Education, and the Higher Education Act (HEA) in late 1997. This paper explores and seeks to clarify the emerging model of educational governance that has been accepted by the Ministry of Education in South Africa as the basis for managing and transforming the inherited system of higher education. Specifically, the paper considers the philosophy of ?co-operative governance? and the governance recommendations of the NCHE Report and the HEA. These documents are examined in relation to state control and state supervision models of higher education governance. The paper concludes by considering the politics of policy development in the transformation of the South African higher education governance system.
Driven in part by the question of bank supervision in euro-area countries, a growing body of literature addresses whether central banking and bank supervision should be combined. This paper address this debate in light of recent legislation in the United Kingdom and the United States. Recent legislation in the United Kingdom stripped the Bank of England of its responsibility for bank supervision and established the Financial Services Authority as an integrated supervisor of financial services. In the United States, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 expanded the regulatory authority of the Federal Reserve. In light of international trends, I consider how the separation of monetary policy and bank supervision in the United Kingdom versus the combination of those functions in the United States stacks up against the empirical and theoretical literature. I conclude that the approaches in both countries rely on untested elements. I make predictions for the future role of the central banks in the United States and United Kingdom and some recommendations for reform.
Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to an independent accounting and analysis of all funds received under the Alberti court order and state funds allocated to Harris County Community Supervision and Corrections Department (CSCD) for fiscal years 1994 and 1995.
Over time, the banking, insurance and securities sectors have become increasingly interlinked and one way through which this occurs is via financial conglomerates. Such groups, in particular those that combine banking and insurance, have over time become more important in Europe. They require an appropriate regulatory and supervisory set-up to deal with the specific risks they raise. In the EU, this regulatory set-up was introduced with the Financial Conglomerates Directive (2002) and which Member States are now implementing into national law. The Directive introduces a regime of supplementary supervision, in addition to the one that already exists for the regulated entities of the conglomerate. The Directive covers areas such a capital requirements, intra-group transactions, large exposures, organisational requirements and information exchange between authorities. The paper further compares the regime in the US and the EU. It concludes with issues that might require attention from authorities in the future.
A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Instructor shortages are affecting the quality and quantity of Army truck driver training. Fort Leonard Wood, which trains about 90 percent of truck drivers, is especially affected by the instructor shortage. The result is that student drivers are not fully trained in all aspects of the instruction program when they graduate. If formal schools had enough instructors, they would presumably be able to teach the entire instruction program. The student imbalance between the schools at Fort Leonard Wood and Fort Bliss creates an ineffective use of resources. If the annual student load were more equally distributed between the two schools, student graduates from Fort Leonard Wood might receive more complete training. The formal schools are not adhering to the instruction program, which calls for some training with trucks carrying cargo. Furthermore, no training is provided on how to pull equipment. Similarly, students are not being trained to drive under different weather and surface conditions. Because annual check rides and sustainment are not always being performed, unsafe driving habits may go undetected. Although performing and recording check rides and sustainment may be time-consuming, these procedures can save lives. The Army Safety Center's accident database could be used to identify trends that may show the need for greater training emphasis in certain driving maneuvers. A periodic analysis of the database could assist school officials, instructors, and supervisors to adjust instruction programs or mentor drivers. However, such analysis would be more useful if information in the database were complete."
A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides graduate medical education (GME) to as many as one-third of U.S. resident physicians, but oversight responsibilities spread across VA's organizational components and multiple affiliated hospitals and medical schools could allow supervision problems to go undetected or uncorrected. GAO was asked to examine VA's procedures for (1) monitoring VA medical centers' adherence to VA's requirements for resident supervision, (2) using evaluations of supervision by GME accrediting bodies and residents, and (3) using information about resident supervision drawn from VA's programs for monitoring the quality and outcomes of patient care."
Supervision gilt im Krankenhaus als bewährte Methode der Personalentwicklung. Mit zunehmender Praxisverbreitung wird ein Bedarf nach wissenschaftlicher Evaluation und Weiterentwicklung formuliert, dem bisher nicht hinreichend Rechnung getragen wurde. Die Arbeit befaßt sich aus arbeits- und organisationspsychologischer Sicht mit Supervision in der Krankenpflege. Sie stellt den Stand der Forschung dar und untersucht, ob und in welcher Weise Supervision zur Prävention und Bewältigung arbeitsbezogener Belastungen dient. Untersuchungsfeld ist das Freiburger Universitätsklinikum, ein Krankenhaus der Maximalversorgung mit rund 8000 Beschäftigten, in dem die über 2500 Pflegekräfte die größte Berufsgruppe darstellen. Die Verfasserin ist als Diplom-Psychologin seit 1993 zur Supervision von Pflegenden und Stationsteams am Klinikum angestellt. Ziel ihrer Untersuchungen war es, den Stand der Supervision am Klinikum zu beschreiben und zu untersuchen, ob und inwieweit die intendierten Effekte und Ziele des Angebots erreicht werden. Pragmatische Perspektive war die Identifikation von Optimierungsmöglichkeiten, die für Konzeption und Durchführung der Supervision bedeutsam sind (formative Evaluation). Die Hauptfragestellungen umfassten deskriptive und evaluative Aspekte der Struktur-, Prozess- und Ergebnisqualität. Sie richteten sich auf das Erleben arbeitsassoziierter Belastungen, Erwartungen an Supervision, Akzeptanz und Inanspruchnahme, Inhalte der Sitzungen, Beurteilung des Nutzens und Prädiktoren für Supervisionsteilnahme. Durchgeführt wurden drei Studien. Datenquellen waren die fortlaufende Dokumentation der Supervisorinnen und Erhebungen bei Supervisanden, ehemaligen Supervisanden und einer vergleichbaren Kontrollgruppe Pflegender: Studie 1 Basisdokumentation Studie 2 Prä-/Postbefragung Studie 3 Katamnese mit Kontrollgruppe Die psychometrische Überprüfung der Gütekriterien der Instrumente erbrachte gute bis befriedigende Resultate, die Überprüfung der Skalenbildungen Hinweise auf eine reliable Erfassung der Konstrukte und Konvergenz mit der Literatur. Hauptergebnisse: • Pflege im Krankenhaus geht mit vielfältigen Belastungen einher. Zu den vorherrschenden zählen dabei neben hoher Arbeitsdichte Konflikte in der Zusammenarbeit im Pflegeteam und mit anderen Berufsgruppen. • Im Erleben der Pflegenden haben psychosoziale Belastungen einen höheren Stellenwert als die körperliche Beanspruchung durch ihren Beruf. Stress kann auf Ebene des Individuums, an der Schnittstelle Individuum-Organisation (im Team), sowie auf Ebene der Organisation entstehen. Umschriebene personenbezogene Faktoren (Alter, Geschlecht, Funktion auf Station) moderieren das Belastungserleben. Deutliche Effekte finden sich auch für das bedingungsbezogene Merkmal Abteilungszugehörigkeit. • Die Supervisionserwartungen und -bedürfnisse der Pflegenden sind realistisch an Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Supervision geknüpft und dabei inhaltlich von den Arbeitsbelastungen auf Station bestimmt. Die Erwartungen sind in Abhängigkeit der Handlungserfordernisse Ziel- und Lösungsorientiert. • Bereichsspezifisch ist Supervision mit einem deutlichen Rückgang im Belastungserleben assoziiert. Unabhängig von personenbezogenen Merkmalen beurteilt die große Mehrheit der Pflegenden Supervision als wirksam zur Bewältigung ihrer Anforderungen im Krankenhaus. • Prädiktoren künftiger Inanspruchnahme sind neben den aktuellen Arbeitsbelastungen auch gute Erfahrungen mit bzw. ebensolche Erwartungen an Supervision. Letzteres verweist auf die Bedeutung einer bedarfsgerechten, umsetzungsorientierten Supervisionsgestaltung. Die Meta-Evaluation der Untersuchungen ergibt forschungsmethodische sowie praktische Konsequenzen für die Supervision im Krankenhaus: Bei expliziten Effizienzbetrachtungen (Kosten-Nutzen-Analysen) ist eine Ausweitung der Zielkriterien nötig. Neben subjektiven Aussagen müssen dann, unter Einhaltung des Persönlichkeits- und Datenschutzes, weitere quantifizierbare Daten erhoben werden (z.B. Leistungsdaten, Abwesenheitstage). Gleiches gilt für die vertiefte Erfassung personen- und zielgruppenspezifischer Effekte im Längsschnitt. Für die Supervision im Krankenhaus ergeben sich mehrere praktische Konsequenzen. Sie sollte niederschwellig angeboten werden, um zeitnah und bedarfsgerecht zum Einsatz zu kommen. Supervisoren sollten um die Determinanten arbeitsassoziierter Belastungen von Pflegenden wissen und diese situationsspezifisch sorgfältig identifizieren können. Bei Konflikten zwischen den Berufsgruppen ist es für die Effektivität einer Supervision unerläßlich, alle Konfliktparteien an einen Tisch zu holen. Ansatzpunkte von Supervision sind die individuelle Ebene, die Gruppenebene und die Schnittstelle Individuum – Organisation. Eine konsequent Lösungs- und Umsetzungsorientierte Supervision wird dem Bedarf von Pflegenden gerecht und erweist sich im Krankenhaus als effektiv. ; This thesis deals with psychological supervision groups for nurses working in hospitals. It reports on the state of the scientific research on work-related stress and on supervision groups in the hospital setting and evaluates empirically, whether and in what way these groups are being helpful in preventing and coping with work-related stress. The author is an occupational and organisational psychologist and psychological supervisor with Freiburg University Hospital. As a formative evaluation this work has two major concerns: firstly, to analyse scientifically the data collected in the field over several years in order to deduct evidence about the effectiveness of psychological supervision in a hospital setting; secondly, it reconsiders, develops and optimizes the practice of the so called "Freiburg Model" of psychological supervision groups for nurses. The conceptual background of the work is Occupational and Organisational Psychology. Freiburg University Hospital is a hospital of maximum care. All fields of medicine are represented by special clinics or institutes. More than 50.000 in-patients and nearly 380.000 out-patients are treated each year. The hospital employs a total of 8.000 people, among them 900 physicians. With over 2.500 nurses, this is the largest professional group. The hospital´s service of psychological supervision for nurses and ward teams aims at preventing psychosocial work hazards and at compensating for those hazards which are not fully inevitable in daily work on the ward. It is a hospital wide approach on the individual-organisational interface. The service was evaluated by three studies presented in this book: basic documentation, a longitudinal study and a cross sectional study with a control-group design. The psychometric properties of the instruments applied in the studies have been examined and proved to be good. The theoretical assumptions of the main dimensions based the on literature were confirmed. In summary, the scientific evaluation of the supervision groups´ effectiveness supports the following: Nurses are confronted with a great deal of work-related psychosocial stress. Characteristics of nursing are often a high work load and shortage of nursing staff, stress caused by patients´ problems, conflicts within the nursing team, poor work organisation and problems of communication and collaboration with doctors. The stress can arise at the individual level, at the individual-organisational interface and at the organisational level. Nurses´ assessment of work-related stress is moderated by personal and work-related factors. Nurses have a clear understanding of the potential and the limits of psychological supervision groups as a means of stress reduction. The expectations and needs regarding the supervision are articulated in a precise and goal-oriented way and relate closely to the specific stress at work. The perception of work-related stress decreases significantly after the supervision group sessions. The majority of the participants evaluate the psychological supervision as effective in preventing and overcoming psychosocial stress at work. This assessment is not affected by personal characteristics (e.g. age, gender, job position), thus indicating the effects of supervision being independent of these characteristics. Dealing with problems in interdisciplinary communication proves most successful when every party is represented in the supervision group. The wish of the former participants for future participation can be seen as a mathematical function of the present stress level at work and how they succeeded in translating groups´ outcome into action, whilst the wish of the so far non-participants for participating in the future is a mathematical function of the present stress level at work and their expectations regarding the groups´ effectiveness. The studies´ meta-evaluation emphasizes methodological as well as practical consequences. Methodological consequences for future research include investigating extended objectives -e.g. data on sick leave or rotation- when focusing on the cost-effectiveness of psychological supervision and using repeated measurement design for evaluating differential personal effects. In both cases, data protection legislation has to be fully taken into account. Practical consequences for psychological supervision groups in hospitals are: to provide easy access, to act early and in close response to demand, to acknowledge a problem at its source, to focus on problems on the individual-organisational interface, to include all parties concerned in a particular conflict and to translate resources into action.
"3007.EMP"--P. [4] of cover. ; Shipping list no.: 95-0282-P. ; "Funded by a grant from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (grant #H133D10122)--P. [2] of cover. ; Mode of access: Internet.
"Committee print 102-16." ; "December 1992." ; Shipping list no.: 93-0179-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.
This Article focuses on the application of the state action antitrust inimunity doctrine of Parker v. Brown to the regulatory programs of state administrative agencies having statewide jurisdiction. It concludes that state agencies should be subject to significantly different requirements for antitrust immunity than are local governmental units. This Article also addresses unresolved issues that frequently recur in the context of state administrative action, such as the effect of retroactive intetpretations of state policy by a state agency, whether the clear articulation and active supervision requirements for antitrust immunity play any separate role in the context of administrative policy making, and whether any distinctions should be drawn among the processes of rulemaking, adjudication, and tariff approval in applying the Parker doctrine.
Item 1013-A, 1013-B (MF) ; "Serial no. 101-88." ; Shipping list no.: 90-338-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.
