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"Reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, Dec. 28-30, 1904." ; Mode of access: Internet.

State supervision of local government authorities, a requirement of the rule of law, is discussed in relation to municipalities. State supervisory authorities are required to advise and support local government authorities. Supervision at various state levels takes place as legal supervision, which only includes the supervision of legality in matters of the municipality's original competence, and as functional supervision that also supervises expediency in matters transferred by the state. The legality principle (intervention in all cases) is modified by the expediency principle (discretion). A number of remedies are available for implementing both legal and functional supervisory measures. Where municipalities consider that the supervisory measures, whether legal or functional, violate their rights of selfgovernment, they have recourse to the courts.

This article explores the relationship between supervisory approaches to governance, punishment, and poverty among people with drug convictions. Tying government assistance to supervision could improve employment and economic outcomes. However, if experienced as punishment, recipients may forgo financial assistance and be more likely to experience poverty. Using information on policies that restrict access to welfare for people with drug felony convictions in the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) and the Supplementary Nutrition Assistance Programs (SNAP), this paper makes two contributions. First, it documents state variation in the balance between supervision and punishment in these bans. Second, using data from NLSY97, it estimates how individuals' likelihood of being in poverty is related to state SNAP drug ban policies. States have shifted away from overtly punitive policies denying access to welfare toward policies that increase supervisory requirements, especially for SNAP. This shows that punitiveness extends beyond work activation programs like TANF. Additionally, poverty among people with drug convictions is almost half in no ban states compared to those in full ban states. While poverty is lower in states that include supervisory requirements than in those for which a drug conviction fully blocks access to welfare, this difference was not statistically significant.

In many federal countries, local governments run large deficits, even when supervision by state authorities is tight. I investigate whether party alignment of mayors and supervisors influences local government borrowing. The dataset includes 427 local German governments over the period 1999–2012. I exploit variation of a far-reaching institutional reform that entirely re-distributed political powers on both debt issuance and supervision. The results show that short-term deficits of local governments are not enabled by a vertical "buddy" relationship between a mayor and a supervisor affiliated with the same party (co-partisanship) but rather by an ideological "bully behavior" of partisan supervisors and supervisees: left-wing local governments issue more debt, while left-wing supervisory authorities tolerate more debt. These findings imply that political independence for state supervisory authorities is highly recommended.

The publication of the National Commission for Higher Education (NCHE) in 1996 was hailed as the first systematic attempt to map out a policy terrain for higher education in South Africa since the elections of April 1994. Its recommendations, particularly on the governance of higher education, elicited much discussion and debate. The debate continued (and continues) with the publication of the Green and White Papers, the Bill on Higher Education, and the Higher Education Act (HEA) in late 1997. This paper explores and seeks to clarify the emerging model of educational governance that has been accepted by the Ministry of Education in South Africa as the basis for managing and transforming the inherited system of higher education. Specifically, the paper considers the philosophy of ?co-operative governance? and the governance recommendations of the NCHE Report and the HEA. These documents are examined in relation to state control and state supervision models of higher education governance. The paper concludes by considering the politics of policy development in the transformation of the South African higher education governance system.

Property relations are considered and analysed during realization of state supervision after a labour protection in agriculture, investigational place of the State inspection of agriculture of Ukraine, it territorial organs in these relations, conducted analysis of current legislation. State supervision (control) in agriculture of Ukraine, State inspection of agriculture of Ukraine, it territorial organs, labour protection.

In the article approaches and separate indexes are analysed on the basis of which the built system of estimation of efficiency of activity of state supervision after inhibition and implementation of requirements of legislation in the field of fire safety. The ways of improvement of going are offered near the estimation of efficiency of supervisory authorities.