Suchergebnisse

The article considers the reaction in the Russian society on the piece by Vl. Soloviev «The Meaning of State» which was published by the liberal journal «The Herald of Europe» in December 1895. Special attention is paid on the causes of the indignation at this article in the left circles which were already peeved against the philosopher for his previous work of the same year - «The Meaning of War», and on the motives of the approval of «The Meaning of State» by the right publicists. It is stressed that the most important task for Vl. Soloviev in the period of writing his treatise «The Justification of Moral Good» was to demonstrate his allegiance to that ideas of his father, the prominent liberal historian S.M. Soloviev which could be seen, from the standpoint of the «fin de siècle» liberalism, as very conservative. The author formulates a hypothesis that the article "The Meaning of State" was destined to incorporate into the corpus of the ethical treatise by Vl. Soloviev but the specific way of polarization of Russian public opinion and the desire of philosopher to stay in the liberal circle determined his decision to exclude the predominant piece of this text from the book. It is stated that the article «The Meaning of State» was kept in memory for a long time as a strange and unique phenomenon of the appearance of the apology of Byzantine, autocratic state on the pages of leading liberal issue.

В статье ставится задача рассмотреть понятия личности, права, государства: правовое государство, права и свободы человека, гражданина. Определить идеи гармонизации отношений личности и государства, фактическое положение человека, масштаб его свободы. Ставятся задачи на определение основных прав и свобод человека и гражданина. Так же в статье классифицируют обязанности: личные; политические; экономические; социальные; культурные. В связи с этим устанавливаются и рассматриваются обязанности гражданина Украины, которые прописаны в Конституции и приведены для общей наглядности. ; The article raises the problem of the study of personality, law and state: the legal state, rights and freedoms of the individual citizen. To define the idea of harmonization of relations of the individual and the state, the actual position of the person, the scale of his freedom. Goals definition of fundamental rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen. The article also classifies responsibilities: personal; political; economic; social; cultural. It addresses the responsibilities of a citizen of Ukraine, which are set out in the Constitution and provides for total visibility. The materials of this article highlight the authority of government and its definition, provides the analysis to understand the state and society.

The article is devoted to consideration of the role of Barack Obama's personality in making foreign policy decisions in the US. It provides analysis of the key mechanisms of leader's influence on the formation of US foreign policy and the consequences of such influence. The analysis of public speeches of the US president helps to reveal his attitude towards the main issues of the political agenda. The authors analyze the statements in his speeches, such as Christian values, exceptional role of the American state, the basic steps of the first and second election campaigns of Obama and their distinguishing characteristics from other US president elections. There are parallels between the personality of Barack Obama with persons who have left their mark in American history, such as Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy. The authors analyze the major mistakes made by Obama during the events of the Arab spring, which is the reason for selection of the time frame for the research (from the presidential election in 2008 to the events of the Arab Spring in 2011). The double standards used by the president since his first appearance, in which he commented on the events in the Middle East and North Africa, forced us to look for ulterior motives in the actions of the USA on the world stage. The goals Obama outlined during the presidential election race weren't achieved during the Arab spring. Consideration of his role as an individual in yet another Middle East issue, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, led to the conclusion that it was another failure of the US president to pursue a balanced foreign policy. The attempt to assume the role of a mediator in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict failed. Moreover, there was an important background of all the events in the Middle East, namely contradictions between the US president and his administration. As a result, the conclusion is made about the role of Obama in shaping of the US foreign policy, as well as about the extent of its influence on the formation of the international agenda.

В последнее десятилетие на экономическую, демографическую ситуацию в Итальянской Республике большое влияние оказывают миграционные потоки. Постоянно растущему притоку мигрантов способствует не только занимаемое страной географическое транзитное положение, но и структура народного хозяйства Италии, а также интерес бизнеса: дешевая рабочая сила пользуется спросом у предпринимателей. В результате сегодня в Италии наблюдается определенный дисбаланс в разных сферах жизни общества и государства. В связи со стремительным процессом старения населения страны приток мигрантов осуществляет немаловажную функцию восполнения убыли населения и заполняет рынок труда. Однако последствия миграции не всегда позитивны.

This article considers the issue of the central body and officials running regular communication in the Moscow state between the 15th and 16th centuries. The author demonstrates that there was a close connection between the changes that took place in the Yam organisation, and the need for political centralisation. The author corrects the traditional scheme of the establishment of the Yam Prikaz and the concept of D. V. Liseytsev. During the reign of Ivan III, the needs of rule contributed to the isolation of the Yam service. By the end of the 15th century, inside the Grand Chancellery (Treasury), there emerged a Yam department maintained by Yam clerks. In addition to their key duties in establishing regular communication, these officials drew up serf acts and provided diplomatic missions with victuals. Together with Yam clerks of the Treasury, there were other officials referred to as Yam officials in different sources. This category of clerks was part of the Palace staff. They drew up and certified credentials for serfs, and were involved in the material supply of embassies. However, they were not part of the organised communication system. Without undergoing any structural changes, the Yam Messenger system existed until the era of the Select Council (Rus. Izbrannaia rada). However, the interests of management called for higher quality and reliable communication. From the mid-16th century, the Yam system started being reformed. This led to the establishment of a new centralised institution that managed regular communications. Not later than 1550, the Yam Prikaz based on Yam clerks of the Treasury emerged. However, its powers and possibilities were limited and did not extend to the whole country. ; В статье рассматривается вопрос о центральном органе и должностных лицах, управлявших организованным сообщением в Московском государстве в XV–XVI вв. Показана связь между изменениями, происходившими в ямском строе, и потребностями политической централизации. Скорректированы традиционная схема зарождения Ямского приказа и концепция Д. В. Лисейцева. В княжение Ивана III нужды управления способствовали обособлению ямского дела. К концу XV в. внутри Казны оформилось ямское отделение, которое обслуживали ямские дьяки. Помимо выполнения своих основных обязанностей по руководству правильными сношениями, эти должностные лица принимали участие в оформлении крепостных актов, а также в обеспечении дипломатических миссий кормом. Одновременно с ямскими дьяками из Казны действовали должностные лица, которые в источниках тоже именовались «ямскими». Эта категория дьяков входила в аппарат Дворца. Как и ямские дьяки из Казны, они составляли и удостоверяли грамоты на холопов, были задействованы в материальном снабжении посольств. Тем не менее, отношения к организованной связи данные служащие не имели. Система ямской гоньбы без структурных изменений просуществовала до эпохи Избранной рады. Однако интересы управления требовали более качественной и надежной связи. С середины XVI в. началось реформирование ямского строя. Это послужило толчком к оформлению отдельного центрального органа по управлению правильными сношениями. Не позднее 1550 г. на основе ямских дьяков из Казны сложился Ямской приказ. Впрочем, его полномочия и возможности были ограниченными, а власть простиралась не на всю страну.

The subject. The law of emphyteusis was studied in the Russian Empire in the middle of 19th – beginning of 20th century due to practical significance. The interest in this subject began to revive at the beginning of the 21st century, the first few publications appeared, but they were mostly replicas of Imperial period studies. The law of emphyteusis in Russia before the middle of the 19th century is not researched sufficiently. The purpose of the study is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the law of emphyteusis was initially implemented in the system of Russian law as a legislative institution, but since the middle of the 19th century it has acquired the status of a local legal custom. The Russian state, having preserved the former system of civil law (the Lithuanian Statute) in the Western lands annexed from Lithuania and Poland, created the basis for the formation of a different system of legal awareness among a part of the population, thereby consolidating the dichotomy of the Empire and the Western provinces. Since the issue of land ownership is a key issue for feudal society, the law of emphyteusis is the most striking example of the split in the unity of the legal system of the Russian state. The methodology. The study is based on a combination of formal-legal and historical-legal methods: the methods of historicism, synchronous and diachronic comparison allow us to get an idea of the socio-political conditions in which the law of emphyteusis was formed and functioned. The main results, scope of application. The institute of emphyteusis (Latin – сensus, German – zins, Polish – czynsz) was formed on the basis of the reception of Roman and Byzantine law in the feudal law of a number of European States. Emphyteusis comes to the PolishLithuanian lands as an element of German law. The article describes the socio-political processes in the territories annexed by Russia from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where the right of emphyteusis was preserved in the middle of 17th - first half of the 19th century as a local civil law under the Lithuanian Statute system. After the abolition of the Statute of Lithuania (1840) an emphyteusis preserved as a regional legal custom. The analysis of legislation and law enforcement practice on the issue of emphyteusis on the borderlands of the Russian state is carried out. The ineffectiveness of the state policy on the elimination of emphyteusis is noted. Conclusions. The revealed specifics of the development of emphyteusis in the Russian Empire are extremely poorly studied, although they indicate far-reaching consequences in the system of forming the legal consciousness of Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Jewish (Ashkenazi) and other peoples. ; Цель статьи состоит в установлении обстоятельств появления традиции чиншевого землепользования в отдельных регионах российского государства, описании процессов имплементации чинша в систему права и анализе влияния института на государствообразующие процессы в России. Установлено, что институт чинша (лат. сensus, нем. zins, пол. czynsz) сформировался на основе рецепции римского и византийского права в феодальном праве ряда европейских государств. В польско-литовские земли чинш приходит как элемент немецкого права. Дано описание социально-политических процессов на территориях, присоединенных Россией от Речи Посполитой, где чиншевое право было сохранено в середине XVII – первой половине XIХ в. в качестве местного гражданского права в рамках системы Литовского Статута, после отмены которого чинш сохранился в качестве регионального правового обычая. Проведен анализ законодательной и правоприменительной практики по вопросу чиншевого земельного держания на окраинах российского государства. Отмечена неэффективность государственной политики по искоренению чинша. Сделан вывод о том, что Российское государство, сохранив на западных землях, присоединенных от Литвы и Польши, прежнюю систему гражданского права (Литовского Статута), создало основу для формирования у части населения иной системы правосознания, тем самым закрепив дихотомию Империи и Западных губерний.

The aim of the article is to present the specific nature of research on the issues of national relations in a totalitarian state based on the example of the lands of Central and Eastern Europe under the Soviet occupation from 1939-1941. In order to achieve this, the literature on the subject (in English and Polish) was reviewed as well as the most important methodological problems encountered by researchers. The research program was also outlined, along with a proposal for their conceptualization in the form of signalling the main aspects of the above-mentioned issues, including the specificity of the Soviet occupation of 1939-1941, social and ethnic relations in this area, and the Soviet nationalities policy. Several research methods and postulates were proposed, as well as perspectives and theoretical approaches that could facilitate the study of this complex and controversial subject, e.g., the interdisciplinary nature of research, methods of bottom-up formation of political attitudes of the population (the so-called "bottom-up" method), application of theories of the totalitarian state, and different theories of ethnicity. As a result, an interdisciplinary program of comparative studies of ethnic relations in Central and Eastern Europe under Soviet rule (1939-1941) was outlined, taking into account the transnational character of historical processes and the need to conduct micro historic analyses and case studies that would allow capturing of the diversity of ethnic relations and verify the effectiveness of the policy of the central Soviet authorities. The article argues that it seems obvious that the specificity of the analysed problematics can be properly grasped only by consideration it in the historical and theoretical context, adopting a comparative and transnational approach, from a micro-historical as well as everyday-life perspective that highlights the most important social factors which facilitated changes in interethnic relations.