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n 2017 the 500th anniversary of the Lutheran Reformation was celebrated. Then there was a huge discussion about the impact of the Reformation on church, culture and society. In this article and in a second one that follows, this question will be raised, especially in Icelandic context.Here it is assumed that it is only possible to state that a change has occurred or a novelty has arised because of Lutheran influence if it can be demonstrated that the Reformation is a necessary prerequisite for the change / innovation being discussed. Here it is particularly pointed out that various changes that until now have been traced to the Reformation can have been due to the development of the central-con-trolled state power. It is also pointed out that, due to the small population, rural areas and simple social structure, various changes that occurred in urban areas did not succeed in Iceland until long after the Reformation. Such cases are interpret-ed as delayed Lutheran effects. Then, in Iceland, many changes, which were well matched to the core areas of the Reformation, did not work until the 18th century and then because of the pietism. Such cases are interpreted as derivative Lutheran effects.In Iceland two generalizations have been evident in the debate on the influence of the Lutheran Reformation. The first one emphasizes an extensive and radical changes in many areas in the Reformation period and subsequent extensive decline. It is also stated that this regression can be traced directly to the Reformation and not to other fenomenons, e.g. the development of modern, centralized state. The other one states that the Reformation was most powerful in the modernization in both the church and society in Iceland.This article focuses on the influence of the Reformation on religious and church life. Despite the fact that the Reformation has certainly had the broadest and most direct effects on this field, it is noteworthy that the church organization itself was only scarsely affected by the Reformation. After the Reformation the Icelandic church was for example almost as clergy-orientaded as in the middle Ages.

In 2017 the 500th anniversary of the Lutheran Reformation was celebrated. Then there was a huge discussion about the impact of the Reformation on church, culture and society. In this article and in an another one published in last number of this journal, this question will be raised, especially in Icelandic context. Here it is assumed that it is only possible to state that a change has occurred or a novelty has arised because of Lutheran influence if it can be demonstrated that the Reformation is a necessary prerequisite for the change / innovation being discussed. Here it is particularly pointed out that various changes that until now have been traced to the Reformation can have been due to the development of the central-controlled state power. It is also pointed out that, due to the small population, rural areas and simple social structure, various changes that occurred in urban areas did not succeed in Iceland until long after the Reformation. Such cases are interpreted as delayed Lutheran effects. Then, in Iceland, many changes, which were well matched to the core areas of the Reformation, did not work until the 18th century and then because of the pietism. Such cases are interpreted as derivative Lutheran effects.In Iceland two generalizations have been evident in the debate on the influence of the Lutheran Reformation. The first one emphasizes extensive and radical changes in many areas in the Reformation period and subsequent extensive decline. It is also stated that this regression can be traced directly to the Reformation and not to other fenomenons, e.g. the development of modern, centralized state. The other one states that the Reformation was most powerful in the modernization in both the church and society in Iceland.This article focuses on the influence of the Reformation in the field of culture and society. These include e.g. the closure of monasteries and the consequences of it in the field of welfare, which have been widely discussed in recent times.The final conclusion of these two articles is that the main influence of the Reformation is found in the field of faith itself, and that the Reformation made it easier for the Lutheran Church than the two traditional denominations, the Roman Catholic Church and that Orthodox one, to meet the modernization in culture and society.

The article analyses the changes in norm enforcement in the EU that were triggered by the Eurozone crisis. It attempts to demonstrate that the Eurozone crisis contributed to a 'transplantation' of conditionality instruments (which traditionally exist within the EU's external relations) into the internal operations of the European Union. In particular, the article identifies which new internal rule-enforcement mechanisms of the EU share common structural features with the external EU conditionality (e.g. a vague legal framework; the use of the expertise of non-EU actors; an excess of competencies conferred to the EU; the institutional weakening of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Court of Justice; the format of the sanctions). The article comes to the conclusion that the formation of the EU's internal conditionality occurred mainly within the instruments aimed at the crisis management of public finances of the Eurozone states (the EFSF, the EFSM, and the ESM), but it also concludes that there was an expansion of the new EU conditionality into other areas of the European integration, such as the Schengen cooperation and cohesion policy. Adapted from the source document.

The process of European integration should be seen as the harmony of economic unification which is determined by a dynamic development with closed forms of intensive and deepening co-operation. Both processes, i.e. integration and co-operation, have been compared in the second part of the paper. The existence of a legal regime of its own is an important aspect of the economic integration. Therefore the necessity of national legal systems harmonisation, whose aim is to achieve the same legal regime for the common economic area, seems to be an inevitable process. As one from the driving forces of this process has become the need for balancing economic and social dimensions, the present-day EU policy responds to demanding challenges and it pays respect to the dignity of human being, while setting of the fundamental standard of social dimension is supposed in national legal order of the EU member states. The social policy of the EU has been therefore paid a close attention by the author. However the most challenging and prestigious act of the European integration has become the formation of a common European financial area, which is perceived in not only a European, but also in a world-wide context as well. It seems to be a process that is supposed to influence the development of international financial relations. This process bear certain level of risks, but it is really a unique opportunity for the creation of a single financial area for Europeans. (SOI : MO: S. 306)

This paper analyses the perception of the new member states of the EU (the 2004 and 2007 entrants) by the old member states' representatives. The text utilizes an updated version of image theory and it is based on 24 interviews with diplomats from permanent representations of the old member states in Brussels. It argues that the mutual perception between the EU member states has an impact on coalition building and thus also on the decision-making process of the EU. Although the newcomers are perceived positively in general terms, there are several differences between them in terms of their activities and behaviour at the EU level as well as in the cultural area. The paper therefore divides the newcomers into groups according to the image that is ascribed to them (the four general images are those of a close ally, a passive ally, a distant ally, and a detached ally). Adapted from the source document.

The author has devoted himself to a profound analysis of a present-day state administration. Such question, as the fundamental legal principles of state administration up to its interconnection with European structures constitute the "spinal cord of the analysed subject, which has been divided into ten relatively self-standing scopes while within each of them seven ideas have been included. Among individual scopes of analysis such subjects as its present, decentralisation, internal tension, regulating elements, structures, etc., have been analysed. Within each scope a brief comment and suggestion of future study have been added as well. Apart from the above analyses, a model, representing essential attributes and activities of state administrations has been connected to each scope of the subject. A general description of the respective models have been given in the second part of the article presented. (SOI : MO: S. 306)

Pojem transteritoriálny správny akt je vo vede správneho práva relatívne novým, a to najmä v podmienkach Slovenskej republiky. Svoju praktickú uplatniteľnosť má v súvislosti s uplatňovaním práva Európskej únie (aj medzinárodného práva). Jeho podstata spočíva v tom, že účinky takéhoto správneho aktu vydaného v rámci jedného členského štátu presahujú územie tohto členského štátu, t.j. majú účinky aj v iných členských štátoch, resp. vo všetkých členských štátoch Európskej únie bez toho, aby podliehali procesu jeho uznania. Cieľom monografie je zhrnutie výsledkov skúmania tohto typu správnych aktov, vymedzenie jeho charakteristických znakov a jeho účinkov, skúmanie možností procesnej obrany pred pôsobením jeho účinkov zo strany dotknutého štátu, prípadne posúdenie možností unifikácie postupu členských štátov Európskej únie v prípade potreby procesnej obrany voči účinkom transteritoriálnych správnych aktov. V rámci monografie sú taktiež analyzované jednotlivý typy transteritoriálnych správnych aktov aplikujúcich sa v podmienkach Európskej únie a Slovenskej republiky, ktoré sú kategorizované podľa stanovených kritérií. *** Transterritorial administrative acts in the confitions of the European Union and Slovak republic Scientific monograph summarizes outputs of research project named as "Transterritorial Administrative Acts of the Member States of the European Union" supported by the Grant of the Scientific Grant Agency under no. 1/0203/18. The concept of a transterritorial administrative act is relatively new in administrative law, especially in the conditions of the Slovak Republic. It has practical applicability to the application of European Union law (including international law). Its essence lies in the fact that the effects of such an administrative act issued within one Member State exceed the territory of that Member State, have effects in other Member States, in all Member States of the European Union without being subject to the recognition process. The purpose of the monograph is to present outputs of the ...

1. General Introduction -- 2. Status of Religious Communities -- 3. Relations Between the State and Islam -- 4. State Support for Islamic Religious Communities -- 5. Mosques and Prayer Houses (Masjids) -- 6. Cemeteries and Religious Burials -- 7. Education and Schools -- 8. Muslim Chaplains in Public Institutions -- 9. Employment and Social Rights -- 10. Islamic Ritual Slaughter and Food-Related Regulations -- 11. Islamic Dress -- 12. Criminal Law -- Bibliography -- Index.